RxTech Career eCademy

Pharmacy Technician Fundamentals:

Mastering the Essentials
for a Successful Pharmacy Technician Career

Welcome Letter
Welcome to "Pharmacy Technician Fundamentals: Mastering the Essentials for a Successful Pharmacy Technician Career"!

As you begin this course, you're stepping into a world where the fundamentals of being a Pharmacy Technician are not just
learned but mastered. We're here to guide you through the essential aspects that form the backbone of a fulfilling and lasting
career in pharmacy.

Throughout the program, you'll explore the core principles, gaining a deep understanding of pharmaceutical terminology and
mastering the intricacies of medication dispensing. Our aim is to provide you with more than just theoretical knowledge; we
want you to develop practical skills that align with the real-world demands of the pharmacy profession.

This course is designed to not only equip you for daily tasks but to instill in you the confidence to navigate the dynamic
landscape of pharmacy with ease. Beyond the classroom, we're committed to offering insights and experiences that reflect the
challenges and opportunities you'll encounter in your ongoing journey as a Pharmacy Technician.

Your success is not measured solely by passing the national certification exam; it's about building a foundation for a lifelong and
rewarding career. Rest assured, as you progress through this program, you'll be more than prepared for the exam, emerging as
a skilled professional ready to contribute meaningfully to the healthcare community.

Get ready to explore the world of Pharmacy Technician Fundamentals, where each lesson prepares you for the challenges and
triumphs of a fulfilling career in pharmacy. Let's embark on this journey together!

1.1: Medications: Generic Names, Brand Names, and Classifications

Module 1: Introduction to Medications

1.1 Overview of the Importance of Medications in Healthcare

1.2 Brief History of Pharmaceuticals
1.3 Introduction to Generic Names, Brand Names, and Drug Classifications
Drug classification:
1. By Therapeutic Effect
2. By Chemical Structure
3. By Mechanism of Action
4. By Route of Administration
5. By Regulatory Status

Module 2: Generic Names

2.1 Definition and Significance of Generic Names

2.2 Rules and Guidelines for Assigning Generic Names
2.3 Examples of Common Generic Names and their Origins
2.4 How Generic Names Reflect Chemical Structure and Function
1. Prefixes and Suffixes
2. Chemical Components
3. Mechanism of Action
 4. Historical Context
5. Non-descriptive Names

Module 3: Brand Names

3.1 Definition and Purpose of Brand Names

3.2 The Role of Pharmaceutical Companies in Assigning Brand Names
3.3 Examples of Popular Brand Names and their Association with Generic Drugs

Module 4: Drug Classifications - Demystifying Medication Categories

4.1 Understanding the Need for Drug Classifications

4.2 Examples of Drugs within Major Classes
4.3 Differentiating Between Drug Classes based on Therapeutic Uses
4.4 How Drug Classifications Aid in Understanding Drug Interactions and Side Effects
1. Identifying Potential Drug Interactions
A. Similar Mechanisms of Action
B. Pharmacokinetic Interactions
C. Receptor Site Competitions

2. Predicting Side Effects

A. Common Adverse Reactions
B. Understanding Organ-Specific Effects
C. Dose-Dependent and Idiosyncratic Reactions

Medication Knowledge Quiz:

Module 1: Introduction to Medications (5 MCQs)
Module 2: Generic Names (5 MCQs)
Module 3: Brand Names (5 MCQs)
Module 4: Drug Classifications (10 MCQs)

1.2: Therapeutic Equivalence

1. Generic vs. Brand: Key Concepts

2. Understanding Equivalence
3. Exploring Bioequivalence: 5 Examples
4. Regulatory Standards for Generic Drug Approval
5. Key Regulatory Requirements
6. Ensuring Safety and Efficacy

1.1- 1.2 Conclusion

Therapeutic Equivalence Quiz: 10 MCQs and Case Studies
Answers and Explanations for PTCB-Aligned Therapeutic Equivalence Quiz

1.3: Common and life-threatening drug interactions and contraindications (e.g., drug-disease, drug-
drug, drug-dietary supplement, drug-laboratory, drug nutrient)

Module 1: Introduction to Drug Interactions

1.1 Overview of Drug Interaction

 Definition and importance
 Types of drug interactions (e.g., drug-drug, drug-disease, drug-dietary supplement, drug-laboratory, drug-nutrient)
 Significance in patient safety

