EE 321 Communication Systems

by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed

Chapter 1 Modulation

Problems and Solutions

Amplitude Modulation

Problem 1
A modulating signal 𝑚(𝑡) = 10𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 × 103 𝑡) is amplitude modulated with a carrier
signal 𝑐(𝑡) = 50𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 × 105 𝑡). Find the modulation index, the carrier power, and the power
required for transmitting AM wave.

Solution
Given, the equation of modulating signal as
𝑚(𝑡) = 10 cos(2𝜋 × 103 𝑡)
We know the standard equation of modulating signal as
𝑚(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
By comparing the above two equations, we will get.
Amplitude of modulating signal as 𝐴𝑚 = 10 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
and Frequency of modulating signal as
𝑓𝑚 = 103 𝐻𝑧 = 1 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Given, the equation of carrier signal is.
𝑐(𝑡) = 50𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 × 105 𝑡).
The standard equation of carrier signal is
𝑐(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
By comparing these two equations, we will get
Amplitude of carrier signal as 𝐴𝑐 = 50 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
and Frequency of carrier signal as 𝑓𝑐 = 105 𝐻𝑧 = 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧
We know the formula for modulation index as

𝐴𝑚
𝜇=
𝐴𝑐

Substitute, Am and Ac values in the above formula.

10
𝜇= = 0.2
50
Therefore, the value of modulation index is 0.2 and percentage of modulation is 20%.
The formula for Carrier power, Pc is

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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

A2𝑐
Pc =
2R

Assume R=1Ω and substitute Ac value in the above formula.

502
Pc = = 1250 𝑊
2

Therefore, the Carrier power, Pc is 1250 watts.

We know the formula for power required for transmitting AM wave is
μ2
P𝑡 = P𝑐 (1 + )
2
Substitute Pc and μ values in the above formula.
0.22
P𝑡 = 1250 (1 + ) = 1275
2
Therefore, the power required for transmitting AM wave is 1275 watts.
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Problem 2
The equation of amplitude wave is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = 20[1 + 0.8𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 × 103 𝑡)]𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝜋 × 105 𝑡).
Find the carrier power, the total sideband power, and the band width of AM wave.

Solution
Given, the equation of Amplitude modulated wave is
𝑠(𝑡) = 20[1 + 0.8𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 × 103 𝑡)]𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝜋 × 105 𝑡)
Re-write the above equation as
(𝑡) = 20[1 + 0.8𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 × 103 𝑡)]𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 × 2 × 105 𝑡)
We know the equation of Amplitude modulated wave is
𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐[1 + 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
By comparing the above two equations, we will get
Amplitude of carrier signal as 𝐴𝑐 = 20 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
Modulation index as 𝜇 = 0.8
Frequency of modulating signal as 𝑓𝑚 = 103 𝐻𝑧 = 1 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Frequency of carrier signal as 𝑓𝑐 = 2 × 105 𝐻𝑧 = 200 𝐾𝐻𝑧

The formula for Carrier power, Pc is

A2𝑐
Pc =
2R
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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

Assume R=1Ω and substitute Ac value in the above formula.

202
Pc = = 200 𝑊
2

Therefore, the Carrier power, Pc is 200 watts.

We know the formula for total side band power is

P𝐶 μ2
P𝑆𝐵 =
2
Substitute Pc and μ values in the above formula.
200 × (0.8)2
P𝑆𝐵 = = 64 𝑊
2
Therefore, the total side band power is 64 watts.
We know the formula for bandwidth of AM wave is
𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑓𝑚
Substitute fm value in the above formula.
𝐵𝑊 = 2(1𝐾) = 2 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Therefore, the bandwidth of AM wave is 2 KHz.
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Solved Numerical - Modulation techniques.
1. If the maximum and minimum voltage of an AM wave are Vmax and Vmin respectively.
Show that the modulation factor is.

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚 =
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solution: The amplitude of the normal carrier wave is
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑐 =
2
If Es is signal amplitude, then its magnitude is given by;
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑠 =
2
According to definition;

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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

𝐸𝑠 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑚 𝐸𝑐; 𝑚 = =
𝐸𝑐 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
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2. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of an AM wave is 12 mV, and the minimum voltage
is 4mV. Calculate the modulation factor.

Solution: Maximum Voltage of AM wave is Vmax = 12/ 2 = 6 mV

Minimum voltage of AM wave is = Vmin = 4/2 = 2 mV.

Modulation factor
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 6 − 2
𝑚 = = = 0.5
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 6 + 2
Percentage modulation is 50%

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3. An AM wave is represented as; 𝒗 = 𝟓( 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟎𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒕 volts.

