WRITTEN TEXTS ACROSS

DISCIPLINES
1. Narration - from the root word
narrates
, originated from the Latin word
narrare
— which means
related or told
. It gives a written account of an
event or story, or simply,
storytelling. The sequence
of events is told in chronological
order. It usually contains the
following: the who, what and when.
2. Description - gives information
of what a person, an object, a place
or a situation is like. It appeals
to the reader’s senses (sight, sound,
smell, taste and touch). A
descriptive paragraph has concrete
and
specific details, which are carefully
chosen by a writer to paint a picture
in the mind of the reader.
3. Definition – an essay writing
that explains what a term means.
4. Exemplification – An
exemplification essay is a type of
argumentative essay that provides
specific
examples to prove.
5. Classification – Classification
groups items into categories to
establish a clear distinction between
related or similar ideas. Similar
items are grouped into categories for
the readers to better
understand and analyze the material
at hand. a point.
WRITTEN TEXTS ACROSS
DISCIPLINES
1. Narration - from the root word
narrates
, originated from the Latin word
narrare
— which means
related or told
. It gives a written account of an
event or story, or simply,
storytelling. The sequence
of events is told in chronological
order. It usually contains the
following: the who, what and when.
2. Description - gives information
of what a person, an object, a place
or a situation is like. It appeals
to the reader’s senses (sight, sound,
smell, taste and touch). A
descriptive paragraph has concrete
and
specific details, which are carefully
chosen by a writer to paint a picture
in the mind of the reader.
3. Definition – an essay writing
that explains what a term means.
4. Exemplification – An
exemplification essay is a type of
argumentative essay that provides
specific
examples to prove.
 5. Classification – Classification
groups items into categories to
establish a clear distinction between
related or similar ideas. Similar
items are grouped into categories for
the readers to better
understand and analyze the material
at hand. a point.
READING AND WRITING

Subject Teacher: Ma’am Sittie Jane Normaida S. Silongan

Writing is the process of choosing the appropriate letters, characters, and symbols to be written in a paper or encoded in a computer. It is a skill that you
should hone in order to express ideas, concepts, or feelings in a nonverbal way.
Reading is an act of decoding the letters, characters, or symbols that were written, posted, or published. It is a skill that involves critical thinking in order
to fully understand the texts or symbols read. It is reading that plays a significant role in your learning because it directs you to the path of infinite
potentials to gain information, to learn new skills, to grasp reality, to explore the world, to unveil the truths, and to discover greatest treasures in life.
THE NINE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPING IN WRITING
1. Narration - from the root word narrates, originated from the Latin word narrare— which means related or told. It gives
written account of an event or story, or simply, storytelling. The sequence of events is told in chronological order. It usually contains the following: the
who, what and when.
Signal words often used for chronological order or sequence are:
first second third before after soon then
when later until At last next finally eventually
2. Description - gives information of what a person, an object, a place or a situation is like. It appeals to the reader’s senses (sight, sound, smell, taste and
touch). A descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific details, which are carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader.
Signal words often used for description are:
above across adjacent to alongslide amidst around away from back of behind below
beneath beside between by down farther here in In front of inside
into near off on top on to opposite over throughout to the right under

3. Definition – an essay writing that explains what a term means.

Signal words often used for definition are:
is defined as as defined as is described as means refers to
to define to illustrate is called term or concept

4. Exemplification – An exemplification essay is a type of argumentative essay that provides specific examples to prove.
Signal words often used for simple listing are:
a number also another as an consider the for example for instance in addition in other words
of example following
in short put another way namely several specifically stated differently that is to be specific to clarify to illustrate

5. Classification – Classification groups items into categories to establish a clear distinction between related or similar ideas. Similar items are grouped
into categories for the readers to better understand and analyze the material at hand. a point.
Signal words often used for classification are:
another classified as one kind the last group
another kind final type the first category the next part
6. Comparison and Contrast - A comparison tells how two things are similar. A contrast tells how they are different.
Signal words often used for contrasting are:
although and yet as despite opposed to but in contrast on the contrary
conversely counter to even so even though instead however in spite on the other hand
nevertheless nonetheless otherwise still unlike where as yet the fact remains on the meantime
bigger than smaller than different

Signal words often used for comparing are:

als as both equally in a similar fashion
o
in comparison in the same way like likewise to compare

7. Cause and Effect – A cause is what makes a particular thing happen. An effect is what results from a particular situation, activity, or behavior. A
paragraph developed by causal analysis must not only raise the question why, but also give answers to the satisfaction of the reader.
Signal words often used for causes are:
as because (of the fact) being that due to (the fact that) for for the reason that in that
one reason in view of (the fact) owing to in as much as since seeing that