1.2 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
  Understanding drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
 Impact on drug interactions

Module 2: Common Drug-Drug Interactions

2.1 Mechanisms of Drug-Drug Interactions

 Enzyme inhibition and induction
 Competitive and non-competitive interactions

2.2 Major Drug Classes and Interactions

 Anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and NSAIDs
 Antihypertensives and diuretics
 Antibiotics and antifungals
 Psychotropic medications and interactions

Module 3: Drug-Drug Interactions Case Studies

3.1 Case Studies Analysis

 Real-world scenarios illustrating drug-drug interactions
 Application of knowledge to identify and manage interactions

Module 4: Drug-Disease Interactions

4.1 Understanding Drug-Disease Interactions

 How specific diseases can influence drug metabolism
 Identification of high-risk patient populations

4.2 Examples of Drug-Disease Interactions

 Diabetes and antidiabetic medications
 Liver and renal diseases

Module 5: Drug-Laboratory Interactions

5.1 Impact of Drugs on Laboratory Results

 Interference with common laboratory tests
 Recognizing potential issues in patient results

Module 6: Drug-Nutrient Interactions

6.1 Basics of Drug-Nutrient Interactions

 How medications can affect nutrient absorption and utilization
 Essential nutrients and their interaction with drugs

6.2 Case Studies on Drug-Nutrient Interactions

 Practical examples showcasing real-world situations

Module 7: Patient Counseling and Communication Skills

7.1 Effective Communication Strategies

 Building rapport with patients
 Explaining drug interactions in layman's terms
 Encouraging patient compliance

Module 8: Preventing and Managing Drug Interactions

8.1 Strategies for Prevention

 Screening processes and tools
 Collaborative efforts with healthcare providers
8.2 Intervention and Management
 Adjusting medication regimens
 Patient education on self-monitoring

Module 9: Legal and Ethical Considerations

9.1 Legal Responsibilities of Pharmacy Technicians

 Ensuring compliance with regulations
 Reporting and documenting interactions

Module 10: National Exam Preparation

10.1 Content Overview, Practice Exams and Assessments

Sample questions and answers for self-assessment

1.4* Strengths/dose, dosage forms, routes of administration, special handling and administration
instructions, and duration of drug therapy

Module 1: Introduction to Strengths/Dose in Drug Administration

Overview
 Definition of drug strength and dose
 Importance of accurate dosing in pharmacy practice

Fundamental Concepts
 Understanding the difference between drug strength and dose
 Common units of drug strength and dose (e.g., milligrams, micrograms)
 Calculating drug dosages based on patient parameters

In-depth Explanations
 Different forms of drug strength (e.g., concentration, percentage)
 Factors influencing appropriate dosing (e.g., patient weight, age)
 Conversions between different units of drug strength and dose

Practical Examples
 Hands-on exercises for converting drug strength and dose

Module 2: Dosage Forms and Their Significance

Overview
 Definition and types of dosage forms
 Importance of selecting appropriate dosage forms for patient care

Fundamental Concepts
 Solid, liquid, and semisolid dosage forms
 Special considerations for pediatric and geriatric patients

In-depth Explanations
 Drug release mechanisms from different dosage forms
 Compatibility of dosage forms with specific drugs

Practical Examples
 Case studies on selecting the right dosage form for different patient scenarios
 Simulated scenarios for preparing various dosage forms
 Evaluation of the ability to choose appropriate dosage forms in hypothetical situations
Module 3: Routes of Administration

Overview
 Understanding various routes of drug administration
 Factors influencing route selection

Fundamental Concepts
 Oral, parenteral, topical, and inhalation routes
 Advantages and disadvantages of each route

In-depth Explanations
 Special considerations for administering drugs through specific routes
 Patient education on self-administration for certain routes

Module 4: Special Handling and Administration Instructions

Overview
 Drugs requiring special handling
 Importance of adherence to administration instructions

Fundamental Concepts
 Handling and storage of temperature-sensitive medications
 Reading and interpreting medication labels and instructions

In-depth Explanations
 Protocols for handling hazardous drugs
 Importance of maintaining aseptic technique

Practical Examples
 Demonstrations on proper aseptic techniques
 Evaluation of adherence to handling and administration protocols in practical scenarios