(a) What are the minimum and maximum amplitudes of AM wave?

(b). What frequency components are contained in the modulated wave and What is the
amplitude of each component?

Solution: The Am wave equation; 𝑣 = 5 (1 + 0. 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠6280𝑡 )𝑠𝑖𝑛211 × 104𝑡

Comparing with standard equation 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 (1 + 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡

𝐴𝑐 = 5𝑉, 𝑚 = 0.6 ,

𝜔𝑚 6280
𝑓𝑚 = = = 1 𝐾𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔𝑐 104
𝑓𝑐 = = 211 × = 335817 = 336 𝐾𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 2𝜋
Minimum amplitude of AM wave = 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 – 𝑚𝐴𝑐 = 5 – 0.6 𝑥 5 = 2 𝑉

Maximum amplitude of the AM wave = 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑚𝐴𝑐 = 5 + 0.6 𝑥 5 = 8 𝑉

The AM wave will contain three frequencies: 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 , 𝑓𝑐 , (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )

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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

336 – 1= 335 KHz, 1 KHz, 336 + 1= 337 KHz

The amplitudes of the three components are.

𝑚𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝐴𝑐 0.6 × 5 0.6 × 5

, 𝐴𝑐, ⇒ , 5, ⇒ 1.5 𝑉 , 5𝑉 , 1.5 𝑉
2 2 2 2
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4. A sinusoidal voltage of frequency 500 KHz and amplitude 100V is AM modulated by

sinusoidal voltage of frequency 5 KHz producing 50% modulation. Calculate the frequency
and amplitude of LSB and USB.

Solution:

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑐 = 500 𝐾𝐻𝑧, 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑚 = 5 𝐾𝐻𝑧

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 0.5, 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑐 = 100𝑉

The lower side bands (LSB) and upper side band (USB) frequencies are.

𝑓𝑐 – 𝑓𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 ⇒ 495 KHz and 505 KHz

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5. An audio signal of 1 KHz is used to modulate a carrier 500 KHz. Determine side band
frequencies and band width required.

Solution:

Carrier frequency = 500 KHz

Signal frequency = 1 KHz

𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 499 𝐾𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 501 𝐾𝐻𝑧

𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 501 – 499 = 2 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

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6. For an AM modulator carrier frequency is 100 KHz and maximum modulating signal
frequency is 5 KHz. Determine (a) frequency limits for the upper and lower side bands. (b)
Band width (c) Upper and lower side frequencies produced when the modulating signal is a
single frequency 3KHz tone. (d) draw the output frequency spectrum.

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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

Solution:

(a) the lower sideband extends from the lowest possible lower side frequency to the carrier
frequency,

𝐿𝑆𝐵 = [ 𝑓𝑐 – 𝑓𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑥)] 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑐 = [ 100 – 5] 𝐾𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 95 𝐾𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧

The upper sideband extends from carrier frequency to the lowest possible upper side frequency,

𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑡𝑜 [ 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑥)] = 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 [ 100 + 5] 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 𝑡𝑜 105 𝐾𝐻𝑧

(b) The band width is equal to = 2 𝑓𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 2 ( 5𝐾𝐻𝑧) = 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧

(c) The upper side frequency is the sum of carrier and modulating frequency

= 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 + 3 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 103 𝐾𝐻𝑧

The lower side frequency is the difference between carrier and modulating frequency,

= 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 – 3 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 97 𝐾𝐻𝑧

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7. One input to AM modulator is 500 KHz carrier with an amplitude 20Vp. The second input
is a 10KHz signal with amplitude to cause a change in output wave of 7.5Vp. Determine (a)
upper and lower side frequencies (b) Modulation coefficient and percentage modulation ( c)
peak amplitude of the modulated carrier and upper and lower side frequency voltages. ( d)
maximum and minimum amplitude of the envelope.

Solution:

(a) The upper and lower side frequencies are simply the sum and difference frequencies

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 500 + 10 = 510 KHz

𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 500 – 10 = 490 KHz

(b) modulation coefficient, 𝑚 = 7.5 / 20 = 0.375

Percentage modulation = 37.5%

(c) The peak amplitude of the carrier and the upper and lower side band frequencies is

𝐸𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝐸𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑚𝐸𝑐/ 2 = [ (0.375) ( 20) ]/ 2 = 3.75 𝑉

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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

(d) The maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelop are.

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸𝑐 + 𝐸𝑚 = 20 + 7.5 = 27.5 𝑉

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 = 20 − 7.5 = 12.5 𝑉

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8. A modulating signal 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒕) is used to modulate a carrier signal

𝟏𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒕). Find the modulation index, percentage modulation, frequencies of
sideband components and their amplitudes and determine the band width of the modulating
signal.

