Salt analysis-I

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour: Note the colour of White May be the presence of NH4+,

the salt Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ and
Mg2+

Smell: Add a drop of water to Smell of vinegar May be the presence of

a pinch of the salt and rub it CH3COO-
between the fingers
Solubility:A little amount of Soluble May be the presence of SO42-, -
salt is added with 2ml of Cl-, CO32-, C2O42- , NO3- and
water and shaken well. CH3COO-

Dry Heating Test:

Characteristics vinegar smell is May be the presence of
Heat a small quantity of the observed CH3COO-
salt in a dry test tube.
Flame test: Dull bluish white colored flame is May be the presence of Pb2+
observed
Prepare a paste of the mixture
with conc HCl in a clean
watch glass. Take a small
amount of this paste using a
glass rod and introduce it into
the flame. Note the colour
imparted to the flame.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

Experiment Observation Inference

Dilute Sulphuric Acid Test No characteristic change Absence of CO32-

Take a small quantity of the salt
in a test tube and add 1-2 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid.
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid Colourless gas, vinegar smell, May be the presence of
Test turns blue litmus red CH3COO--
To a small quantity of salt in a
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc.
sulpuric acid

Independent radicals Test No characteristics change Absence of sulphate ion.

Barium chloride test
Boil a small amount of salt with
dil. HCl in a test tube. Filter the
contents, and to the filtrate add
few drops of BaCl2 solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical
Ester test: (CH3COO-)
Take a small quantity of the salt
in a test-tube. Add conc. H2SO4 The fruity smell is due to
(2 ml) and heat. Now ethyl Pleasant fruity smell of ester. the formation of ethyl
alcohol (1 ml). Shake. Pour the acetate.
contents of the tube in a beaker
full of water. Stir.
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The very first essential step is to prepare a clear and transparent solution of the salt under
investigation. For this purpose, the following solvents are tried one after another in a systematic
order.

 Distilled water (cold or hot)

 Dilute HCl (cold or hot)
 Conc. HCl (cold or hot)
In case the salt does not dissolve in a particular solvent even on heating, try the next solvent.
Procedure
Take a small quantity of the given salt in a test tube. Add some suitable solvent to it and shake well.
If it does not dissolve, heat the contents gently for sometimes. If it does not dissolve even after
heating for sometimes, take the fresh quantity of the salt again and treat it in a similar manner with
next solvent. The clear solution thus obtained is labeled as Original Solution (O.S).

Identification of Cations
Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)

To a small amount of solid salt No characteristics smelled gas is Absence of NH4+ ion
taken in a test tube, add some evolved
concentrated solution of sodium
hydroxide and heat the contents.

Bring a glass rod dipped in dil.

HCl near the mouth of the test
tube.
Analysis of Group I (Lead )
To a small amount of salt White precipitate is obtained The white precipitate may
solution taken in a test tube, add due to the formation of
dil. hydrochloric acid. PbCl2. Presence of group I
(Pb2+).
Analysis of Group II (Lead, Copper & Arsenic Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original No characteristic coloured Absence of group-II

solution in a test tube. Add1 or 2 precipitate cations
drops of Na2S solution or pass
H2S in ammonia solution
Analysis of Group III (Aluminium & Iron Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-III
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of conc. HNO3. Boil the solution
for some time. Add to it about 2
g of solid NH4Cl and boil again.
Cool the solution by placing the
test tube in a beaker full of
water. Add excess of ammonium
hydroxide to it and shake.
Analysis of Group IV ( Cobalt, Zinc ,manganese & Nickel Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate IVcations
of sodium sulphide solution or
pass H2Sin ammonia solution

Analysis of Group V ( Calcium,Barium & Stroncium Group)

To the original salt solution, add No characteristic coloured Absence of group-V
2-3 drops of ammonium precipitate cations
carbonate solution.
Analysis of Group VI ( Magnesium)
 Ammonium Phosphate test: No characteristic coloured Absence of group-VI
precipitate cations
To a part of the original salt
solution in a test tube, add some
solid NH4Cl and solution of
NH4OH in slight excess. Then
add ammonium phosphate
solution and rub the sides of the
test-tube with a glass rod

Confirmatory test for Pb2+radical

Yellow precipitate is
Potassium iodide test:
due to the formation of
To the first part of the solution, Yellow precipitate is formed.
PbI2. Presence of Pb2+
add potassium iodide solution.
ion is confirmed.

