Experiment 2

AIM: To analyse the given salt for acid radical and basic radicals (I1)

Experiment Observation Inference

Preliminary Test:
1.Physical Examination:
(a)Colour: The colour of the White Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
given salt is noted. absent.
(b)Appearance: The Crystalline
appearance of the given salt is
noted.
(c)Solubility in water: A little of Salt is soluble in cold water May be NH4+, nitrites, nitrates
the given salt is dissolved in and acetates, all chlorides
distilled water in a test tube. except lead.

(d)Odour: Strong ammoniacal smell NH4+ may be present.

2.Dry heating test:
A pinch of salt is heated in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
(a)Gas evolved A colourless gas evolved with Either CO32- or oxalate and
characteristic smell. NH4+may be present.

(b)Sublimation No sublimate formed Ammonium halides may be

absent.
(c)Decrepitation No crackling sound observed. Lead nitrate, barium nitrate
may be absent.
(d) Colour of the residue White Zn2+, Pb2+ may be absent
3.Flame Test
A paste of the salt is prepared No Characteristic colour. Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ may be
with conc. HCl and performed absent.
flame test.
4.Dilute sulphuric acid test
Take a small quantity of the No gas is evolved. CO32-, S2-, NO2- and SO32- may
salt in a test tube and add 1-2 be absent.
ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
5. Conc. sulphuric acid test:
To a small quantity of salt in a Colourless gas which turns The gas evolved is CO2. This
test tube, 1-2 ml of conc. lime water milky. may be due to the presence of
sulphuric acid is added. C2O42-.
 6.KMNO4 test:
To a pinch of the salt in a test Potassium permanganate is C2O42- may be present.
tube add about 2 ml of decolourised.
dil.H2SO4. Boil off any gas
evolved and little more of dil.
H2SO4 is added and then
potassium permanganate
dropwise.
7. Confirmatory test for Anion
(oxalate).
To a pinch of the salt in a test Potassium permanganate is Oxalate (C2O42-) is present and
tube add about 2 ml of decolourised. confirmed.
dil.H2SO4. Boil off any gas
evolved and little more of dil.
H2SO4 is added and then 2-3
drops of potassium
permanganate is added.
8.Cation Analysis
Group zero test:
(a)A pinch of salt is heated Smell of ammonia gas which Presence of ammonium salt
with conc. NaOH solution gives dense white fumes with indicated.
glass rod dipped in dilute HCl.
(b)To the salt solution, Brown Precipitate formed. Presence of ammonium salt is
Nessler’s reagent is added. confirmed.

Equation:
As the sample contains NH4+
as cation no further test is
required.

Hence the salt (I1) contains:-

Cation: Ammonium (NH4+)

Anion: oxalate (C2O42-)

Therefore the unknown salt (I1) is ammonium oxalate [Formula: (NH4)2C2O4]

Experiment 3
AIM: To analyse the given salt for acid radical and basic
radicals (I2)

Experiment Observation Inference

Preliminary Test:
1.Physical Examination:
(a)Colour: The colour of the White Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
given salt is noted. absent.
(b)Appearance: The Crystalline
appearance of the given salt is
noted. May be NH4+, nitrites, nitrates
(c)Solubility in water: A little of Soluble in water and acetates, all chlorides
the given salt is dissolved in except lead.
distilled water in a test tube.
(d) Odour: Vinegar like smell Acetate may be present.
2.Dry heating test:
A pinch of salt is heated in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
(a)Gas evolved A colourless gas evolved with Acetate (CH3COO-) may be
the smell of vinegar. present.

