ve on peech (Tm very happy with your results in the History exam, What dd Mr Reed tel his class yesterday? He said tothe class, ''m very happy with your results in the History exam.” oR He fold the class (that) he was very happy with their results in the History exam. © We can report people's words by using direct speech or reported speech. © Direct speech Is the exact words someone used. We use quotation marks ('") In direct speech. ‘nice to be home,’ Tom said. ‘act meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use ‘quotation marks In reported speech. We can elther use the word that after the introductory verb (say, fell, ‘tc.), or we can omit It. e.g. Tom said (that) it was nice to be home. Fill in the gaps with say o fell in the correct tense. can use the verbs say and fell both in direct and reported speech. A Katie (1) told... Dave that she had met a set of twins at a party. They looked exactly the same, ¢ Teli aay eiowedby a pereonal objet a ane Tear a diference between them. Ive gota twin brother, © Say is used with or without personal object. 100.) Dave.‘Are you (@) When used with a personal object itis always tno the wath’? aed Kate. (0) moti followed by the preposition to (sald to me). name. His nameis Stephen, Dave (7) ‘Study the following examples: her." take you to meet rim tomorrow. a fou never listen to me,’ Tara (1) ae He sald tome, mTed. He ald to me hat) he you three times today and you cit answer, she was Toa) you a) He od m He tld me Ghat) he was fre wih, i makes me realy angry. Why dont you listen to me? “Oh, hello Tara,’ said dim. ‘Did you just (8) something? aS ‘Say and toll are also used with the following © “Glare (1) ime that she and John are ‘expressions geting marie.’ (2) Sue.'She @ that theyre going to have a big ‘say|good morringlateroon ec, somethinghnothing, poe pares ng with ots of quests. “Tha willbe expensive, ‘et.,one's prayers, 50, afew words a pel retary tell the ruth aie, a secret, a story, the timo, the ait that they couldnt afford abig wedding” Well at's ference, sb one’s name, sb the way, one from swat Clie (6) mes @) ‘sue another, one’s fortune don't tink she woul (8) lie ne 120G Reporte: Reported Statements © In eported speech personal pronouns, possessive adjectives/possessive pronouns change according to the ‘meaning of the sentence. e.g. Sam said, Im leaving for Germany with my family tomorrow.” ‘Sam said (that) he was leaving for Germany with his family the following day. We can report someone's words elther a long time after they were sald (out-of-date-reporting) or a short time after they were said (up-to-date-reporting). ‘out-of-date reporting ‘We usually report someone's words @ long time after they were said. n this case the introductory verb isin the past simple and the tenses change as follows: present simple past simple "I want fo go fo bed early," he said. He said (that) he wanted to go to bed early. present continuous past continuous ‘She's feeding the baby,’ he said, He said (that) she was feeding the baby. ent perfect past perfect, ‘Ive bought a new dress,’ she said. ‘She said (that) she had bought a new dress. past simple past simple or past perfect "Ifnished work earl," Alex said, ‘Alex said (that) he (had) finished work early. past continuous past continuous or past perfect continuous "Twas planning to call you later,’ she said. ‘She said (that) she was planninglhad been planning to call me later. future (will) conditional (would) ‘Tltalk to you tomorrow,’ she said. ‘She said (that) she would talk to me the ext day. ‘© The past pertect and past perfect continuous remain the same. direct speech: The flm had finished by the time | got home,’ he said. reported speech: He said (that) the film had finished by the time he got home. © Certain words and time expressions change according to the meaning of the sentence as follows: now > then, at that time, Immediately last week + the week before, the previous week today, tonight + that day, that night next week + the week afer, the following week yesterday * the day before, the previous day two days ago ~ two days before tomorrow > the next day, the following day here» there this week > that week come + go © When thisithese are used in time expressions, they change to thatithose. eg. this week + that week, these days. + those days ‘© When thisithatithese/those are not used in time expressions, they chang a) follows: ‘adjectives, that is, when they are followed by @ noun, they change tothe, This cake is delicious," Pam told me, > Pam told me (that) the cake was delicious. ») as pronouns, that is, when they are not followed by a noun, they change to it or they/them. 2.9. a) ‘This i a brillant idea,’ Debbie said. Debbie said (that) t was a briliant idea. ) He said, ‘Those are the men who helped me.’ » He said (that) they were the men who (had) helped bhi. Ta Po 121UNIT ca 122 Ir 10 peech up-to-date reporting When we report someone's words a short time after they were sald, the tenses can elther change or remain the same in reported speech. direct speech: __'m seeing the manager tomorrow,’ Jack said to us. reported speech: Jack fold us (that) he is seeing/was seeing the manager tomorrow. ‘® Certain modal verbs change in reported speech as follows: willshall > would | can» could would be able to (ture reference) may > might | must + musthad to (obligation) can + could | shall» should (asking for advice) © Would, could, might, should, ought, had better and mustn't do not change in reported speech. Must does ‘not change in reported speech when it expresses a logical assumption. nh wo aS ee tometer dy temo wears He sid (that they might come home He asked what he should tel her He said (that) | must/had to stay in. He said, ‘She must be exhausted.” He said (that) she must be exhausted. ‘© In Type 1 conditional tenses change in reported speech as follows: the present simple becomes past simple in the it-clause and will becomes would in the main clause. direct speech: If have the time, Il come round, Lisa sai. Feported speech: Lisa said (that) i she had the time, she would come round. ‘© Type 2 and Type 3 conditionals do not change in reported speech. direct speech: if she knew, she would help us,’ Tony said. reported speech: Tomy said (thal) i! she knew, she would help us. ‘© The verb tenses and time expressions change In reported speech: a) when reporting someone's words a long time atter they were sald (out-of-date reporting). 'b) when we consider what the speaker says to be untrue. direct speech: like Shakespeare's plays a lot,’ he said to us. reported speech: He told us (that) he liked Shakespeare's plays @ lot, ut he didn't know the name of any. © The verb tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech: 8) when reporting someone's words a short time after they were said (up-to-date reporting). ) when reporting a general truth or law of nature. direct speech: ‘The sun sets in the west,’ the teacher said. reported speech: The teacher said (that) the sun sets/set inthe west. ‘# The verb tenses remain the same in reported speech: ‘When the introductory verb Is in the present, future or present perfect. direct speech: The singer says, ‘enjoy cycling. reported speech: The singer says (that) she enjoys cycling.James said, “My boss wants me to go to London tomorrow. James said «hilo... boss wanted London the following day. to goto Mary said, ‘'m waiting for my son to come out of school Mary said that was waiting for son to come out of school George said, ‘I've bought a new car for my mum George said had bought a new car for Julie said to me, ‘I need you to help me withthe shopping. Julie told me that needed with the shopping John said, 'd lke to take you out to dinner. tohelp ddohn said ‘like to take outto dinner. Helen said to Jane," think your new haircuts lovely Helen told Jane that thought new haircut was lovely ‘Tum the following sentences into reported speech. Robin said, These biscuits taste delicious. Robin eaid (that) the biscults tasted delicious. | can't see you this afternoon because Ive got a lot to do,’ Ann told me. ‘She came into the room holding some letters in her hand and said, I found these while | was tidying the desk drawers. Fiona said, “That picture was painted by my great- dgranctather “Those were good times for my family.” Jack sai. received a parcal this moming, but | haven't opened ityet, Tom said "You mustn't do that again,’ Mum said to Bob. “These shoes are worn out. You'd better throw them away.’ Mum said to me. Ta) Report: ‘Turn the following sentences into reported speech. 1. He said, 'm going to the station. fe aaer ciao: 2 Tina said, ‘You should exercise regularly, 3. They said, We had booked the room before we left 4 Tom said, This meal is delicious. 5 “Tve witten you a letter. she said to her fend, 6 We've decided to spend our holidays in Jordan, they told us. 7 sil aid,‘ go te the bank tomorrow. 18 She said to him, We've been invited to a wedding 8 She told me, You must leave early tomorrow 10. They've gone out for the evening, Jessie sad to me 11 They said, We may vist Joe tonight” 12 She said ean meet you on Tuesday. 413. Keith said, There isa letter for you on the table. 14 We won't be visting Tom this evening, Sam told us 15. Enc said, ‘They had been talking on the phone for ‘an hour before | interrupted them. 16 ‘Ihavent spoken to Mary since last week, Gora sad 17 “They delivered the letters this morning. she said 18 He said,‘ like to buy ths jumper. 