Module 5: Duration of Drug Therapy

Overview
 Understanding the concept of drug therapy duration
 Factors influencing the duration of treatment

Fundamental Concepts
 Short-term vs. long-term drug therapy
 Monitoring and adjusting drug therapy duration based on patient response

In-depth Explanations
 Recognizing signs of therapeutic effectiveness and side effects
 Collaboration with healthcare providers in adjusting therapy duration

Practical Examples
 Case studies on determining appropriate duration for different drug therapies
 Simulated scenarios for monitoring patient responses
 Assessment of the ability to assess and adjust drug therapy duration in various cases

Module 6: National Exam Preparation

 Content Overview
 Sample questions and answers for self-assessment
1.5: Common and severe medication side effects, adverse effects, and allergies

Module 1: Introduction to Medication Effects

Overview

 Introduction to the importance of understanding medication effects

 Distinction between side effects, adverse effects, and allergies
 Significance in pharmacy practice

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

 Explanation of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted

 Relationship between drug concentration and response
 Factors influencing drug effects

Module 2: Common Medication Side Effects

Definition and Examples

 Defining common side effects

 Examples of common side effects for different drug classes
 Recognizing and managing common side effects

Case Studies and Practical Examples

 Practical examples for identification and management

Module 3: Severe Medication Adverse Effects

Identification and Prevention

 Recognizing severe adverse effects

 Strategies for preventing adverse effects
 Importance of patient education

Drug Classes and Associated Risks

 Examining specific drug classes and their associated severe adverse effects
 Understanding high-risk medications
 Mitigation strategies

Module 4: Allergic Reactions to Medications

Allergy Basics

 Differentiating between allergies and other adverse reactions

 Overview of immune responses to medications
 Identifying allergic reactions

Common Allergenic Medications

 Listing medications known for causing allergies

 Strategies for managing and preventing allergic reactions
 Patient counseling on medication allergies

Module 5: Interactions and Cross-Reactions

Drug-Drug Interactions
 Understanding how medications can interact with each other
 Identifying common drug interactions
 Minimizing risks through medication reconciliation

Cross-Reactivity in Allergies

 Exploring cross-reactivity between different drug classes

 Managing patients with known cross-allergies
 Case studies on cross-reactions

Module 6: Pharmacovigilance and Reporting

Role of Pharmacy Technicians

 Understanding the role of pharmacy technicians in pharmacovigilance

 Reporting adverse effects to appropriate authorities
 Ensuring patient safety through reporting

Legal and Ethical Considerations

 Overview of legal and ethical responsibilities in reporting adverse effects

 Consequences of failure to report
 Ensuring compliance with regulations

Module 7: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Comprehensive review of key concepts

 Providing practice questions

1.6: Indications of medications and dietary supplements

Module 1: Introduction to Medications and Dietary Supplements

 Importance of understanding indications

 Introduction to common dietary supplements
 Regulatory framework governing dietary supplements

Module 2: Introduction to Indications

 Defining indications in the context of medications

 The significance of identifying indications
 Types of indications (therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic, etc.)

Module 3: Understanding Dietary Supplements

 Definition and classification of dietary supplements

 Role of dietary supplements in health and wellness
 Interactions between medications and dietary supplements

Module 4: Patient Assessment and Counseling

 Techniques for patient assessment related to indications

 Handling patient inquiries about indications and side effects

Module 5: Practice Questions and Assessments

  Practice Questions identifying indications
 Simulation exercises for real-world scenarios

1.7: *Drug stability (e.g., oral suspensions, insulin, reconstitutables, injectables, vaccinations

Module 1: Introduction to Drug Stability

1.1 Definition and Importance of Drug Stability

 Understanding the significance of drug stability in pharmaceutical practice
 Impact on patient safety and effectiveness of medication

1.2 Basic Principles of Drug Stability

 Factors affecting stability (e.g., temperature, light, humidity)
 The role of formulation and packaging

1.3 Regulatory Standards and Guidelines

 Overview of FDA regulations related to drug stability
 Compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

Module 2: Types of Drug Stability

2.1 Physical Stability

 Changes in color, odor, and physical appearance
 Methods for assessing physical stability

2.2 Chemical Stability

 Degradation pathways (hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction)
 Techniques for analyzing chemical stability