Potassium chromate test: Yellow precipitate is

To the second part of the due to the formation of
Yellow precipitate is formed.
solution add potassium chromate PbCrO4. Presence of
solution. Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Result:

The acid radical present in the given salt is CH3COO-

The basic radical present in the given salt is Pb2+
The given salt is Pb(CH3COO)2

Salt analysis-II

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour: Note the colour of White May be the presence of NH4+,
the salt Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ and
Mg2+

Smell: Add a drop of water to Smell of NH3 May be the presence of NH4+
a pinch of the salt and rub it cation
between the fingers

Solubility: A little amount of Soluble May be the presence of SO42-, -

salt is added with 2ml of Cl-, CO32-, C2O42- and
water and shaken well. CH3COO-

Dry Heating Test:

Ammonia gas evolves May be the presence of NH4+
Heat a small quantity of the
Cation
salt in a dry test tube.

Flame test: No characteristics coloured flame Absence of Zn2+,Ba2+&Ca2+

Prepare a paste of the mixture

with conc HCl in a clean
watch glass. Take a small
amount of this paste using a
glass rod and introduce it into
the flame. Note the colour
imparted to the flame.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

Experiment Observation Inference

Dilute Sulphuric Acid Test i) Colourless gas turns lime water i)May be the presence of
Take a small quantity of the salt milky evolves CO32-
in a test tube and add 1-2 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid.
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid No characteristic change Absence of Cl- & C2O42-
Test
To a small quantity of salt in a
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc.
sulpuric acid
Independent radicals Test No characteristics change Absence of sulphate ion.
Barium chloride test
Boil a small amount of salt with
dil. HCl in a test tube. Filter the
contents, and to the filtrate add
few drops of BaCl2 solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical

Magnesium sulphate test: White precipitate is

(CO32-) magnesium carbonate.
White precipitate is formed
Presence of (CO32-) is
To the salt soltion add confirmed
magnesium sulphate solution
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The very first essential step is to prepare a clear and transparent solution of the salt under
investigation. For this purpose, the following solvents are tried one after another in a systematic
order.

 Distilled water (cold or hot)

 Dilute HCl (cold or hot)
 Conc. HCl (cold or hot)
In case the salt does not dissolve in a particular solvent even on heating, try the next solvent.
Procedure
Take a small quantity of the given salt in a test tube. Add some suitable solvent to it and shake well.
If it does not dissolve, heat the contents gently for sometimes. If it does not dissolve even after
heating for sometimes, take the fresh quantity of the salt again and treat it in a similar manner with
next solvent. The clear solution thus obtained is labeled as Original Solution (O.S).

Identification of Cations
Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)

To a small amount of solid salt
taken in a test tube, add some The gas evolved is
concentrated solution of sodium A gas with ammonia smell is ammonia which gives
hydroxide and heat the contents. evolved. white fumes with HCl due
to the formation of
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. White fumes is produced. NH4Cl. Presence of
HCl near the mouth of the test NH4+ is confirmed.
tube.
Nessler’s Reagent test: Brown precipitate is formed The brown precipitate is
When the gas evolved in the due to the formation of
above test is passed through
H2N.HgO.HgI. Presence
Nessler's reagent taken in a test
of NH4+ is confirmed.
tube.
Analysis of Group I (Lead )
To a small amount of salt No characteristic precipitate Absence of group I
solution taken in a test tube, add cations
dil. hydrochloric acid.

