Communication System:

(Numerical for AM Modulation)

Need of Modulation:1. Reduce the height of antennas

Ex: Reduce the height of antennas

For transmission of radio signal the antenna height must be a multiple of (/4),

=c/f

c: velocity of light () (m/s)

f= frequency (Hz)

Lembda )= wavelength (meters)

Without modulation With modulation

• Ex: f=10 KHz () • Ex: f=1 MHz ()

• h=lambda/4 • h=lambda/4
• h=c/4*f • h=c/4*f
• h= ()/4* () • h= ()/4* ()
• h= 7.5 km • h= 75 m.
Time domain representation

𝒆 𝒎= 𝑬 𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝛑 𝒇𝒎𝒕 ( 𝑰)
Modulating
or Massage
signal
• = Max. Amplitude
Carrier wave

Modulated
Wave
Time domain representation

(II) Modulating
or Massage
signal
• = Max. Amplitude

Carrier wave

• ……………(III)

Modulated
• A= Wave
• Complete modulation wave
Time domain representation

• A
Modulating
or Massage
• A……(5) signal

Carrier wave

• (6)
Modulated
Wave
% of Modulation x100
• …….(6)

• Ec (7)
6
Modulation Index

• It is defined as a ration of Max. Amplitude of modulating signal to the amplitude of

carrier wave.
•,
• % of Modulation x100

• …….

• Modulation Index should be lie between 0 to 1.

Under Modulation or Linear modulation (m<1)
100% modulation (m=1)
Over Modulation (m>1)

If the value of the modulation index is greater than 1, i.e., 1.5 or so, then the wave
will be an over-modulated wave.
Frequency domain representation

𝒆 𝒎= 𝑬 𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟂𝒎 𝒕 ( 𝑰 ) Modulating
or Massage
signal
• = Max. Amplitude
Carrier wave

Modulated
Wave
Frequency domain representation

(II) Modulating
or Massage
signal
• = Max. Amplitude

Carrier wave

• ……………(III)

Modulated
• A= Wave
• Complete modulation wave
Frequency domain representation

•A
Modulating
or Massage
• A ……(5) signal

Carrier wave

• (6)
Modulated
Wave
• Ec (7)

13
Frequency domain representation

• So, apply eq. (6)

•
By trigonometry ;

a l d
n
is gn b an
d
e b a
er e id
ri Sid e rS
Ca
r
wer Up
p
Lo
Total transmitted Power in a AM modulated signal can be
calculated as

( )
2
𝑚
𝑃𝑡 =𝑃𝑐 1+
2
Where, Pc is the power carries by the carrier signal
m is the modulation Index Em/ Ec
Numerical exercise:

Q1) A modulating signal 10 sin(2𝞹 x t) is used to modulate a carrier signal 20

sin(2𝞹 x t) .
Find the
• .Modulation Index
• % Modulation Index
• frequency of the sideband components
• Amplitude of the sidebands
• Bandwidth
• Draw the spectrum.
Solution for Q1

Solution:
 Modulation Index Em/ Ec = 10/20 = 0.5
 LSB= fc-fm = 9 KHz
 USB = fc+ fm = 11 KHz
 Amplitude of side band = m*Ec/2 = 0.5*(20/ 2 )= 05
 Bandwidth = 2fm = 2* 1KHz = 2 KHz
Numerical exercise:

Q2) A modulating signal m(t)=10cos(2π×t) is amplitude modulated with a carrier signal

c(t)=50cos(2π×t) Find the modulation index and determine whether this is a over or
under modulated wave.
Numerical exercise:

Q3) A modulating signal 40 sin(2𝞹 x t) is used to modulate a carrier signal 60

sin(2𝞹 x t) .Find-

• Modulation Index
• % Modulation Index
• frequency of the sideband components
• Amplitude of the sidebands
• Bandwidth
• Draw the spectrum.
Numerical exercise:

Q4) Calculate the modulation index and % of modulation if instantaneous voltage of

modulation signal and carrier signal are 40Sin and 50sin .
Solution for Q4

Solution: ,
,
,

x100
,
Numerical exercise:

Q5): The tuned ckt of the oscillator in a simple AM transmitter employs a 50µH coil and
1nf capacitor. If the oscillator o/p is modulated by audio frq. Upto 10 KHz, what is the
range occupied by the sideband.
Solution for Q5