Signal words often used for effects are:

accordingly As a result (of this) consequently hence so So that thus
As a consequence Because (of this) For this reasons In consequence So much (so) that therefore
8. Problem-Solution – In composition writing, problem-solution is a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by identifying a problem and
proposing one or more solutions. Problem-solution paragraphs as the term implies, presents and identifies a problem and proposes possible solution/s.
Signal words often used for problem-solution are:
but nonetheless one solution is the problem
first, second one reason for the one way is the solution
9. Persuasion - A persuasive paragraph tries to convince the reader that a particular point of view is worthy of consideration. It wants you to consider both
sides of an issue, but it reveals a bias in favor of one side over another.
Signal words often used for emphasizing a point are:
again in fact to emphasize truly
for this reason in that case to repeast with this in mind

Signal words often used for concluding and summarizing are:

accordingly as I have due to in brief in summary since therefore
all in all said finally in conclusion inevitably in essence thus
as a result consequently in any event in short on the whole in a nutshell to sum up

Signal words often used for conceding a point are:

admittedly certainly it is true that no doubt of course true unquestionably
assuredly granted needless to say obviously to be sure undoubtedly

PROPERTIES OF WELL WRITTEN TEXT

1. Organization – is the structural framework for writing. It is the logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text. It also well organized content
of the essay
Important features of an organized text.
 Focus
 Development
 main idea and supporting idea
 At least 4 paragraphs
 Unity
 oneness idea
 topic sentence: beginning of the paragraph
 controlling idea
 supporting details: sentences 2-5
2. Cohesion and coherence – unity of written text
 Cohesion- is defined as the set of resources for constructing relations in discourse which transcend grammatical structure.
 as the act of forming a whole unit
 a subset of coherence
 focused on the grammatical aspect of writing
 degree to which sentences are connected
Six main ways that cohesion is created in a text
 Reference
 Personal pronoun e.g. I, me, she, you, we, my, mine, his, hers
 Demonstrative Pronoun e.g. NEAR (this, these, here) FAR (that, those, there)
 Comparative Pronoun e.g. another, other, similar, better, different etc
 The definite artice e.g. the
Example: I have collected calathea plants and I love it. Them-plants (plural)
 Substitution
 Uses a word/phrase to replace a word/phrase used earlier
 Ellipses
 Omitting words because it is already understood in the context
Example: I can play basketball and he can too.
  Lexical chain
 One word is related to another
 Sequence of related words in writing
 Cohesive nouns
 A kind of lexical reference
 Can summarize many words
 Can be used to signal what is to come or can refer back
Example: Two cars collided on the flyover. However, nobody was hurt in the accident.
 Conjunctions
Example: firstly, next, moreover. However, but and more
 Coherence - about creating texts that make sense and are logical. It comes from making logical connections between ideas in each part of the text
and the context
 quality of being logical, consistent and able to be understand
 rhetorical aspects of writing which include developing and supporting your argument, synthesizing and integrating reading, organizing and
clarifying ideas.
 How to achieve coherence text?
 Clarify the meaning
 Indicate a change topic
 Headings and subheading
 Layout
 Formatting
3. Language use – language used should be clear, unambiguous and objective
 Acceptable style of language for a particular form of text
 Determined when it is appropriate to use formal language or when informal language is acceptable
 Characteristics of an effective language
 Use concrete words
 Are specific words
 They form sharp, clear meaning and stand for what the readers easily perceives
Example: My classmate is good. (be specific)
He often gets perfect in our exam.
 Use concise words
 Short and simple
 Avoid redundancy
Example 1: We collaborated together on the project.
Better: We collaborated on the project.
Example 2: The other alternative is to eat healthy food.
Better: The alternative is to eat healthy food.
 Use familiar words not high falutin
 Use words that are almost in everyone’s vocabulary
Examples
Familiar Vs Unfamiliar
Try Endeavor
Find out ascertain
End terminate
 Use precise and clear words
 Concise means using a few words as possible
 Precise means exact and accurate
Example: house-cabin, cottage, duplex, condo
 Avoid sexiest language
Example 1: Reading makes a full man.
Better: Reading makes a full person.
Example 2:Each students must have his notebook with him in class.
Better: All students must have notebooks with them in class.
Each student must have his/her notebook in class.
chairman-chairperson
spokesman-spokesperson
 Use of constructive language
Example: On behalf of the company, I regret to inform you that you have been terminated. As a supervisor, it was a pleasure to
work with you.
 Use of formal and informal language
Example: This is to tell you.
Better: This is to inform you.

