ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN OF TENSION PSD

MEMBERS
Group 1

- DE GUZMAN, ANGELICA M.
- GOMEZ, KENTH E.
- GUINTO,JHON MARK B.
- H.OMAR, MOHAMMAD DIVAN R.
- HERNANDEZ, MA. ALYSSA ROSETTE R.
- LANETE, MA. ANDREALIN P.
- PONCE, MARCUS ANGELO H.
CONNECTING
An Introduction
ELEMENTS FOR
TENSION
MEMBERS
In the principles of steel
design course,
connecting elements for
tension members
typically include bolts,
welds, or a combination
of both. The selection of
connecting elements
depends on factors like
loading, member sizes,
and design specifications
outlined in the course.
 IMPORTANCE Connecting elements play a vital role in tension members,
ensuring a secure, steady, and dependable steel structure
capable of effectively withstanding the applied tensile forces
while upholding the overall structural strength and functionality.

1 Load Transfer 5 Redundancy and Resilience

2 Structural Integrity 6 Alignment and Stability

3 Safety and Reliability 7 Ease of Installation and Maintenance

4 Structural Performance 8 Cost-Efficiency

Principles of Steel Design

BOLTS AND
NUTS
- Usage: Bolts are threaded fasteners that
secure steel members together by passing
through holes in the connected elements. Nuts
are used to secure the bolt on the opposite
side of the steel member.

- Applications: Commonly used for

connections in beams, columns, braces, and
connections between steel components.
WELDED
JOINTS
- Usage: Welding involves fusing steel
components using heat and, sometimes,
pressure, resulting in a strong, permanent
joint.

- Applications: Welds are widely used for

connections in various steel structures,
including bridges, buildings, industrial
facilities, and more.
TURNBUCKLES
- Usage: Turnbuckles are adjustable devices
with threaded rods and couplings that can
be rotated to tighten or adjust the tension in
tension members.

- Applications: Used for adjustable

connections, such as tensioning cables and
other tension members.
THREADED
RODS
- Usage: Threaded rods are long rods with
threads along their length, often used with
nuts and washers to create tension
connections.

- Applications: Used for various tension

connections and tie-rod systems in steel
structures.
RIVETS
- Usage: Rivets are cylindrical fasteners that
are inserted into holes and then deformed or
"headed" to create a permanent connection.

- Applications: Historically used for

connections in steel bridges, ships, and other
structures.
GUSSET
PLATE
-Usage: Gusset plates, also known as gussets, are
additional steel plates or elements that reinforce
connections by providing extra support and
stiffness. They are often used to strengthen joints
and enhance structural stability.

- Applications: Gusset plates are commonly used in

complex connections or wherever additional
reinforcement is needed to ensure structural
integrity.
NOTCH &
CLEATS
- Usage: Cleats are plates that are bolted or
welded to one member and then connected
to another member to enhance the
connection's strength and stability.

- Applications: Often used for connecting

beams to columns and other structural
members.
 DIFFERENT KINDS OF STRENGTH

NOMINAL STRENGTH

REQUIRED STRENGTH

Principiles of Steel Design

 NOMINAL STRENGTH

Unfactored Capacity
This is the capacity without considering the Factor
of Safety and Resistance Factor.

Principiles of Steel Design

 REQUIRED STRENGTH
This is either ASD or LRFD. It depends on the Load
Combinations you are using.

Principiles of Steel Design

 Now, what’s ASD and LRFD?

Principiles of Steel Design

 Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Is the Allowable Strength. This is factored with
factor of safety that goes by:

R
__n
Allowable Strength
Ra ≤ =
Ω Available Strength

where:
Ra = Required strength based on actual loads applied in ASD load combinations
Rn = Nominal Strength
Ω = Factor of Safety

Principiles of Steel Design

 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Is the Design Strength. This is factored with
Resistance Factor.

Design Strength
Ra ≤ Ø Rn =
Available Strength

where:
Ra = Required strength based on factored loads applied in LRFD load combinations
Rn = Nominal Strength
Ø = Resistance Factor specific to a particular limit state

Principiles of Steel Design

 Nominal Strength of
Tension Members

Principiles of Steel Design

 TENSION MEMBERS

Tension members are components of structures that experience

axial tensile forces. A tension member is only subjected to direct
axial forces that tend to stretch it. Several factores influence the
strength of these tension members, including the length of the
connection, the size and spacing of fasteners, the net area of the
cross-section, shear lag at the end connection, connection
eccentricity, and the type of fabrication.