(b)Sublimation No sublimate formed Ammonium halides may be

absent.
(c)Decrepitation No crackling sound observed. Lead nitrate, barium nitrate
may be absent.
(d) Colour of the residue Black residue Acetate may be present
3.Flame Test
A paste of the salt is prepared Dull bluish white. Pb2+ may be present.
with conc. HCl and performed
flame test.
4.Dilute sulphuric acid test No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-, NO2- and SO32- may
Take a small quantity of the be absent.
salt in a test tube and add 1-2
ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
5. Conc. Sulphuric acid test: A colourless gas evolved with Acetate (CH3COO-) may be
To a small quantity of salt in a the smell of vinegar. present.
test tube, 1-2 ml of conc.
sulpuric acid is added.
6.KMNO4 test: Potassium permanganate is Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42- may be
To a pinch of the salt in a test not decolourised absent.
tube add about 2 ml of
dil.H2SO4. Boil off any gas
evolved and little more of dil.
 H2SO4 is added and then
potassium permanganate
dropwise.
7. Confirmatory Test for
Anion (Acetate).
Oxalic Acid test: Smells like that of vinegar. Presence of acetate ion is
Take a small quantity of the salt confirmed.
in a watch glass. Mix it with solid
oxalic acid. Prepare a paste of it
with a few drops of water. Rub
the paste and smell it.
8.Cation Analysis
Group zero test:
A pinch of salt is heated with No smell of ammonia Ammonium is absent.
conc. NaOH solution
9. Preparation of Original Clear solution formed Water soluble salt is present.
solution (OS): Marked the test tube as OS.
Attempted to prepare original
solution of the salt by dissolving a
pinch of salt in water.
10.To a small part of the above white precipitate formed. Grp-I present.
salt solution added 2 mL of dil.
HCl.
11. Confirmatory test for Grp.I: Ppt. Dissolves. Pb2+ may be present.
(a)Ppt. from the above is boiled
with water.
(b)Potassium iodide test:
To one part of the dissolved ppt. Yellow precipitate
Pb2+ present and confirmed.
solution is treated with
potassium iodide.

Hence the salt (I2) contains anion: Acetate (CH3COO-)

Cation: Lead (Pb2+)

Therefore the unknown salt (I2) is lead acetate. [Formula: (CH3COO)2Pb]

Experiment 4
AIM: To analyse the given salt for acid radical and basic radicals (I3)

Experiment Observation Inference

Preliminary Test:
1.Physical Examination:
(a)Colour: The colour of the Blue Cu2+ may be present.
given salt is noted.
(b)Appearance: The Crystalline
appearance of the given salt is
noted.
(c)Solubility in water: A little of Soluble in water. May be NH4+, nitrites, nitrates
the given salt is dissolved in and acetates, all chlorides
distilled water in a test tube. except lead.

(d)Odour: No specific odour NH4+, S2-, CH3COO- may be

absent.
2.Dry heating test:
A pinch of salt is heated in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
(a)Gas evolved No gas evolved. Cl-, Br-, I-, CO32- , C2O42- are
absent.

(b)Sublimation No sublimate formed

Ammonium halides absent.
(c)Decrepitation No crackling sound observed.
Lead nitrate, barium nitrate
may be absent.
(d) Colour of the residue Original salt becomes blue
white on heating white May be hydrated copper
sulphate.
3.Flame Test
A paste of the salt is prepared Bright bluish green flame Cu2+ may be present.
with conc. HCl and performed evolved.
flame test.
4.Dilute sulphuric acid test No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-, NO2- and SO32-
Take a small quantity of the absent.
salt in a test tube and add 1-2
ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
5. Conc. Sulphuric acid test: No gas evolved. Chloride, bromide, iodide,
To a small quantity of salt in a nitrate, oxalate , acetate
test tube, 1-2 ml of conc. absent. May be sulphate or
sulpuric acid is added. phosphate present.

6.KMNO4 test: Potassium permanganate is Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42- may be absent
To a pinch of the salt in a test not decolourised
tube add about 2 ml of
dil.H2SO4. Boil off any gas
 evolved and little more of dil.
H2SO4 is added and then
potassium permanganate
dropwise.
7 Test for Sulphate:
Barium chloride test: A white precipitate is formed. The white precipitate is barium
To a part of aqueous solution of sulphate (BaSO4) which is
the salt add barium chloride The white precipitate is insoluble in dil. HCl. Hence
solution. insoluble in dil. HCl. Sulphate is confirmed.