Solution:

The modulating signal is 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒕) therefore comparing with the standard equation
𝐸𝑚 = 10𝑉 𝑓𝑚 = 𝐼 𝐾𝐻𝑧 , 𝐸𝑐 = 10𝑉 , 𝑓𝑐 = 10𝐾ℎ𝑧.

Modulation index 𝑚 = 𝐸𝑚 / 𝐸𝑐 = 10/10 = 1 ;

Percentage modulation = 100%

Frequencies of sideband components.

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 10 + 1 = 11 KHz.

𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 10 – 1 = 9 KHz.

Amplitude of side band frequencies = (𝑚𝐸𝑐) / 2 = ( 0.5 𝑥 10) / 2 = 2.5𝑉

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9. Consider the message signal 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝝅𝒕) and carrier wave 𝒄(𝒕) = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕)
Obtain an expression of AM for m = 0.75

Solution.

𝑥(𝑡) = 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝜋𝑡) →→→ 𝑓𝑚 = 1 𝐻𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑚 = 20 𝑉

𝑐(𝑡) = 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 100 𝜋𝑡) →→→ 𝑓𝑐 = 50 𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐 = 50 𝑉

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑚 = 0.75

Expression for the Am wave is.

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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐸𝑐[ 1 + 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

= 50 [ 1 + 0.75 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑡)]𝑐𝑜𝑠(100𝜋𝑡)

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10. In AM modulating signal frequency is 100 KHz and carrier frequency is 1 MHz.
Determine the frequency components of side bands.

Solution:

𝑓𝑐 = 1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 1000 𝐾𝐻𝑧, 𝑓𝑚 = 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 1 𝑀𝐻𝑍 + 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 1000 𝐾𝐻𝑧 + 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 1100 𝐾ℎ𝑧 = 1.1 𝑀𝐻𝑧

𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 1 𝑀𝐻𝑍 − 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 1000 𝐾𝐻𝑧 − 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 900 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 0.9 𝑀𝐻𝑧

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11. An AM wave is expressed as. 𝟏𝟎( 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒕.
List the different frequency components.
Solution:

(𝑎) 𝑓𝑚1 = 105 /2𝜋 = 15923.56 𝐻𝑧

(𝑏) 𝑓𝑚2 = 4000/2𝜋 = 636.95 𝐻𝑧

(𝑐) 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 107/ 2𝜋 = 1592356.68 𝐻𝑧 = 15.92 𝑀𝐻𝑧.

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12.A carrier frequency of 10 MHz with peak amplitude 10 v is amplitude modulated by a 10

KHz signal of 3 V. Determine the modulation index.

Solution:

Modulation index 𝑚 = 𝐸𝑚 / 𝐸𝑐 = 3 /10 = 0.3

Amplitude of the side bands = (𝑚𝐸𝑐 ) /2 = (0.3)(10) /2 = 1.5 𝑉

(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚) = 10000 𝐾𝐻𝑧 + 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 10010 𝐾𝐻𝑧

(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚) = 10000 𝐾𝐻𝑧 – 10 𝐾𝐻𝑧 = 9990 𝐾𝐻𝑧.

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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

Angle Modulation
Problem 1
A sinusoidal modulating waveform of amplitude 5 V and a frequency of 2 KHz is applied to
FM generator, which has a frequency sensitivity of 40 Hz/volt. Calculate the frequency
deviation, modulation index, and bandwidth.
Solution
Given, the amplitude of modulating signal, 𝐴𝑚 = 5𝑉
Frequency of modulating signal, 𝑓𝑚 = 2𝐾𝐻𝑧
Frequency sensitivity, 𝑘𝑓 = 40𝐻𝑧/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
We know the formula for Frequency deviation as ∆𝑓 = 𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚
Substitute kf and Am values in the above formula.
∆𝑓 = 40 × 5 = 200 𝐻𝑧

Therefore, frequency deviation, 𝛥𝑓 𝑖𝑠 200𝐻𝑧.

∆𝑓
The formula for modulation index is 𝛽 =
𝑓𝑚

Substitute 𝛥𝑓 and 𝑓𝑚 values in the above formula.