Principiles of Steel Design

 2 STRESSES INVOLVE IN TENSION

Yield Stress
The yield point is the maximum stress and material can endure
beyond which it begins to permanently deform and is unable to
return to its original dimensions.

Tensile Stress
Tensile strength is the maximum stress on a material before it fails
and, literally, breaks.

Principiles of Steel Design

 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

Principiles of Steel Design

 DIFFERENT KINDS OF AREA (SUMMARY)

Gross Area
Whole area of the object. For a rectangle, A = L x W

Net Area
Gross Area subtracted by the hollow part area of the object.

Effective Net Area

Net Area that is factored with “U” Shear Lag

Principiles of Steel Design

 YIELD & TENSILE RUPTURE
Nominal Tensile Strength (Pn) = Gross Sectional Area (Ag) * Yield Stress (Fy)

Pn = Ag*Fy

b t
Pu Pu b
Ag = b* t

t
Pu Pu b

Net Section

Principiles of Steel Design

 NOMINAL STRENGTH EQUATIONS

Strain hardening reached quickly.

Pu Pu
Yielding is negligible.
Net Section

With Holes
Pn = Fu * Ae Fy = Minimum Yield Stress
Smaller of two equations is the Fu = Tensile Stress
nominal strength of steel in tension Ag = Gross Area
Without Holes
(AISC D2) An = Net Area
Pn = Fy * Ag Ae = Effective Net Area

Principiles of Steel Design

 Reference for Table 2-4 of AISC Manual:
https://www.aisc.org/steelavailability/sizes-and-
grades/

Principiles of Steel Design

 ACCORDING TO
THE NSCP 2015...

Principiles of Steel Design

 NSCP - 2015
504.2 TENSILE STRENGTH

Principiles of Steel Design

 504.3.1 GROSS AREA
NSCP - 2015

504.3.2 NET AREA

Principiles of Steel Design

 NSCP - 2015
510.4.1

Principiles of Steel Design

 NSCP - 2015
510.4.1

Principiles of Steel Design

 NSCP - 2015
504.3.3 EFFECTIVE NET AREA

Principiles of Steel Design Link for Table D3.1 : https://studylib.net/doc/26112167/shear-lag-factors

 NSCP - 2015
504.3.3 EFFECTIVE NET AREA

Principiles of Steel Design Link for Table D3.1 : https://studylib.net/doc/26112167/shear-lag-factors

 NSCP - 2015
504.3.3 EFFECTIVE NET AREA

Link for Steel Properties Viewer:

https://www.engineersedge.com/materials/aisc_structural_shapes/aisc_structural_shapes_viewer.htm

Principiles of Steel Design Link for Table D3.1 : https://studylib.net/doc/26112167/shear-lag-factors

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Principiles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #1
A PL 3/8 x 7 tension member is connected with three 1-inch-diameter bolts as shown.
The steel is A36. Assume that Ae = An and compute the following:
a. The design strength for LRFD
b. The allowable strength for ASD.

Principiles of Steel Design

 effective diameter hole: 1 in. bolt + 1/16 + 1/16 = 1.125 in.

Fᵧ = 36 ksi
Fᵤ = 58 ksi

for LRFD: for ASD:

@yielding: 𝜙 = 0.90 @fracture: 𝜙 = 0.75 @yielding: Ω = 1.67

Ag = (3/8)(7) Aₙ = (3/8)(7-1.125) Pₙ / Ω = 94.5 / 1.67
Ag = 2.625 in.² An = 2.203 in² Pₙ / Ω = 58.587 kips governs!
Pₙ = FᵧAg Pₙ = FᵤAₙ
Pₙ = (58)(2.203125) @fracture: Ω = 2.0
Pₙ =(36)(2.625)
Pₙ = 94.5 kips Pₙ = 127.774 kN Pₙ / Ω = 127.774 / 2.0
𝜙Pₙ = (0.75)(127.774) Pₙ / Ω = 63.887 kips
𝜙Pₙ = (0.90)(94.5)
𝜙Pₙ = 95.83 kips
𝜙Pₙ = 85.05 kips governs!