2.3 Microbiological Stability

 Importance of controlling microbial contamination
 Sterility testing and preservation methods

Module 3: Stability of Specific Drug Forms

3.1 Oral Suspensions

 Formulation considerations
 Techniques for assessing and enhancing stability

3.2 Insulin Stability

 Factors affecting insulin stability
 Storage and handling guidelines

3.3 Reconstitutables and Injectable Stability

 Best practices for reconstitution
 Storage conditions for injectable medications

3.4 Vaccinations
 Stability challenges with vaccines
 Cold chain management and vaccine stability testing

Module 4: Exam Preparation Strategies

 Comprehensive review of drug stability principles

 Practice questions
 Emphasis on drug stability-related questions
1.8: Narrow therapeutic index (NTI) medication

Module 1: Introduction to NTI Medications

 Overview of NTI Medications

 Importance of Precision in NTI Medication Handling
 Examples of Common NTI Medications
 Understanding the Concept of Therapeutic Index

Module 2: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of NTI Medications

 In-Depth Explanation of Pharmacokinetics

 Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination (ADME)
 Pharmacodynamics and its Role in NTI Medications
 Factors Affecting NTI Medication Kinetics

Module 3: Drug Interactions and NTI Medications

 Types of Drug Interactions

 Significance of Drug Interactions with NTI Medications
 Practical Examples

Module 4: Handling and Storage of NTI Medications

 Importance of Proper Handling

 Storage Requirements for NTI Medications
 Best Practices for Compounding and Dispensing NTI Medications
 Case Scenarios for Application

Module 5: Patient Education on NTI Medications

 Effective Communication Strategies

 Educating Patients on the Importance of Adherence
 Addressing Common Patient Concerns and Queries
 Ensuring Patient Safety and Understanding

Module 6: Regulatory Guidelines and Compliance

 Overview of Regulatory Bodies

 Compliance with Federal and State Regulations
 Handling and Reporting Adverse Events
 Ensuring Pharmacy's Adherence to Guidelines

Module 7: Review of Key Concepts

 Recapitulation of Fundamental Concepts

 Quick Revision of Important Topics

Module 8: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Practice Questions identifying indications

 Simulation exercises for real-world scenarios

1.9: Physical and chemical incompatibilities related to non-sterile compounding and reconstitution
Module 1: Introduction to Physical and Chemical Incompatibilities

 Differentiating between physical and chemical incompatibilities.

 Overview of common dosage forms prone to incompatibilities.

Module 2: Basics of Non-Sterile Compounding

 Principles of non-sterile compounding.

 Equipment and environment requirements.
 Importance of accurate measurement and documentation.

Module 3: Physical Incompatibilities

 Definition and examples of physical incompatibilities.

 Factors influencing physical incompatibilities.
 Recognizing signs and symptoms of physical incompatibilities.

Module 4: Chemical Incompatibilities

 Definition and examples of chemical incompatibilities.

 Factors influencing chemical incompatibilities.
 Identifying and preventing chemical incompatibilities.

Module 5: Factors Influencing Incompatibilities

 pH, temperature, and concentration effects on incompatibilities.

 Drug-excipient interactions.
 Container and closure considerations

Module 6: Case Studies on Physical and Chemical Incompatibilities

 Analyzing case studies involving physical incompatibilities.

 Examining case studies related to chemical incompatibilities.
 Discussing resolutions and preventive measures.

Module 7: Practical Considerations in Non-Sterile Compounding

 Proper techniques for compounding to minimize incompatibilities.

 Storage and transportation considerations.
 Quality assurance and documentation in compounding.

Module 8: Regulatory Compliance and Guidelines

 Overview of relevant regulatory bodies and guidelines.

 Implications of non-compliance.
 Strategies for maintaining compliance in non-sterile compounding.

Module 9: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Practice Questions on physical and chemical incompatibilities.

1.10: Proper storage of medications (e.g., temperature ranges, light sensitivity, restricted access)

Module 1: Introduction to Medication Storage

 Overview of the impact of improper storage on medication efficacy.

  Brief introduction to regulatory bodies (e.g., FDA) and their guidelines and storage.
 Significance of pharmacy technicians in ensuring proper storage.

Module 2: Temperature Ranges for Medication Storage

 Explanation of temperature ranges (e.g., refrigeration, room temperature).