Solution: The tuned circuit of the oscillator in a simple AM transmitter employs a 50µH
coil and 1nf capacitor. If the oscillator o/p is modulated by audio frquancy Upto 10 KHz,
what is the range occupied by the sideband.
Solution:
Numerical exercise:

Q6) A carrier of 10v peak and frquancy 100 KHz is amplitude modulation by a sinewave
of 4v peak and frequency 1000 Hz. Determine the modulation index for the modulated
wave and draw the amplitude spectrum .
Solution for Q6

Solution: Given =10v,

=
Numerical exercise:

Q7)An audio signal of 1 KHz is used to modulate a carrier 500 KHZ. Determine side band
frequencies and band width required.
Solution for Q7

• Solution-
• Carrier frequency = 500 KHz
• Signal frequency = 1 KHz
• LSB = 499 KHZ and
• USB = 501 KHz
• Band width required = 501 – 499 = 2 KHz.
Numerical exercise:

Q8) A sinusoidal voltage of frequency 500 KHZ and amplitude 100V is AM modulated by
Sinusoidal Voltage of frequency 5 KHz producing 50% modulation. Calculate the
frequency and amplitude of LSB and USB.
Solution for Q8

A sinusoidal voltage of frequency 500 KHZ and amplitude 100V is AM modulated by Sinusoidal Voltage
of frequency 5 KHz producing 50% modulation. Calculate the frequency and amplitude of LSB and USB.

• Solution :
• Frequency of carrier fc = 500 KHz ,
• Frequency of signal fs = 5 KHz
• Modulation factor m = 0.5,
• Amplitude of carrier Ec = 100V
• The lower side bands ( LSB) and upper side band ( USB) frequencies are;
• fc – fs and fc + fs ie 495 KHZ and 505 KHz
• Amplitude of sideband:mEC/2
• 0.5x100/2 = 25
Numerical exercise:

Q9) One input to AM modulator is 500 KHZ carrier with an amplitude 20Vpp. The
second input is a 10KHZ signal with amplitude to cause a change in out put wave of
7.5Vp . Determine
• ( a) Upper and lower side frequencies
• ( b) Modulation coefficient and percentage modulation
• ( c) peak amplitude of the modulated carrier and upper and lower side frequency
voltages.
• ( d) maximum and minimum amplitude of the envelope
Solution for Q9

• Solution : ( a) The upper and lower side frequencies are simply the sum and difference
frequencies
• fusb = 500 + 10 = 510 KHz
• f LSB = 500 – 10 = 490 KHz
• ( b) modulation coefficient , m = 7.5 / 20 = 0.375
• Percentage modulation = 37.5%
• ( c) The peak amplitude of the carrier and the upper and lower side band frequencies
is; EUSB = ELSB = mEc / 2 = [ (0.375) ( 20) ]/ 2 = 3.75 V
• (d) The maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelop are ;
• Vmax = Ec + Em = 20 + 7.5 = 27.5 V
• Vmin = Ec - Em = 20 - 7.5 = 12.5 V
Numerical exercise:

Q10). Consider the message signal X(t) = 20cos ( 2πt) volt and carrier wave
• c(t) = 50 cos ( 100πt) Obtain an expression of AM for m = 0.75
Solution for Q10

• Solution ;
• X( t) = 20 cos ( 2πt) therefore fm = 1 HZ and Em = 20 V
• C( t) = 50 cos ( 100 πt) therefore fc = 50 Hz and Ec = 50 V
• Modulation index m = 0.4
• Expression for the Am wave is ;
• s(t) = Ec[ 1 + m cos(2πt)]cos(2πfct)
• = 50 [ 1 + 0.4 cos(2πt)]cos(100πt)
Numerical exercise:

Q11) A carrier frequency of 10 MHz with peak amplitude 10 v is

amplitude modulated by a 10 KHz signal of 3 V. Determine the
modulation index.
Solution for Q11

Solution:
• index m = Em / Ec = 3 /10 = 0.3
• Amplitude of the side bands = (mEc) /2 = (0.3)(10) /2 = 1.5 V

• ( fc + fm) = 10000KHz + 10 Khz = 10010Khz

• ( fc-fm) = 10000Khz – 10 Khz = 9990 Khz