Principles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #2
Determine the nominal tensile strength based on the effective net area.

Principiles of Steel Design

 Given: Fᵤ = 70 ksi
Ag = 1.94 in.²
x̄ = 0.648

Solution:

effective diameter hole: 7/8in. bolt + 1/16 + 1/16 = 1 in. Pₙ = FᵤAₑ ; Aₑ = U*Aₙ P
ₙ = (70)(0.784)(2.88)
Aₙ = 2(1.94) - 4(1/4)(1)
Pₙ = 158.054 kips
Ag = 2.88 in.²

x̄ 0.648
U=1- = 1- = 0.784
𝓁 3

Principles of Steel Design

 SEATWORK #3
A 15x131 mm plate of A529 steel is used as a tension member. It is connected to a gusset
plate with four 18mm-diamter bolts. Determine the design and allowable strength.

Principiles of Steel Design

 VIDEO PRESENTATION

Video Link

Principiles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #3
A single-angle tension member, L153x153x13 is connected to a gusset plate with 16 mm
diameter bolts. A36 steel is used. Determine the design and allowable strength.

Principiles of Steel Design

 @fracture: 𝜙 = 0.75
Aₙ = 3809 - 2(20)(13) 𝓁 = 150mm
An = 3289 mm²

A₁ = 153(13) = 1989 mm² A₂ = (153-13)(13) = 1820 mm²

Fᵧ = 248 MPa x₁ = 153/2 = 76.5 mm x₂ = 13/2 = 6.5 mm
Fᵤ = 400 MPa
for LRFD: A₁x₁ + A₂x₂ (1989)(76.5) + (1820)(6.5)
x̄ = = = 43.05 mm
@yielding: 𝜙 = 0.90 A₁ + A₂ 1989 + 1820
x̄ 43.05
Ag = 153(13) + (153-13)(13) U=1- = 1- = 0.713
𝓁 150
Ag = 3809 mm²
Pₙ = FᵤAₑ ; Aₑ = U*Aₙ
Pₙ = FᵧAg
Pₙ = (400)(0.713)(3289)
Pₙ =(248)(3809)
Pₙ = 938.02 kN
Pₙ = 944.63 kN
𝜙Pₙ = (0.75)(938.02)
𝜙Pₙ = (0.90)(944.63)
𝜙Pₙ = 703.52 kN governs!
𝜙Pₙ = 850.17 kN

Principles of Steel Design

 for ASD:

@yielding: Ω = 1.67, Pₙ = 944.63 kN

Pₙ / Ω = 944.63 / 1.67
Pₙ / Ω = 565.65 kN

@fracture: Ω = 2.0, Pₙ = 938.02 kN

Pₙ / Ω = 938.02 / 2.0 Pₙ /
Ω = 465.01 kN governs!

Principles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #4
A wide flange, W250x42, will carry a 45 kN dead load and 25 kN live load. The hole
diameter is 18 mm and A36 steel is used. Check the adequacy of this tension
member. Use LRFD and ASD

Principiles of Steel Design

 @fracture: 𝜙 = 0.75
x₁
x₂
Aₙ = 5408 - 4(20)(12) 𝓁 = 100 mm
An = 4448 mm²
𝓁
A₁ = 142(12) = 1704 mm² A₂ = 113(8) = 904 mm²
Fᵧ = 248 MPa
Fᵤ = 400 MPa x₁ = 12/2 = 6 mm x₂ = 125/2 = 62.5 mm

for LRFD: A₁x₁ + A₂x₂ (1704)(6) + (904)(62.5)

x̄ = = = 25.58 mm
@yielding: 𝜙 = 0.90 A₁ + A₂ 1704 + 904
x̄ 25.58
Ag = 150(12)(2) + (226)(8) U=1- = 1- = 0.74
𝓁 100
Ag = 5408 mm²
Pₙ = FᵤAₑ ; Aₑ = U*Aₙ
Pₙ = FᵧAg
Pₙ = (400)(0.74)(4448)
Pₙ =(248)(5408)
Pₙ = 1316.61 kN
Pₙ = 1341.18 kN
𝜙Pₙ = (0.75)(1316.61)
𝜙Pₙ = (0.90)(1341.18)
𝜙Pₙ = 987.46 kN governs!
𝜙Pₙ = 1207.06 kN