Analysis of Group II (Lead, Copper & Arsenic Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original No characteristic coloured Absence of group-II

solution in a test tube. Add1 or 2 precipitate cations
drops of Na2S solution or pass
H2S in ammonia solution

Analysis of Group III (Aluminium & Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-III
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of conc. HNO3. Boil the solution
for some time. Add to it about 2
g of solid NH4Cl and boil again.
Cool the solution by placing the
test tube in a beaker full of
water. Add excess of ammonium
hydroxide to it and shake.
Analysis of Group IV ( Cobalt, Zinc ,manganese & Nickel Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-IV
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of sodium sulphide solution or
pass H2Sin ammonia solution

Analysis of Group V ( Calcium,Barium & Stroncium Group)

To the original salt solution, add No characteristic coloured Absence of group-V
2-3 drops of ammonium precipitate cations
carbonate solution.
Analysis of Group VI ( Magnesium)
 Ammonium Phosphate test: No characteristic coloured Absence of group-VI
precipitate cations
To a part of the original salt
solution in a test tube, add some
solid NH4Cl and solution of
NH4OH in slight excess. Then
add ammonium phosphate
solution and rub the sides of the
test-tube with a glass rod
Result: The acid radical present in the given salt is CO32-
The basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
The given salt is (NH4)2CO3

Salt analysis-III

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour: Note the colour of White May be the presence of NH4+,

the salt Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ and
Mg2+
Smell: Add a drop of water to No characteristics smell Absence of NH4+ , CH3COO-
a pinch of the salt and rub it
between the fingers
Solubility:A little amount of Soluble May be the presence of SO42-, -
salt is added with 2ml of Cl-, CO32-, C2O42- and
water and shaken well. CH3COO-

Dry Heating Test:

May be the presence of SO42-
Heat a small quantity of the Gas smells like burning sulphur
salt in a dry test tube. turns acidified potassium
dichromate paper evolves

Flame test: No characteristics coloured flame Absence of Zn2+,Ba2+&Ca2+

Prepare a paste of the mixture

with conc HCl in a clean
watch glass. Take a small
amount of this paste using a
glass rod and introduce it into
the flame. Note the colour
imparted to the flame.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

Experiment Observation Inference

Dilute Sulphuric Acid Test No characteristic change Absence of CH3COO-,CO32-

Take a small quantity of the salt
in a test tube and add 1-2 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid.

Concentrated Sulphuric Acid No characteristic change Absence of Cl- & C2O42-

Test
To a small quantity of salt in a
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc.
sulphuric acid
Independent radicals Test A white precipitate is formed May be the presence of
Barium chloride test which is insoluble in dilHCl SO42-.
Boil a small amount of salt with
dil. HCl in a test tube. Filter the
contents, and to the filtrate add
few drops of BaCl2 solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical
Lead acetate test: (SO42-) A white precipitate is formed The white precipitate is lead
which is insoluble in excess of hot sulphate (PbSO4) which is
To a part of aqueous solution of
the salt add lead acetate ammonium acetate solution insoluble in excess of hot
solution. Add excess of hot ammonium acetate solution
ammonium acetate to this Presence of sulphate is
precipitate. confirmed
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The very first essential step is to prepare a clear and transparent solution of the salt under
investigation. For this purpose, the following solvents are tried one after another in a systematic
order.

 Distilled water (cold or hot)

 Dilute HCl (cold or hot)
 Conc. HCl (cold or hot)
In case the salt does not dissolve in a particular solvent even on heating, try the next solvent.
Procedure
Take a small quantity of the given salt in a test tube. Add some suitable solvent to it and shake well.
If it does not dissolve, heat the contents gently for sometimes. If it does not dissolve even after
heating for sometimes, take the fresh quantity of the salt again and treat it in a similar manner with
next solvent. The clear solution thus obtained is labeled as Original Solution (O.S).