INFORMAL FORMAL INFORMAL FORMAL

ask enquire lack deficiency
tell inform live reside
but however lively energetic
get receive hurt damage
bad negtive Put in insert
seem appear check verify
also moreover sorry apologize
buy purchase help assist
Have to must chance opportunity
end finish use utilize

4. Mechanics- is the term we use to describe the technical aspects of writing such as spelling, punctuation, capitalization and etc.
 Punctuation
 comma
 -used a comma to separate items in a series. A series is made up of three or more nouns, verbs, modifiers, or phrases.
Example: Oral Communication, EAPP, and 21st Century Literature are core subjects in the Senior High School.
-use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives. Coordinate adjective are two or more adjectives that equally modify the same noun.
Example: The asymptomatic, COVID positive patient was rushed to the hospital.
-use a comma to separate long clauses joined by conjunctions such as by, and, but, for, yet, and so; although it is omitted if the clauses are
short
Example: Last week was my sister’s wedding, so I prepared to go to the salon for my haircut.
-use a comma after introductory clauses, phrases, or words that come before the main clauses.
Example: While waiting for the rain to subside. Suddenly there was a bolt lightning split the sky.
-set off introductory elements (words that introduce a sentence with a comma)
Common introductory phrases are: participial and infinitive phrases, absolute phrases, nonessential appositive, and long prepositional phrases
of four or more words.
Example 1: Being on time, I have received an incentive from my boss. (participial phrase)
Example 2: To travel outside the region, you need to secure necessary documents. (infinitive phrase)
Example 3: Ms. Rodriguez, who wrote many English books, was one of my favorite teachers. (appositive phrase)
- use commas to set off dates (except the month and day), geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), address (except the
street number and name), and titles in names.
Example 1: Kadayawan Festival is celebrated in August.
Example 2: On March 31, 2011, Panabo became a city.
 Semicolon
-use a semicolon when you link two independent clauses with no connecting words.
Example: I am excited to go home; I wanted to stay there for good.
-use semicolon whwn joining two independent clauses together with one of the following conjunctive adverbs
(adverbs that join independent clauses): however, moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, etc
Example: I am excited to go home; moreover, I wanted to stay there for good
 Colon
-use a colon for separating chapter from verse in Bible reference, separating volume form page in bibliography reference, writing a salutatory
greeting in professional writing and giving the time.
Example 1: My favorite verse is Psalm 23:1.
Example 2: Majority of the reference that I cited were taken from Academic Journal 11:23 (volume 11, page 23)
-use a colon to introduce a formal list.
Example: Three things I have accomplished today: answered modules, e-mailed documents, and researched enrichment activities.

 Capitalization
-always capitalize the first word in a sentence.
Example: Davao region is located on the southeastern portion of Mindanao.
-capitalize the pronoun “I” and the interjection “O”.
Example: O God, I thank you.
-capitalize professional titles when used before a personal name.
Example: General Tione was arrested for alleged graft.
-capitalize a academic titles and their abbreviation when they follow a personal name.
Example: Noemi Pales, M.D
-capitalize brand names
Examples: My dream car is Toyota Fortuner.
-capitalize the first word in a letter’s greetings or close.
Example: Sincerely yours,
-capitalize the days of the week, months of the year, and holidays
Example 1: The opening of classes is in October.
Example 2: I always prepare gifts for Christmas.
 Spelling
ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH AMERICAN
colour color ageing aging
theatre theater whilst while
pyjamas pajamas moustache mustache
aeroplane airplane plough plow
programme program dreamt dreamed
jewellery jewelry metre meter
draught draft memorise memorize
analyse analyze neighbour neighbor
bogeyman boogeyman learnt learned
aluminium aluminum

 Abbreviation
 shortening of words
 Only abbreviate well-known terms.
Example: TV for Television
 Abbreviations that use capital letters are called initialisms. It is requires to put a period after each letter.
Example: M.D
 In formal writing, it is recommended not to abbreviate that dates only if needed, especially when used in tablets or charts.
Examples: Mon., Oct. 5
 Latin abbreviations should not be capitalized.
Example: e.g. - means “for example i.e - means “that is”, “in other words”

Critical reading enables you to distinguish the explicit and implicit information provided by the author.
Explicit information is information that is clearly stated in the text. Implicit information, on the other hand, are ideas suggested in the text but not
directly stated. This is where the ability to make inferences based on clues within the text is applied. Through proper identification of explicit and
implicit information, the critical reader can properly evaluate the claim/s made by an author. Claims state the point or position of an author regarding a
certain topic. The claim statement is further proven by supporting details from various resources and reliable evidence.
 TYPES OF CLAIMS
1. CLAIMS OF FACT - There are claims rooted in history or science.
Examples
o The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy.
o Generally, obesity causes health problems.
o Neil Armstrong was the first man to step on the moon.
o The first Mindanaoan President is Rodrigo Duterte.