 Detailed discussion on cold chain management.
 Case studies illustrating the consequences of temperature variations.

Module 3: Light Sensitivity and Medication Stability

 Explanation of the photodegradation process.

 Guidelines for light-resistant packaging.
 Practical examples of light-sensitive medications and their storage requirements.

Module 4: Restricted Access and Security Measures

 Discussion on the risk of medication diversion.

 Overview of controlled substances and their storage regulations.
 Protocols for access control, surveillance, and monitoring.

Module 5: Special Considerations in Medication Storage

 Handling cytotoxic medications and their containment.

 Storage guidelines for biologics and vaccines.
 Case studies highlighting special considerations.

Module 6: Storage Containers and Packaging

 Types of storage containers (e.g., vials, ampules, blister packs).

 Importance of tamper-evident packaging.
 Best practices for labeling and organizing storage.

Module 7: Quality Control and Monitoring

 Developing a quality control plan.

 Monitoring temperature and humidity levels.
 Regular audits and inspections for compliance.

Module 8: Emergency Preparedness and Response

 Creating an emergency plan for power outages, natural disasters, etc.

 Procedures for assessing and salvaging medications post-emergency.

Module 9: Legal and Ethical Considerations

 Legal frameworks governing medication storage.

 Ethical considerations in handling sensitive medications.
 Consequences of non-compliance and legal repercussions.

Module 10: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Simulation exercises on proper storage practices.
 Practice Questions
2.1 Federal requirements for handling and disposal of non-hazardous, hazardous, and pharmaceutical
substances and waste

Module 1: Introduction to Federal Regulations

1.1 Overview of Federal Agencies

 Introduction to key agencies (DEA, EPA, FDA, OSHA) involved in regulating substances and waste.

1.2 Legal Framework

 Explanation of laws such as the Controlled Substances Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.

1.3 Regulatory Compliance

 Overview of the pharmacy technician's role in ensuring compliance with federal regulations.

Module 2: Classification of Substances and Waste

2.1 Non-Hazardous Substances

 Definition and examples of non-hazardous substances.
 Handling and disposal requirements.

2.2 Hazardous Substances

 Identification of hazardous substances.
 Hazard communication standards.
 Safety data sheets (SDS) and their importance.
 OSHA requirements for prevention and treatment of hazardous substances exposure (e.g., eyewash, spill kit)

2.3 Pharmaceutical Waste

 Differentiating pharmaceutical waste from other types.
 Proper segregation and disposal methods.

Module 3: Handling and Storage Practices

3.1 Storage Requirements

 Temperature control and storage conditions.

3.2 Inventory Management

 Implementing effective inventory control practices.
 Record-keeping requirements.
 Federal requirements for loss or theft of non-controlled substances.

3.3 Packaging and Labeling

 Ensuring proper packaging and labeling of substances.
 Compliance with federal guidelines.

Module 4: Disposal Procedures

4.1 Non-Hazardous Waste Disposal

 Environmentally responsible disposal methods.
 Recycling options.

4.2 Hazardous Waste Disposal

 Detailed steps for hazardous waste disposal.
 Manifest system and documentation.

4.3 Pharmaceutical Waste Disposal

  Compliance with Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulations.
 Reverse distribution and take-back programs.

Module 6: Federal Requirements for Medication Handling Processes

 Receiving Medications
 Ordering and Refilling Medications
A. Federal requirements for non- controlled substance prescription transfer
 Labeling and Dispensing Medications
 Returning Medications

Module 7: Other Notable Federal Requirements

 FDA requirements for consumer medication information and Medication Guides

 OBRA-90 requirement for consultation
 Process to determine the state, federal, and local laws and regulations that apply to one’s practice site
 HIPAA requirements for confidentiality

Module 9: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 List examples for handling and disposal scenarios
 Practice Questions

2.2* Federal requirements for controlled substance prescriptions (i.e., new, refill, transfer) and DEA
controlled substance schedules

Module 1: Introduction to Controlled Substances and Regulations

1.1 Definition and Classification

 Overview of controlled substances and their classification.

 Differentiation between scheduled drugs.

1.2 Regulatory Agencies

 Roles of DEA, FDA, and other regulatory bodies.

 Interplay between federal and state regulations.