Identification of Cations
Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)

To a small amount of solid salt
taken in a test tube, add some
concentrated solution of sodium
hydroxide and heat the contents. Absence of group-I
No characteristic change
cations
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil.
HCl near the mouth of the test
tube.
Analysis of Group I (Lead )
To a small amount of salt No characteristic change Absence of group-II
solution taken in a test tube, add cations
dil. hydrochloric acid.
Analysis of Group II (Lead, Copper & Arsenic Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original No characteristic coloured Absence of group-II

solution in a test tube. Add1 or 2 precipitate cations
drops of Na2S solution or pass
H2S in ammonia solution

Analysis of Group III (Aluminium & Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution White precipitate is formed White precipitate may be
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops due to the formation of
of conc. HNO3. Boil the solution aluminum hydroxide.
for some time. Add to it about 2 Presence of Group III
g of solid NH4Cl and boil again. cation (Fe3+& Al3+)
Cool the solution by placing the
test tube in a beaker full of
water. Add excess of ammonium
hydroxide to it and shake.

Analysis of Group IV ( Cobalt, Zinc ,manganese & Nickel Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group IV
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of sodium sulphide solution or
pass H2Sin ammonia solution

Analysis of Group V ( Calcium,Barium & Stroncium Group)

To the original salt solution, add No characteristic coloured Absence of group V
2-3 drops of ammonium precipitate cations
carbonate solution.

.
Analysis of Group VI ( Magnesium)
 Ammonium Phosphate test: No characteristic coloured Absence of groupVI
precipitate cations
To a part of the original salt
solution in a test tube, add some
solid NH4Cl and solution of
NH4OH in slight excess. Then
add ammonium phosphate
solution and rub the sides of the
test-tube with a glass rod
Confirmatory test for Al3+radical

Lake test: The precipiatae formed is

Dissolve the white ppt in dil Aluminium
HCl.Add to it two drops of blue Blue precipitate floating on hydroxide.Blue colur
litmus solution.To this, add colourless solution is formed absorbs on this
NH4OH dropwise till blue precipitate.Presence of
colour develops Al3+ is confirmed

Result:
The acid radical present in the given salt is SO42-
The basic radical present in the given salt is Al3+
The given salt is (Al)2(SO4)3

Salt analysis-IV
Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference

Colour: Note the colour of White May be the presence of NH4+,

the salt Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ and
Mg2+
Smell: Add a drop of water to No characteristics smell Absence of NH4+ , CH3COO-
a pinch of the salt and rub it
between the fingers
Solubility:A little amount of Soluble May be the presence of SO42-, -
salt is added with 2ml of Cl-, CO32-, C2O42-, NO3-and
water and shaken well. CH3COO-

Dry Heating Test: May be the presence of NO3-

Heat a small quantity of the The salt decrepitates

salt in a dry test tube.
Flame test: No characteristics coloured flame Absence of Zn2+,Ba2+&Ca2+

Prepare a paste of the mixture

with conc HCl in a clean
watch glass. Take a small
amount of this paste using a
glass rod and introduce it into
the flame. Note the colour
imparted to the flame.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

Experiment Observation Inference

Dilute Sulphuric Acid Test No characteristic change Absence of CH3COO-,CO32-

Take a small quantity of the salt
in a test tube and add 1-2 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid.

Concentrated Sulphuric Acid Reddish brown gas with pungent i)May be the presence of
Test smell, turns FeSO4 solution black NO3-
To a small quantity of salt in a
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc.
sulpuric acid
Independent radicals Test No characteristics change Absence of sulphate ion.
Barium chloride test
Boil a small amount of salt with
dil. HCl in a test tube. Filter the
contents, and to the filtrate add
few drops of BaCl2 solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical
Brown ring test A dark brown ring is formed at the Presence of NO3- is
junction of the layers of the acid confirmed
Add a small quantity of freshly and the solution
prpepared solution of ferrous
sulphate to a part of the
aqueous solution and then pour
concentrated sulphuric acid
slowly along the sides of the
test tube

Identification of Cations
Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)

To a small amount of solid salt No characteristic coloured Absence of group-0
taken in a test tube, add some precipitate cations
concentrated solution of sodium
hydroxide and heat the contents.