2. CLAIMS OF POLICY - There are claims that demand action because the present conditions for certain policies are no longer effective.
Examples
o The mayor should suspend the classes today.
o You must send your children to public schools.
o The government should legalize medicinal marijuana.
o Local Malls should not open during the general community quarantine.

3. CLAIMS OF VALUE - There are claims that assert the morality of an idea based on certain standards or preferences.
Examples
o It is better to be feared than loved.
o Cheating is not good.
o Gay marriage is immoral.
o The government is doing a great job during the Covid-19 pandemic.

HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXT

HYPERTEXT
Hypertext has created quite a buzz in the online world and also in the area of critical reading, helping a lot of people quickly access information about
what they read with the use of hyperlinks. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines the term as a format of database where you can directly go to websites
of related textual information about what is displayed on a computer monitor. In just a click on the highlighted words, you are redirected or brought to
these sites giving you a larger perspective on ideas (such as definitions, explanations, and even more things about a story plot) about a certain topic. It is
usually present in texts or in articles and most commonly implemented in the World Wide Web.
Theodore H. Nelson who pioneered the use of hypertext, has described the word as a number of text pieces connected to links which give readers the
option to decide on the sequence or order of what they are reading (Koskimaa, 2016). In his interview with Jim Whitehead in 1996, he
emphasized that the inspiration in developing the hypertext is to maximize both the writer’s and reader’s time and effort in understanding what
was being presented in a text. Nelson also coined the word Hypermedia as a related term which includes graphics, images, audio and media other than
texts. Hypertext is considered to be its subset.
Hypertext reading is a non-linear type of reading. As an analogy, take for example a walk in the park. Linear means a straight path of reading or the
usual process of following eye direction of reading from left to right, top to bottom. In nonlinear reading, you take shortcuts and pauses to read some
more about what you are reading. This gives the readers the power to manage their own reading unlike the usual way of just following what an author
has written.

TWO COMMON EXAMPLES OF HYPERTEXT

1. Static Hypertext
This hypertext is prepared, encoded, and stored in advance. Usual example of this is what we commonly see online which give out information
about something and are written by web authors such as historical articles and online encyclopedias. In static hypertext, thing scan be
stagnant and may remain unchanged over time.
2. Dynamic Hypertext
As the name suggests, and opposite to static hypertext, this changes continuously depending and in response to user’s input. Good example of a
dynamic text is what we find in blogs and social media platforms where users can interact with the writer and with other users

Advantages of Hypertext Disadvantages of Hypertext

1. Multiple paths of inquiry 1. paper-based information is more comfortable to read
2. Individualized learning opportunities 2. computer/gadget is required
3. Reader learner control 3. readers disorientation
4. Supports the connections of ideas 4. cognitive overhead
5. Some text is suited to hypertext 5. causes eye strain
6. Creating new references 6. too much control
7. Critical thinking
8. Ease navigation
9. Asynchronous communication

Intertextuality or intertext is one method of text development that enables the author to make another text based on another text. It happens when
some properties of an original text are incorporated in the text that is created by another author. One good reason why it occurs is perhaps the second
writer is greatly affected or influenced by the first writer leading to a combination of imitation and creation.

Intertext Defined Intertext or intertextuality is technically defined as a process of text development that merges two more processes such as imitation
and creation in doing a text. It involves imitation because the author, as highly influenced by another author comes up with his version of the text
consciously or unconsciously incorporating the style and other characteristics of the text done by that author.

Four specific methods

1.Parody-when one piece of writing uses many of the same elements of another but does it in a new and funny way.
-may copy the setting, plot, characters, or other parts of the original work.
Example: Mimicking President Duterte.
2. Retelling -it is the restatement of a story or re-expression of a narrative
3. Quotation- it is the method of directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a text another author has made.
4. Allusion In this method, a writer or speaker explicitly or implicitly pertains to an idea or passage found in another text without the use of quotation.
Examples: “Thank you, my Hercules”. “Thank you, Romeo”. “My Helen of Troy”.
5. Pastiche-borrows elements from one or more works and reconfigured them to create something new.
 -a respectful type of borrowing that gives credit to the original and is not plagiarism.

Types of Intertextuality according to Frank Angelo

1. Adaptation
2. Retro
3. Appropriation
4. Parody
5. Pastiche

Three strategies to apply Intertextuality

1. Association
2. Integration
3. Evaluation