Add dil. HCl to the white

precipitate and shake.
8.Test For Phosphate: No yellow precipitate is formed. Phosphate is absent.
Ammonium molybdate test:
To the aqueous solution add
concentrated nitric acid and boil.
Add ammonium molybdate
solution in excess and again
boil.
9. Preparation of Original Clear solution formed Water soluble salt is present.
solution (OS): Test tube is marked with OS.
Attempted to prepare original
solution of the salt by dissolving a
pinch of salt in water.
10.To a small part of the above No white precipitate formed. Group–I absent
salt solution added 2 mL of dil.
HCl.
11. Passed H2S gas through one Black ppt formed. Grp. II may be present.
portion of the solution of step 10.
As the salt is blue in colour so it
should not be lead. Therefore the
following confirmatory test for
copper will do.
12. Confirmatory test for
Copper (Cu2+)
(a)To the rest of the portion Blue coloured solution.
add ammonium hydroxide in Cu2+ present and confirmed.
excess.

(b)Flame Test
A paste of the salt is prepared Bright bluish green flame
with conc. HCl and performed evolved.
flame test.

Hence the salt(I3) contains anion: Sulphate (SO42-)

Cation: Copper (Cu2+)

Therefore the unknown salt (I3) is copper sulphate. [Formula: CuSO4.5H2O]

Hence the salt(I?) contains anion: Sulphate (SO42-)

Cation: Copper (Cu2+)

Therefore the unknown salt () is copper sulphate (CuSO4)

Experiment 5

AIM: To analyse the given salt for acid radical and basic radicals (I4)

Experiment Observation Inference

Preliminary Test:
1.Physical Examination:
(a)Colour: The colour of the Blue-green colour Ni2+ may be present.
given salt is noted.
(b)Appearance: The Crystalline
appearance of the given salt is
noted.
(c)Solubility in water: A little of Salt is soluble in cold water May be NH4+, nitrites, nitrates
the given salt is dissolved in and acetates, all chlorides
distilled water in a test tube. except lead.

(d)Odour: No specific odour NH4+ , S2-, CH3COO- may be

absent.
2.Dry heating test:
A pinch of salt is heated in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
(a)Gas evolved A colourless gas evolved with Cl- may be present.
pungent turns starch iodide
paper blue.

(b)Sublimation No sublimate formed Ammonium halides absent.

(c)Decrepitation No crackling sound observed. Lead nitrate, barium nitrate

may be absent.
(d) Colour of the residue White Zn2+, Pb2+ may be absent
3.Flame Test Will do and write later on
A paste of the salt is prepared
with conc. HCl and performed
flame test.
4.Dilute sulphuric acid test No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-, NO2- and SO32- may
Take a small quantity of the be absent.
salt in a test tube and add 1-2
ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
5. Conc. Sulphuric acid test: No gas evolved. Chloride, bromide, iodide,
To a small quantity of salt in a nitrate, oxalate , acetate
test tube, 1-2 ml of conc. absent. May be sulphate or
sulpuric acid is added.
phosphate present.
6.KMNO4 test: Potassium permanganate is Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O42- may be
To a pinch of the salt in a test not decolourised absent
tube add about 2 ml of
dil.H2SO4. Boil off any gas
evolved and little more of dil.
H2SO4 is added and then
potassium permanganate
dropwise.
7a. Test for Sulphate:
Barium chloride test: A white precipitate is formed. The white precipitate is barium
To a part of aqueous solution of sulphate (BaSO4) which is
the salt add barium chloride The white precipitate is insoluble in dil. HCl. Hence
solution. insoluble in dil. HCl. Sulphate is present and
confirmed.
Add dil. HCl to the white
precipitate and shake.
7b.Test For Phosphate: No yellow precipitate is formed. Phosphate is absent.
Ammonium molybdate test:
To the aqueous solution add
concentrated nitric acid and boil.
Add ammonium molybdate
solution in excess and again
boil.
8.Cation Analysis
Group zero test:
(a)A pinch of salt is heated with No Smell of ammonia gas Group Zero absent.
conc. NaOH solution
9. Preparation of Original Clear solution formed Water soluble salt is present.
solution:
Attempted to prepare original
solution of the salt by dissolving a
pinch of salt in water.
10.To a small part of the above No white precipitate formed. Group–I absent
salt solution added 2 mL of dil.
HCl.
11. Passed H2S gas through one No ppt. Formed. Grp. II absent
portion of the solution of step 10.
12. To the remaining OS, pinch of No ppt. Formed. Grp. III absent
solid ammonium chloride is
added. Boiled the solution,
cooled it and added excess of
ammonium hydroxide solution.
13.Passed H2S gas through the precipitate formed. Grp. IV is present.
above solution.
14. Confirmatory test for Nickel:
Added excess of ammonium Rose red precipitate obtained. Ni2+ is present and confirmed.
hydroxide solution to the original
solution and then few drops of
dimethylglyoxime reagent (DMG)
Hence the salt(I4) contains anion: sulphate (SO42-)