Principles of Steel Design

 for ASD: Check for adequacy:

@yielding: Ω = 1.67, Pₙ = 1341.18 kN Pᵤ = 1.2(45) + 1.6(25) = 94 kN

Pₙ / Ω = 1341.18 / 1.67 Pₐ = 45 + 25 = 70 kN
Pₙ / Ω = 803.10 kN

@fracture: Ω = 2.0, Pₙ = 1316.61 kN Pₙ / Ω = 658.09 kN > Pᵤ = 94 kN

𝜙Pₙ = 987.46 kN > Pₐ = 70 kN
Pₙ / Ω = 1316.61 / 2.0
Pₙ / Ω = 658.09 kN governs!
∴ Adequate!

Principles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #5
A wide flange, W250x42, will carry a 150 kN dead load and 50 kN live load. The hole
diameter is 18 mm and A36 steel is used and is connected to 30 mm gusset plate. Check
the adequacy of this tension member. Use LRFD and ASD

Principiles of Steel Design

 x̄
30 mm
@fracture: 𝜙 = 0.75
Aₙ = 150(12)(2) + [226-2(20)](8) 𝓁 = 100 mm
An = 5088 mm²

x̄ = 30 + 8/2 = 34 mm

x̄ 34
U=1- = 1- = 0.66
for LRFD: 𝓁 100
@yielding: 𝜙 = 0.90 Pₙ = FᵤAₑ ; Aₑ = U*Aₙ
Ag = 150(12)(2) + 226(8) Pₙ = (400)(0.66)(5088)
Ag = 5408 mm² Pₙ = 1343.23 kN

Pₙ = FᵧAg 𝜙Pₙ = (0.75)(1343.23)

Pₙ =(248)(5408) 𝜙Pₙ = 1007.423 kN governs!
Pₙ = 1341.18 kN

𝜙Pₙ = (0.90)(1341.18)
𝜙Pₙ = 1207.062 kN

Principles of Steel Design

 for ASD: Check for adequacy:

@yielding: Ω = 1.67, Pₙ = 1341.18 kN Pᵤ = 1.2(150) + 1.6(50) = 260 kN

Pₙ / Ω = 1341.18 / 1.67 Pₐ = 150 + 50 = 200 kN

Pₙ / Ω = 803.10 kN

@fracture: Ω = 2.0, Pₙ = 1343.23 kN Pₙ / Ω = 1007.423 kN > Pᵤ = 260 kN

𝜙Pₙ = 671.615 kN > Pₐ = 200 kN
Pₙ / Ω = 1343.23 / 2.0
Ω
Pₙ /
= 671.615 kN governs!
∴ Adequate!

Principles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #6
A double-angle shape is shown in the figure. The steel is A36 and the effective hole
diameter is 16 mm. Determine the design and allowable strength.

Principiles of Steel Design

 @fracture: 𝜙 = 0.75
Aₙ = 2028 - 2(16)(12) 𝓁 = 140mm
An = 1644 mm²

A₁ = 75(8) = 600 mm² A₂ = (127-8)(12) = 1428 mm²

Fᵧ = 248 MPa x₁ = 75/2 = 37.5 mm x₂ = 12/2 = 6 mm
Fᵤ = 400 MPa
for LRFD: A₁x₁ + A₂x₂ (600)(37.5) + (1428)(6)
x̄ = = = 15.32 mm
A₁ + A₂ 600 + 1428
@yielding: 𝜙 = 0.90
x̄ 15.32
Ag = 75(8) + (127-8)(12) U=1- = 1- = 0.89
𝓁 140
Ag = 2028 mm²
Pₙ = FᵤAₑ ; Aₑ = U*Aₙ
Pₙ = FᵧAg
Pₙ = (400)(0.89)(1644)
Pₙ =(248)(2028)
Pₙ = 585.26 kN
Pₙ = 502.94 kN
𝜙Pₙ = (0.75)(585.26)
𝜙Pₙ = (0.90)(502.94)
𝜙Pₙ = 438.95 kN governs!
𝜙Pₙ = 452.65 kN

Principles of Steel Design

 for ASD:

@yielding: Ω = 1.67, Pₙ = 502.94 kN

Pₙ / Ω = 502.94 / 1.67
Pₙ / Ω = 301.16 kN

@fracture: Ω = 2.0, Pₙ = 585.26 kN

Pₙ / Ω = 585.26 / 2.0
Pₙ / Ω = 292.63 kN governs!