Bring a glass rod dipped in dil.

HCl near the mouth of the test
tube.
Analysis of Group I (Lead )
To a small amount of salt White precipitate is obtained The white precipitate may
solution taken in a test tube, add due to the formation of
dil. hydrochloric acid. PbCl2. Presence of group I
(Pb2+).

Analysis of Group II (Lead, Copper & Arsenic Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original No characteristic coloured Absence of group-II
solution in a test tube. Add1 or 2 precipitate cations
drops of Na2S solution or pass
H2S in ammonia solution

Analysis of Group III (Aluminium & Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-III
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of conc. HNO3. Boil the solution
for some time. Add to it about 2
g of solid NH4Cl and boil again.
Cool the solution by placing the
test tube in a beaker full of
water. Add excess of ammonium
hydroxide to it and shake.

Analysis of Group IV ( Cobalt, Zinc ,manganese & Nickel Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-IV
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of sodium sulphide solution or
pass H2Sin ammonia solution

Analysis of Group V ( Calcium,Barium & Stroncium Group)

To the original salt solution, add No characteristic coloured Absence of group-V
2-3 drops of ammonium precipitate cations
carbonate solution.
Analysis of Group VI ( Magnesium)
 Ammonium Phosphate test: No characteristic coloured Absence of group-VI
precipitate cations
To a part of the original salt
solution in a test tube, add some
solid NH4Cl and solution of
NH4OH in slight excess. Then
add ammonium phosphate
solution and rub the sides of the
test-tube with a glass rod

Confirmatory test for Pb2+radical

Yellow precipitate is due

Potassium iodide test:
to the formation of PbI2.
To the first part of the solution, Yellow precipitate is formed.
Presence of Pb2+ ion is
add potassium iodide solution.
confirmed.

Potassium chromate test: Yellow precipitate is due

To the second part of the to the formation of
Yellow precipitate is formed.
solution add potassium chromate PbCrO4. Presence of
solution. Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Result:
The acid radical present in the given salt is NO3-
The basic radical present in the given salt is Pb2+
The given salt is Pb(NO3)2

Salt Analysis-V

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour: Note the colour of White May be the presence of NH4+,

the salt Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ and
Mg2+
Smell: Add a drop of water to No characteristics smell Absence of NH4+ , CH3COO-
a pinch of the salt and rub it
between the fingers

Solubility:A little amount of Soluble May be the presence of SO42-, -

salt is added with 2ml of Cl-, CO32-, C2O42- and
water and shaken well. CH3COO-

Dry Heating Test:

Colourless, pungent smelled gas
give white fumes with ammonia May be the presence of Cl-.
Heat a small quantity of the
evolves
salt in a dry test tube.

Flame test: Grassy green coloured flame is May be presence of Ba2+

observed
Prepare a paste of the mixture
with conc HCl in a clean
watch glass. Take a small
amount of this paste using a
glass rod and introduce it into
the flame. Note the colour
imparted to the flame.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

Experiment Observation Inference

Dilute Sulphuric Acid Test No characteristic change Absence of

Take a small quantity of the salt CH3COO-,CO32-
in a test tube and add 1-2 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid.

Concentrated Sulphuric Acid Colourless, pungent smelled May be the presence of

Test gas give white fumes with Cl-
To a small quantity of salt in a aqueous ammonia evolves
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc.
sulpuric acid

Independent radicals Test No characteristics change Absence of sulphate ion.