19 "They aren't going on holiday this year. he sai 20 Jane Said" haven't finished my homework yet 21. ‘Tm going to bed early tonight. Caroline said 22 ‘My mother s coming to vist Us I sad 23 We don'twantto watch afi tonight the chien said 24 He's playing nthe garden now. his mother sad 25 She said, You must do your homework now. 123UNIT 10 Sony, Tean't meet you because I’m very busy. 1 He said (that) he ‘couldn't meet her because he wat very buey. Tmi7_) (—_ Tm typing | that report now. ) “Thaven't eaten >) anything all day. 4 ‘Turn the sentences into reported speech. In which of the following sentences di the tenses not change? In which do they not have to be changed? Why? The article says, ‘The artist only uses oil paints.” The article says (that) the artist. only uses oll paints. ‘The tenses do not change because the introducto- ‘yverb le inthe present simple. “They are working hard today,’ he sai. fe done the things you asked me to do, Mary said. “The sun rises in the east," she said, 10 1" 2 3 4 6 1 10 “He bcoke the window.’ they said ‘We've never been on holiday abroad. they said um says, Dinner i ready. “TI Stan cooking at six otlock, she sad ‘We went to the supermarket yesterday,” he Said Mrs Jones says, ‘My daughter is going to have a baby. "You're never going to get a job,’ Dad always says. “Fish lve in water he said “We went to the beach lat weekend they said “He showed me his photographs, she said ‘Tm working on my project now Billy sa ‘Turn the following sentences into reported speech. “Seaweed grows in the sea, the teacher said to the students, The teacher said to the studente/told the etu- dente (that) seaweed growslarew Inthe cea. 1 saw Amanda at the cinema’ she said. (upsto-date reporting) ‘They don't ive here any more, he said to me. (outot-date reporting) ‘Canada is a large country,’ he said. “The Statue of Liberty is in America,’ she said to us. “TWhelp you with your homework,’ he said (out-of-date reporting) 1 would go on holiday if | had enough money.’ Bil ‘said. (up-to-date reporting) HT free, Il cll you,’ Tor said (up-to-date reporting) "You should make a decision, he said to us. “You can ask John for advice,” she said (up-to-date reporting)Have you had any experience? Yesterday, Bc hod a job interview. ‘The manager asked Eric iiwhether he had had any experience. He also asked him why he wanted the job. @ Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask, inquire, wonder or the expres- sion want to know. ‘© When the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, how old, how long, when, why, what, etc), the reported question is intro- duced with the same question word. 9. What do you want fo know? she asked me. ‘She asked me what | wanted to know. © When the direct question begins with an auxill ary (is, do, have) or a modal verb (can, may, etc.) then the reported question begins with if or whether. 18.9.'Have you seen this man before?” he asked me. He asked me ifiwhether | had seen the man before. © In reported questions, the verb is in the atfirm- ative. The question mark and words/expres- sions such as please, well, oh, etc. are omitted. ‘The verb tenses, pronouns and time expres- sions change as in statements. e9.'Can you hold the door for me, please?’ the ‘man asked me. The man asked me iflwhether I could hold the doar for him. ‘Where are you going?’ Sam asked her. ‘Sam asked her where she was going. {(NOT.-Sam-askod hor whoro-was-sbe-going.) alt) Pe @y ror eter mrt ts 1. "Where do you live?" | asked her. | asked her where she lived. 2. How old will you be on your next birthday?” he asked me, 3. ‘Where is your umbrella?” she asked her daughter. 4 ‘Do you tke playing football?’ John asked us. 5 The boss asked, ‘What time are you going home today?” {6 ‘Will you take the children to school today?" he asked, 7. "Who called you today” she asked. 8 When wil you decorate the kitchen?" Martha asked. 9 Who broke my vase?’ I asked, 10. Father asked, ‘Will you help me lt these boxes, please?” 11. ‘Can you speak a foreign language?” she asked her. 12 "Where is the tourst information centre? we asked. Yesterday, Marion met @ couple who were on holiday in London. They were looking at a ‘map. She asked them some questions. Turn them into reported questions. 1. Aer you lost?” Marion asked them Hf/whether they were lost: 2 ‘Gan you speak English? 3. "Where are you trom?" 4's your hotel near here?” 5 Where do you want to go? 6 "Were you looking for Big Ben? 7. ‘Have you been tothe British Museum? 8 Have you visited Buckngham Palace? 9 ‘Do you like London? 125a) Reported Commands/ Requests/Suggestions Lot's fy the kite. Pull the strings harder! Unrol more string, please. (Dont tet go ofthe kite! keith suggested flying the kite. He told Paul to pull the stings harder. He asked Paul to unroll more string. He also told him not to let go of the kite. © To report commands oF instructions in reported ‘speech, we use the introductory verbs order or tell + sb + (not) to-infinitive. eg. Put the gun down” he said to him. He ordered him to put the gun down, ‘Don't look down” he said to us. He told us not to look down. ‘Put the shopping in the kitchen,’ she said to her. ‘She told her to put the shopping inthe kitchen. To report requests, we use the introductory verbs ask or beg + sb + (not) to-infinitive. The direct sentence usually contains the word ‘please’ 2.9. Help me, please,’ Jean said to Tom. Jean asked Tom to help her. ‘Please, please don't call the police,’ he said to Colin, He begged Colin not to call the police. © To report suggestions, we use the introductory 126 verb suggest + -ing form/that sb (should) + bare infinitive, ‘29. Let's go outside," I said to them, ‘We canicould go outside,” I said to them. ‘Shall we go outside?’ I said to them. (How about going outsice?’ I said to them. | suggested goinglthat we (should) go outside, 1 2 3 4 1 Fill in the gaps with the introductory order, tell, ask, beg, suggest Please visit me in hospital,’ Joan said to Colin. Joan ..25ked... Clin to visit her in hospital, Let's eat out this evening,’ Paul said to her. Paul eating out that evening "Please, please be careful,” she said to him. She him to be careful “Don't go near the fire,” Dad said to us, Dad ‘Us not to go near the fre. "Be quiet! the commander said to the troops. ‘The commander the troops to be quiet. ‘Turn the following sentences into reported speech. “Let's try the exercise again.” The ballet teacher euggested trying the exerciee agair “Lit your leg higher please, Rachel “Turn your head a itie more.” ‘Don't lean back” Turn the following sentences into reported speech. ‘The doctor said to the patient, ‘Come back to see ‘me again next week ‘The doctor told the patient to go back and sce him again the following week/the week after. ‘The guard said to the driver, ‘Stop!" He said, “Shall we go for a walk? She said to him, ‘Please, please don't leave me! Jenny said to Dave, Please help me with this, ‘She said to him, ‘Open the window, please." Mother said, ‘How about going for a drive?” She said, ‘Let's eat now.”Introductory Ver ‘Yes, il give you a it” ‘Shall! carry the boxes?” 1 promise 1 help you.” 'No, | won't buy you a car ‘Stop taking ol send you out” “You should see a doctor.” ‘Could you do something for me?” ‘Pease, please call the police, ‘Drop your weapons! ‘will you come to my party?” ‘Gat out of the house!” ‘Don't forget to write to Paul "Don't go near the oven, ‘admit (fo) + gerund ‘accuse sb of ‘apologise for "Yes, | stole the plan. "You lied to me. ‘Tm Sorry | shouted at you. boast aboutlot 11m the cleverest of all complain to sb of ‘Ihave a headache.” deny “Vid take your bag. insist on “You must do your work. suggest “Lot's visit Jane. ‘complain + that "You're always late deny “\ did't take the money. explain ‘Ws @ dificult situation exclaimremark ‘What a beautful baby he promise "promise I'l call you.” suggest “You'd beter go home FIL in the of the intro: ‘ductory verbs from the list below in the past simple. agree, invite, war, accuse, boast, complain, Insist, explain, exclaim, remind, suggest, promise ‘Will you come to the ball he said to her. He ..nvited... hr to go to the bal 11m the best student in the school, he said He ‘about being the best student in the school. "Yes, Il end you some money,’ he said to Jane, He to lend Jane some money. ‘What a beautiul dress she is wearing he said. He ‘that she was ‘wearing a beautiul dress, at) Seer Reported She agreed to give me alt. He offered to carry the boxes. He promised to help me. ‘She refused to buy me a car. He threatened to send me out | didnt stop taking, He advised me to see a doctor. ‘She asked me to do something for her. ‘She begged me to call te police. He commanded them to drop their weapons. ‘She invited me to (go to) her party ‘She ordered me to get out ofthe house. ‘She reminded me to write to Paul ‘She warmed me not to go near the oven He admitted (to) stealing/having stolen the plans. ‘She accused me of lying/having lied to her. He apologised for shouting/having shouted at me. He boasted of/about being the cleverest of al ‘She complained to me of having a headache. He denied taking/having taken my bag, ‘She insisted on me/my doing my work ‘She suggested visiting Jane. ‘She complained that | was always late ‘She denied that she had taken the money. He explained that it was a ciffcut situaton. ‘She exclaimediremarked that he was a beautil baby. ‘She promised that she would call me. He suggested that | (choula) go home. Note: admit, advise, boast, insist, threaten, war, remind can also be followed by a that-lause in reported speech. 5. ‘He never buys me flowers,’ she said. 6 7 8 9 10 1" 2 that he never bought ner flowers. “Let's go for a picnic,’ he saia going for a picnic. "You stole the money,’ Tom said to Jim. Jim of stealing the money. “Don't forget to hang out the washing,’ she said to me. ‘me to hang out the washing “Tpromise I'll write to you," she said to bir, 10 write to him. "You must finish the report.’ she said to him. ‘on him finishing the report ‘Don't touch the wet pain,” Dad said to us. Us not to touch the wet paint “There's nothing else I can do,’ he said. that there was nothing else 27