1.3 Importance of Compliance

 Consequences of non-compliance with controlled substance regulations.

 The role of pharmacy technicians in ensuring adherence.

Module 2: DEA Controlled Substance Schedules

2.1 Schedule I-V Classification

 Detailed explanation of each DEA schedule.

 Examples of substances in each schedule.

2.2 Prescribing and Dispensing Limitations

 Restrictions on prescribing and dispensing for each schedule.

  Special considerations for Schedule II substances.

2.3 DEA Number Verification

 Understanding and verifying prescribers' DEA numbers.

 Ensuring legitimacy and compliance.

Module 3: New Controlled Substance Prescriptions

3.1 Prescription Requirements

 Mandatory elements of a valid controlled substance prescription.

 DEA requirements for prescription issuance.

3.2 Verification Procedures

 Steps for validating the authenticity of prescriptions.

 Communicating with prescribers for clarification.

3.3 Patient Education and Counseling

 Ensuring patients are informed about controlled substances.

 Addressing potential concerns and questions.

Module 4: Refill Controlled Substance Prescriptions

4.1 Refill Limitations

 DEA restrictions on the number and timing of refills.

 Exceptions and special cases.

4.2 Authorization and Documentation

 Procedures for obtaining prescriber authorization for refills.

 Proper documentation of refill transactions.

Module 5: Controlled Substance Prescription Transfers

5.1 Transfer Limitations

 DEA limitations on transferring Schedule III-V prescriptions.

 Complete prohibition on transferring Schedule II prescriptions.

5.2 Verification and Documentation

 Procedures for verifying and documenting transferred prescriptions.

 Communication between transferring and receiving pharmacies.

Module 6: Handling Challenges and Exception

6.1 Lost or Stolen Prescription Pads

 Protocols for reporting and handling lost or stolen prescription pads.

 Preventive measures.
6.2 Electronic Prescriptions

 Compliance with DEA regulations on electronic prescriptions.

 Security and authentication requirements.

Module 7: Record-keeping and Reporting

7.1 Prescription Record Requirements

 Detailed record-keeping for controlled substance prescriptions.

 DEA requirements for record keeping, documentation, and record retention (i.e., minimum length of time-controlled
substances and records are maintained on file)
 Timeliness and accuracy in documentation.

7.2 Reporting to DEA

 Instances requiring reporting to the DEA.

 Procedures for reporting.

Module 8: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions
 Calculations

2.3 Federal requirements (e.g., DEA, FDA) for controlled substances (i.e., receiving, storing, ordering,
labeling, dispensing, reverse distribution, take-back programs, and loss or theft of)

Module 1: Introduction to Federal Regulations for Controlled Substances

1.1 Overview of Regulatory Agencies

 Roles of DEA, FDA, and other federal agencies.

1.2 Legal Framework

 Key laws governing controlled substances (e.g., Controlled Substances Act).

 Significance of compliance.

1.3 Pharmacy Technician's Role

 Responsibilities in ensuring adherence to federal regulations.

 Consequences of non-compliance.

Module 2: Receiving Controlled Substance

2.1 Verification Processes

 Steps for verifying received shipments against orders.

 Documentation requirements.
2.2 Handling of Controlled Substances

 Special considerations for the handling of controlled substances.

 Security measures during the receiving process.

2.3 DEA Notifications

 Understanding and responding to DEA notifications related to received shipments.

 Reporting discrepancies.

Module 3: Storing and Ordering Controlled Substances

3.1 Storage Conditions

 Temperature control and security measures.

 Storage requirements for controlled substances.

3.2 DEA Ordering Requirements

 Procedures for ordering controlled substances.

 Compliance with DEA Form 222 and electronic ordering systems.

3.3 Inventory Management

 Implementing effective inventory control practices.

 Record-keeping requirements.

Module 4: Labeling and Dispensing Controlled Substance

4.1 Labeling Requirements

 Federal guidelines for labeling controlled substances.

 Information that must be included on prescription labels.

4.2 Dispensing Procedures

 Compliance with DEA regulations on dispensing controlled substances.

 Counseling patients and ensuring safe use.

4.3 Controlled Substance Refills

 Restrictions and documentation requirements for refilling controlled substances.

 Communication with prescribers.

Module 5: Reverse Distribution and Take-Back Programs

5.1 Reverse Distribution

 Procedures for returning unused or expired controlled substances.