Cation: Nickel (Ni2+)

Therefore the unknown salt (I4) is Nickel sulphate [Formula: (NiSO4]

Experiment 6

AIM: To analyse the given salt for acid radical and basic radicals (I5)

Experiment Observation Inference

Preliminary Test:
1.Physical Examination:
(a)Colour: The colour of the White Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+
given salt is noted. absent.
(b)Appearance: The Crystalline
appearance of the given salt is
noted.
(c)Solubility in water: A little of Salt is soluble in cold water May be NH4+, nitrites, nitrates
the given salt is dissolved in and acetates, all chlorides
distilled water in a test tube. except lead.

(d)Odour: No specific odour NH4+ , S2-, CH3COO- may be

absent.
2.Dry heating test:
A pinch of salt is heated in a
dry test tube and noted the
following:
(a)Gas evolved A colourless gas evolved with Cl- may be present.
pungent turns starch iodide
paper blue.

(b)Sublimation No sublimate formed Ammonium halides absent.

(c)Decrepitation No crackling sound observed. Lead nitrate, barium nitrate

may be absent.
(d) Colour of the residue White Zn2+, Pb2+ may be absent
3.Flame Test
A paste of the salt is prepared Persistent grassy green flame Ba2+ may be present.
with conc. HCl and performed on prolonged heating.
flame test.
4.Dilute sulphuric acid test No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-, NO2- and SO32- may
Take a small quantity of the be absent.
salt in a test tube and add 1-2
ml of dilute sulphuric acid.
5. Conc. Sulphuric acid test: Colourless gas with pungent The gas evolved is HCl. This
To a small quantity of salt in a smell, form white fumes with may be due to the presence of
aqueous ammonia when a glass
test tube, 1-2 ml of conc. rod dipped in aqueous ammonia Cl-.
sulpuric acid is added. is shown over the mouth of the
test tube.
6.KMNO4 test: Potassium permanganate is May be Cl- present.
To a pinch of the salt in a test decolourised
tube add about 2 ml of
dil.H2SO4. then potassium
permanganate dropwise.
7. Confirmatory Test for Anion
(Chloride).
Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)Test: .
A portion of salt solution is A white precipitate is formed
acidified with dilute HNO3. Boil which is soluble in ammonium Chloride is present and
the solution for some time, hydroxide. confirmed.
cool and AgNO3 solution is
added.
8.Cation Analysis
Group zero test:
(a)A pinch of salt is heated No Smell of ammonia gas Group Zero absent.
with conc. NaOH solution
9. Preparation of Original Clear solution formed. The salt Water soluble salt is present.
solution: solution is considered as OS.
Attempted to prepare original
solution of the salt by dissolving a
pinch of salt in water.
10.To a small part of the above No white precipitate formed. Group–I to Grp. IV absent
OS, added 2 mL of dilute HCl
Passed H2S gas
pinch of solid ammonium
chloride and HNO3 is added.
Boiled the solution, cooled it and
added excess of ammonium
hydroxide solution
Passed H2S gas through the
above solution.
11.To another small part of OS White precipitate formed Group–V present.
pinch of solid ammonium
chloride +HNO3 boiled
and cooled excess
ammonium hydroxide then
added 0.5 g of ammonium
carbonate.
15. Confirmatory test for
barium: Ba2+ present and confirmed.
Filtered the above white ppt.
Dissolved the ppt. In hot dilute
acetic acid.
(a)Potassium Chromate test: Yellow ppt.
To one part of the above
solution, added a few drops of
potassium chromate solution.
 (b)Flame Test
A paste of the salt is prepared Persistent grassy green flame
with conc. HCl and performed on prolonged heating.
flame test.

Hence the salt(I5) contains anion: chloride (Cl-)

Cation: Barium (Ba2+)

Therefore the unknown salt is Barium chloride. [Formula: (BaCl2)]