Principles of Steel Design

 EFFECT OF STAGGERED HOLES

Whenever there is more than on hole and the holes are not lined
up transverse to the loading direction, more than one potential
failure line may exist.
The controlling failure line is that line which gives the minimum
net area.
In order to determine the controlling section, all possible failure
paths must be investigated.

Principiles of Steel Design

 STAGGERED CONNECTIONS

Principiles of Steel Design

 NSCP - 2015
504.3.2 NET AREA

Principiles of Steel Design

 FIGURE 1. POSSIBLE FAILURE SECTIONS IN PLATES

Principiles of Steel Design

 ANGLE SHAPED STRUCTURAL STEEL
For angles, the gage for holes in opposite adjacent legs shall be the
sum of the gages from the back of the angles less the thickness

Principiles of Steel Design

 STAGGERED CONNECTIONS

Principiles of Steel Design

 NSCP - 2015
504.2 TENSILE STRENGTH

Principiles of Steel Design

 NSCP - 2015
504.3.3 EFFECTIVE NET AREA

Principiles of Steel Design

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Principiles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #1
Determine the design and allowable strength for the angle with staggered fasteners in
each leg as shown in the figure. The holes are for 22 mm diameter bolts. Use A36 Steel.

Principiles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #2
Determine the design and allowable strength for the Channel as shown in the figure.
The holes are for 16 mm diameter bolts. Use A36 Steel.

Principiles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #3
Determine the design or allowable strength of the W-shape as shown in the figure. The
holes are for 20 mm diameter bolts. Use A36 Steel.

Principiles of Steel Design

 BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH
A segment or block in the connection of the member that is possible to tear out

shear
tensile

Principiles of Steel Design

 NSCP - 2015
510.4.3 BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH

Principiles of Steel Design

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Principiles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #1
Compute the block shear design and allowable strength of the tension member shown
in the figure. The bolts are 20mm diameter bolts, and A36 steel is used.

Principiles of Steel Design

 @shear:
0.60FᵤAnᵥ = 0.60(400)(1300) 0.60FᵧAgᵥ = 0.60(248)(1900)
= 312 kN = 282.72 kN
63.18
0.60FᵤAnᵥ > 0.60FᵧAgᵥ
∴ 0.60FᵧAgᵥ = 282.72 kN
Nominal block shear strength, Pₙ
Compute for Agᵥ, Anᵥ, and Anₜ Pₙ = 0.60FᵧAgᵥ + UᵇₛFᵤAnₜ
Pₙ = 282.72 + (1.0)(400)(518.20) / 1000
Agᵥ = (190)(10) Pₙ = 490 kN
Agᵥ = 1900 mm²
For LRFD: For ASD:
Anᵥ = [190-24(2.5)] (10)
Agv = 1300 mm² Pᵤ = 𝜙Pₙ Pᵤ = Pₙ / Ω
𝜙Pₙ = 0.75 (490) Pᵤ = 490 / 2.0
Anₜ = [63.82-24(2.5)] (10)
Agv = 518.20 mm² 𝜙Pₙ = 367.5 kN 𝜙Pₙ = 245 kN

Principles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #2
Compute the block shear design and allowable strength of the tension member shown
in the figure. The bolts are 16mm diameter bolts, and A36 steel is used.

Principiles of Steel Design

 Case 1
@shear:
0.60FᵤAnᵥ = 0.60(400)(3250)
= 780 kN

0.60FᵧAgᵥ = 0.60(248)(4550)
= 677.04 kN

0.60FᵤAnᵥ > 0.60FᵧAgᵥ

∴ 0.60FᵧAgᵥ = 677.04 kN
Compute for Agᵥ, Anᵥ, and Anₜ
Agᵥ = 175(13)(2)
Agᵥ = 4550 mm² Nominal block shear strength, Pₙ
Pₙ = 0.60FᵧAgᵥ + UᵇₛFᵤAnₜ
Anᵥ = [175-20(2.5)](13)(2)
Agv = 3250 mm² Pₙ = 677.04 + (1.0)(400)(481) / 1000
Pₙ = 865.44 kN
Anₜ = (57-20)(13)
Agv = 481 mm²