200
𝛽= = 0.1
2 × 1000

Here, the value of modulation index, β is 0.1, which is less than one. Hence, it is Narrow Band
FM.
The formula for Bandwidth of Narrow Band FM is the same as that of AM wave.
𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑓𝑚
Substitute 𝑓𝑚 value in the above formula.
𝐵𝑊 = 2 × 2𝐾 = 4 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Therefore, the bandwidth of Narrow Band FM wave is 4KHz.
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Problem 2
An FM wave is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(8𝜋 × 106 𝑡 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋 × 103 𝑡)). Calculate the frequency
deviation, bandwidth, and power of FM wave.
Solution
Given, the equation of an FM wave as
𝑠(𝑡) = 20𝑐𝑜𝑠(8𝜋 × 106 𝑡 + 9𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋 × 103 𝑡))

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 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

We know the standard equation of an FM wave as

𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡))
We will get the following values by comparing the above two equations.
Amplitude of the carrier signal, 𝐴𝑐 = 20 𝑉
Frequency of the carrier signal, 𝑓𝑐 = 4 × 106 𝐻𝑧 = 4 𝑀𝐻𝑧
Frequency of the message signal, 𝑓𝑚 = 1 × 103 𝐻𝑧 = 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧
Modulation index, 𝛽 = 9
Here, the value of modulation index is greater than one. Hence, it is Wide Band FM.
∆𝑓
We know the formula for modulation index as 𝛽 = 𝑓
𝑚

Rearrange the above equation as follows.

∆𝑓 = 𝛽. 𝑓𝑚 = 9 × 1 𝐾 = 9 𝐾𝐻𝑧
Substitute 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑚 values in the above equation.
Therefore, frequency deviation, 𝛥𝑓 𝑖𝑠 9 𝑘𝐻𝑧.
The formula for Bandwidth of Wide Band FM wave is 𝐵𝑊 = 2(𝛽 + 1)𝑓𝑚
Substitute 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓m values in the above formula.

𝐵𝑊 = 2(9 + 1)1𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 20 𝑘𝐻𝑧

Therefore, the bandwidth of Wide Band FM wave is 20 kHz.

𝐴2
Formula for power of FM wave is 𝑃𝑐 = 2𝑅𝑐

Assume, R=1Ω and substitute Ac value in the above equation.

202
𝑃𝑐 = = 200 𝑊
2×1
Therefore, the power of FM wave is 200 watts.
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Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science

Page 10 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ashesi University
Berekuso, Accra, Ghana
 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

Q1. A single-tone FM is represented by the voltage equation: 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒕 +

𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒕). Determine the following.

i. Carrier Frequency
ii. Modulation Index
iii. Modulatiing Frequency
iv. Maximum Deviation
v. What power this FM wave will dissipate in 10 Ohm resistor
Solution:

General expression for single-tone FM wave is

𝐹𝑀(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 sin 𝜔𝑚 𝑡]

Given single-tone FM equation is

𝑣(𝑡) = 12 cos(6 × 108 𝑡 + 5 sin 1250𝑡)

6 × 108
𝑖. 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑐 = = 99.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧
2𝜋

𝑖𝑖. 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑚𝑓 = 5

1250
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑚 = = 199 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋

𝑖𝑣. 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝑓

∆𝑓
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑓 =
𝑓𝑚

∆𝑓 = 𝑚𝑓. 𝑓𝑚 = 5 × 199 = 995 𝐻𝑧

2 2
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
(𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 ( 𝑐
⁄ ) (12 ⁄ )
𝑐 ) √2 = √2 = 7.2 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑣. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑐 = =
𝑅 𝑅 10

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Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science

Page 11 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ashesi University
Berekuso, Accra, Ghana
 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

Q2. Find the instantaneous frequency in Hz of each of the following signals.

𝝅
𝒊. 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕 + )
𝟑

𝒊𝒊. 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝝅𝒕𝟐 )

𝒊𝒊𝒊. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒕) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝝅𝒕. 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒕)

Solution:
𝜋
𝑖. 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (200𝜋𝑡 + )
3
𝜋
𝜃𝑖 = (200𝜋𝑡 + )
3
𝜃𝑖 → 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡

𝐹𝑀(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑖 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜃𝑖 )

𝑑𝜃𝑖
𝜃𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡 Differentiating both sides with respect to t, = 2𝜋𝑓𝑖
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜃𝑖 𝑑 𝜋 𝑑 𝑑 𝜋
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 = = (200𝜋𝑡 + ) = (200𝜋𝑡) + ( ) = 200𝜋
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 = 200𝜋
200𝜋
𝑓𝑖 = = 100
2𝜋
The instantaneous frequency 𝑓𝑖 = 100 𝐻𝑧

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𝑖. 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠(20𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋𝑡 2 )

𝜃𝑖 = (20𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋𝑡 2 )

𝜃𝑖 → 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡

𝐹𝑀(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜔𝑖 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 cos(𝜃𝑖 )

Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science
Page 12 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ashesi University
Berekuso, Accra, Ghana
 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

𝑑𝜃𝑖
𝜃𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡 Differentiating both sides with respect to t, = 2𝜋𝑓𝑖
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜃𝑖 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 = = (20𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋𝑡 2 ) = (20𝜋𝑡) + (𝜋𝑡 2 ) = 20𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 = 20𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑡 = 2𝜋(10 + 𝑡)

𝑓𝑖 = 10 + 𝑡

At t=0. 10 Hz At t=1. 11 Hz At t=2. 12 Hz …………

The instantaneous frequency 𝑓𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝐻𝑧/𝑆𝑒𝑐

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𝑖𝑖𝑖. cos 200𝜋𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (5 sin 2𝜋𝑡) + sin 200𝜋𝑡. sin(5 sin 2𝜋𝑡)

cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴. cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴. sin 𝐵

cos 200𝜋𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (5 sin 2𝜋𝑡) + sin 200𝜋𝑡. sin(5 sin 2𝜋𝑡)
= cos (200𝜋𝑡 − 5 sin 2𝜋𝑡)
𝑑𝜃𝑖
𝜃𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑖 𝑡 Differentiating both sides with respect to t, = 2𝜋𝑓𝑖
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜃𝑖 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
2𝜋𝑓𝑖 = = (200𝜋𝑡 − 5 sin 2𝜋𝑡) = (200𝜋𝑡) + (−5 sin 2𝜋𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 200𝜋 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑡

2𝜋𝑓𝑖 = 200𝜋 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑡 = 2𝜋(100 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑡)

𝑓𝑖 = 100 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑡

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0; 𝑓𝑖 = 100 − 5𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 100 − 5 = 95 𝐻𝑧

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 90; 𝑓𝑖 = 100 − 0 = 100 𝐻𝑧

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Q3. A 107.6 MHz carrier signal is frequency modulated by 7 KHz sine wave. The resultant
FM signal has a frequency deviation of 50 KHz. Determine the following.
Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science
Page 13 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ashesi University
Berekuso, Accra, Ghana
 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

i. Carrier swing of FM signal.

ii. Highest and Lowest frequencies attained by the modulated signal.
iii. The modulation Index of FM wave.
Solution:

Given Data: 𝑓𝑐 = 107.6 𝑀𝐻𝑧 ; 𝑓𝑚 = 7 𝐾𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑓 = 50 𝐾𝐻𝑧

𝑖. 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 × ∆𝑓 = 2 × 50 = 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧

𝑖𝑖. Highest frequency attained by the modulated signal 𝑓𝐻 = 𝑓𝑐 + ∆𝑓

= 107.6 + 0.05 = 107.65 𝑀𝐻𝑧

Lowest frequency attained by the modulated signal 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑐 − ∆𝑓

= 107.6 − 0.05 = 107.55 𝑀𝐻𝑧

∆𝑓 50 × 103
𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑚𝑓 = = = 7.143
𝑓𝑚 7 × 103
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Q4. What is the modulation index of an FM signal having a carrier of 100 kHz
when the modulating signal has a frequency of 8 kHz?
Solution:

Given Data: 𝑓𝑐 = 100 𝑘𝐻𝑧 ; 𝑓𝑚 = 8 𝐾𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑓 = 50 𝐾𝐻𝑧

𝑖. 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2 × ∆𝑓 = 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧

100 𝑘𝐻𝑧
∆𝑓 = = 50 𝑘𝐻𝑧
2
∆𝑓 50 × 103
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑚𝑓 = = = 6.25
𝑓𝑚 8 × 103
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Q5. An FM transmission has a frequency deviation of 20 kHz. Determine:

Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science

Page 14 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ashesi University
Berekuso, Accra, Ghana
 EE 321 Communication Systems
by Dr. Hyder Ali Segu Mohamed
Chapter 1 Modulation

i. % modulation of this signal if it is broadcasted in the 88-108 MHz band.

ii. Calculate the % modulation of this signal if it is broadcasted as the audio
portion of a TV broadcast.
Solution:

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑀 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡(∆𝑓 ) = 75 𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝑚𝑎𝑥

(∆𝑓 )𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 20 × 103

%𝑀 = = = 26.67%
(∆𝑓 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 75 × 103

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑉 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡(∆𝑓 ) = 25 𝑘𝐻𝑧

𝑚𝑎𝑥

(∆𝑓 )𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 20 × 103

%𝑀 = = = 80%
(∆𝑓 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 25 × 103

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Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science

Page 15 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ashesi University
Berekuso, Accra, Ghana