Barium chloride test
Boil a small amount of salt with
dil. HCl in a test tube. Filter the
contents, and to the filtrate add
few drops of BaCl2 solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical

Manganese dioxide test: (Cl-) Evolution of greenish yellow

Presence of chloride is
Heat a pinch of the salt with a gas having a pungent irritating
confirmed
small quantity of MnO2 and smell. It turns moist starch-
conc H2SO4 iodide paper blue
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The very first essential step is to prepare a clear and transparent solution of the salt under
investigation. For this purpose, the following solvents are tried one after another in a
systematic order.

 Distilled water (cold or hot)

 Dilute HCl (cold or hot)
 Conc. HCl (cold or hot)
In case the salt does not dissolve in a particular solvent even on heating, try the next solvent.
Procedure
Take a small quantity of the given salt in a test tube. Add some suitable solvent to it and shake
well. If it does not dissolve, heat the contents gently for sometimes. If it does not dissolve
even after heating for sometimes, take the fresh quantity of the salt again and treat it in a
similar manner with next solvent. The clear solution thus obtained is labeled as Original
Solution (O.S).

Identification of Cations
Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)

To a small amount of solid salt
taken in a test tube, add some
concentrated solution of sodium
hydroxide and heat the contents. Absence of zero group
No characteristic change
cation
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil.
HCl near the mouth of the test
tube.
Analysis of Group I (Lead )
To a small amount of salt No characteristic coloured Absence of group-I
solution taken in a test tube, add precipitate cations
dil. hydrochloric acid.

Analysis of Group II (Lead, Copper & Arsenic Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original No characteristic coloured Absence of group-II

solution in a test tube. Add1 or 2 precipitate cations
drops of Na2S solution or pass
H2S in ammonia solution

Analysis of Group III (Aluminium & Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-III
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of conc. HNO3. Boil the solution
for some time. Add to it about 2
g of solid NH4Cl and boil again.
Cool the solution by placing the
test tube in a beaker full of
water. Add excess of ammonium
hydroxide to it and shake.

Analysis of Group IV ( Cobalt, Zinc ,manganese & Nickel Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-IV
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of sodium sulphide solution or
pass H2Sin ammonia solution

Analysis of Group V ( Calcium, Barium & Stroncium Group)

To the original salt solution, add White Precipitate is obtained Presence of groupV
2-3 drops of ammonium cations (Ba2+Sr3+ &Ca2+)
carbonate solution.
Analysis of Group VI ( Magnesium)
 Ammonium Phosphate test: No characteristic coloured Absence of group-VI
precipitate cations
To a part of the original salt
solution in a test tube, add some
solid NH4Cl and solution of
NH4OH in slight excess. Then
add ammonium phosphate
solution and rub the sides of the
test-tube with a glass rod
Confirmatory test for Ba2+radical
Add hot dilute acetic acid into Yellow precipitate is formed. The yellow precipitate is
the precipitate. due to the formation of
Potassium chromate test: barium chromate,
To the above solution in a test BaCrO4. Presence of
tube, add a few drops of Ba2+ is confirmed.
potassium chromate solution

Result:
The acid radical present in the given salt is Cl-
The basic radical present in the given salt is Ba2+
The given salt is BaCl2

Salt analysis-VI

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour: Note the colour of White May be the presence of NH4+,

the salt Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ and
Mg2+

Smell: Add a drop of water to Smell of NH3 May be the presence of NH4+
a pinch of the salt and rub it cation
between the fingers

Solubility: A little amount of Soluble May be the presence of SO42-, -

salt is added with 2ml of Cl-, CO32-, C2O42- and
water and shaken well. CH3COO-

Dry Heating Test: Ammonia gas evolves May be the presence of NH4+
cation
Heat a small quantity of the
salt in a dry test tube.

Flame test: No characteristics coloured flame Absence of Zn2+,Ba2+&Ca2+

Prepare a paste of the mixture

with conc HCl in a clean
watch glass. Take a small
amount of this paste using a
glass rod and introduce it into
the flame. Note the colour
imparted to the flame.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

Experiment Observation Inference

Dilute Sulphuric Acid Test No characteristics change Absence of CO32- ion.