Principles of Steel Design

 Case 2
@shear:
0.60FᵤAnᵥ = 0.60(400)(3250)
= 780 kN

0.60FᵧAgᵥ = 0.60(248)(4550)
= 677.04 kN

0.60FᵤAnᵥ > 0.60FᵧAgᵥ

∴ 0.60FᵧAgᵥ = 677.04 kN
Compute for Agᵥ, Anᵥ, and Anₜ
Agᵥ = 175(13)(2)
Agᵥ = 4550 mm² Nominal block shear strength, Pₙ
Pₙ = 0.60FᵧAgᵥ + UᵇₛFᵤAnₜ
Anᵥ = [175-20(2.5)](13)(2)
Agv = 3250 mm² Pₙ = 677.04 + (1.0)(400)(650) / 1000
Pₙ = 937.04 kN
Anₜ = [35-20(0.5)](13)(2)
Agv = 650 mm²

Principles of Steel Design

 Case 3
@shear:
0.60FᵤAnᵥ = 0.60(400)(1625)
= 390 kN

0.60FᵧAgᵥ = 0.60(248)(2275)
= 338.52 kN

0.60FᵤAnᵥ > 0.60FᵧAgᵥ

∴ 0.60FᵧAgᵥ = 338.52 kN
Compute for Agᵥ, Anᵥ, and Anₜ
Agᵥ = 175(13)
Agᵥ = 2275 mm² Nominal block shear strength, Pₙ
Pₙ = 0.60FᵧAgᵥ + UᵇₛFᵤAnₜ
Anᵥ = [175-20(2.5)](13)
Agv = 1625 mm² Pₙ = 338.52 + (0.5)(400)(806) / 1000
Pₙ = 499.72 kN
Anₜ = [57+35-20(1.5)](13)
Agv = 806 mm²

Principles of Steel Design

 For LRFD:
Pᵤ = 𝜙Pₙ
𝜙Pₙ = 0.75 (499.72)
𝜙Pₙ = 374.79 kN

For ASD:
Case 1: Pₙ = 865.44 kN Pᵤ = Pₙ / Ω
Case 2: Pₙ = 937.04 kN Pᵤ = 499.72 / 2.0

Case 3: Pₙ = 499.72 kN governs! 𝜙Pₙ = 249.86 kN

Principiles of Steel Design

 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Design of tension members is to find a suitable cross section for which the required
strength does not exceed the available strength.

Principiles of Steel Design

 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Members subjected to axial tensile forces are called Tension Members.

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS SUBJECTED TO AXIAL TENSILE FORCES

Trusses
Bracing for Building and Bridges
Cables in Suspension and Cabled-Stayed Bridges

Principiles of Steel Design

 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
Design of tension members is to find a suitable cross section for which the required
strength does not exceed the available strength.

TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN DESIGNING A

STRUCTURAL MEMBER
1. Gross-Sectional Yielding (GSY)
2. Tensile Rupture (TR)
3. Block Shear (BS)

ANOTHER PARAMETER TO CONSIDER:

1. Slenderness Ratio

Principiles of Steel Design

 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
SLENDERNESS RATIO:

Principiles of Steel Design

 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

DETERMINE THE REQUIRED AREA: LRFD

Principiles of Steel Design

 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

DETERMINE THE REQUIRED AREA: ASD

Principiles of Steel Design

 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Principiles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #1
SELECT THE LIGHTEST W10 SECTION THAT WILL RESIST THE GIVEN LOAD. THE MEMBER IS 7.5m LONG AND IS
ASSUMED ONE LINE OF HOLES IN EACH FLANGE AND TWO LINES OF HOLES IN THE WEB. ASSUME THERE ARE
FOUR BOLTS IN EACH LINE 75 mm ON CENTER. USE A992 Gr. 50 STEEL AND 22mm DIA BOLTS. PDL=780 KN
AND PLL=1200 KN. USE BOTH ASD AND LRFD METHOD. NEGLECT BLOCK SHEAR.

Principiles of Steel Design

 EXAMPLE #1 (CONTINUATION)

Principiles of Steel Design

Principiles of Steel Design