Take a small quantity of the salt
in a test tube and add 1-2 ml of
dilute sulphuric acid.
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid A colourless gas which turns lime May be the presence of
Test water milky and also a gas which C2O42-
To a small quantity of salt in a burns with pale bluish flame
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc.
sulpuric acid
Independent radicals Test No characteristics change Absence of sulphate ion.
Barium chloride test
Boil a small amount of salt with
dil. HCl in a test tube. Filter the
contents, and to the filtrate add
few drops of BaCl2 solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical

Potassium permanganate test:

Pink colour of KMNO4 solution
(C2O42-) Presence of C2O42- is
decolourises and CO2 gas evolved
To a pinch of salt add few confirmed
off
drops of dil H2SO4 in a test
tube, warm and add 2-3 drops
of KMNO4 solution
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION
The very first essential step is to prepare a clear and transparent solution of the salt under
investigation. For this purpose, the following solvents are tried one after another in a systematic
order.

 Distilled water (cold or hot)

 Dilute HCl (cold or hot)
 Conc. HCl (cold or hot)
In case the salt does not dissolve in a particular solvent even on heating, try the next solvent.
Procedure
Take a small quantity of the given salt in a test tube. Add some suitable solvent to it and shake well.
If it does not dissolve, heat the contents gently for sometimes. If it does not dissolve even after
heating for sometimes, take the fresh quantity of the salt again and treat it in a similar manner with
next solvent. The clear solution thus obtained is labeled as Original Solution (O.S).

Identification of Cations
Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)

To a small amount of solid salt
taken in a test tube, add some The gas evolved is
concentrated solution of sodium A gas with ammonia smell is ammonia which gives
hydroxide and heat the contents. evolved. white fumes with HCl due
to the formation of
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. White fumes is produced. NH4Cl. Presence of
HCl near the mouth of the test NH4+ is confirmed.
tube.
Nessler’s Reagent test:
The brown precipitate is
When the gas evolved in the
due to the formation of
above test is passed through Brown precipitate is formed
H2N.HgO.HgI. Presence
Nessler's reagent taken in a test
of NH4+ is confirmed.
tube.
Analysis of Group I (Lead )
To a small amount of salt No characteristic precipitate Absence of group I
solution taken in a test tube, add cations
dil. hydrochloric acid.

Analysis of Group II (Lead, Copper & Arsenic Group)

 Take about 2 ml of the original No characteristic coloured Absence of group-II
solution in a test tube. Add1 or 2 precipitate cations
drops of Na2S solution or pass
H2S in ammonia solution

Analysis of Group III (Aluminium & Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-III
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of conc. HNO3. Boil the solution
for some time. Add to it about 2
g of solid NH4Cl and boil again.
Cool the solution by placing the
test tube in a beaker full of
water. Add excess of ammonium
hydroxide to it and shake.
Analysis of Group IV ( Cobalt, Zinc ,manganese & Nickel Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution No characteristic coloured Absence of group-IV
in a test tube and add 4-5 drops precipitate cations
of sodium sulphide solution or
pass H2Sin ammonia solution

Analysis of Group V ( Calcium,Barium & Stroncium Group)

To the original salt solution, add No characteristic coloured Absence of group-V
2-3 drops of ammonium precipitate cations
carbonate solution.
Analysis of Group VI ( Magnesium)

Ammonium Phosphate test: No characteristic coloured Absence of group-VI

precipitate cations
To a part of the original salt
solution in a test tube, add some
solid NH4Cl and solution of
NH4OH in slight excess. Then
add ammonium phosphate
solution and rub the sides of the
test-tube with a glass rod
Result:
The acid radical present in the given salt is C2O42-
The basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
The given salt is (NH4)2C2O4