 Compliance with DEA regulations.

5.2 Take-Back Programs

 Participation in DEA-approved take-back programs.

 Educating patients and the community.
Module 6: Loss or Theft of Controlled Substance

6.1 Reporting Procedures

 Immediate reporting of loss or theft to the DEA.

 Documentation and follow-up actions.

6.2 Preventive Measures

 Implementing security measures to prevent loss or theft.

 Staff training on vigilance and awareness.

Module 7: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions

2.4* Federal requirements for restricted drug programs and related medication processing (e.g.,
pseudoephedrine, Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies [REMS]

Module 1: Introduction to Restricted Drug Programs

1.1 Overview of Restricted Drugs

 Definition and examples of drugs subject to restricted programs.

 Significance in preventing misuse and abuse.

1.2 Legal Framework

 Key federal laws governing restricted drugs.

 Understanding the Controlled Substances Act and other relevant regulations.

1.3 Pharmacy Technician's Role

 Responsibilities in ensuring compliance with restricted drug programs.

 Collaboration with prescribers and law enforcement.

Module 2: Pseudoephedrine and Controlled Substances

2.1 Pseudoephedrine Regulations

 Federal and state regulations on the sale of pseudoephedrine.

 Record-keeping and customer identification requirements.

2.2 Logbook Maintenance

 Procedures for maintaining a pseudoephedrine sales logbook.

 Timely and accurate documentation.


2.3 Reporting Suspicious Activity

  Recognizing and reporting suspicious transactions.
 Collaboration with law enforcement.

Module 3: Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS)

3.1 Overview of REMS

 Definition and purpose of Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies.

 Drugs subject to REMS requirements.

3.2 REMS Elements

 Understanding the components of REMS programs.

 Patient education, prescriber certification, and other elements.

3.3 Pharmacy Workflow Integration

 Incorporating REMS requirements into daily pharmacy operations.

 Training staff on REMS compliance.

Module 4: Implementation of Restricted Drug Programs in Pharmacy Practice

4.1 Staff Training and Education

 Training pharmacy personnel on the requirements of restricted drug programs.

 Ensuring staff awareness of the importance of compliance

4.2 Customer Interaction and Counseling

 Educating customers on the regulations and processes related to restricted drugs.

 Handling customer inquiries and concerns.

4.3 Collaboration with Prescribers

 Communication with prescribers regarding REMS and other program requirements.

 Documentation of prescriber engagement.

Module 5: Technology and Systems Integration

5.1 Pharmacy Management Systems

 Integration of restricted drug program features into pharmacy software.

 Benefits and challenges of electronic record-keeping.

5.2 Automated Reporting

 Utilizing automated reporting systems for pseudoephedrine and other restricted drugs.
 Ensuring accuracy and compliance.

Module 6: Monitoring and Auditing Compliance

6.1 Internal Audits

 Establishing protocols for internal audits of restricted drug program compliance.

  Corrective actions based on audit findings.

6.2 External Audits and Inspections

 Preparing for external audits and inspections by regulatory authorities.

 Handling inspections professionally and effectively.

Module 7: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions
 Calculations

2.5 FDA recall requirements (e.g., medications, devices, supplies, supplements, classifications

Module 1: Introduction to FDA Recall Procedures

1.1 Overview of FDA Recall

 Definition and purpose of FDA recalls.

 Significance in ensuring public safety.

1.2 FDA Classification System

 Understanding the different classifications of recalls (Class I, II, III).

 Criteria for assigning recall classifications.

1.3 Pharmacy Technician's Role

 Responsibilities in the event of a recall.

 Collaboration with pharmacists, healthcare professionals, and regulatory authorities.

Module 2: Types of Recalled Products

2.1 Medications

 Recall procedures for prescription and over-the-counter medications.

 Differentiating between drug classes.

2.2 Medical Devices

 Recall processes for various medical devices.

 Understanding device classifications.

2.3 Supplies and Equipment

 Procedures for recalling pharmacy supplies and equipment.

 Ensuring safety in the pharmacy environment.

2.4 Dietary Supplements

 Recall requirements for dietary supplements.

 Identifying and handling supplement recalls.
Module 3: Initiation and Communication of Recalls

3.1 Recall Initiation

 Recognizing potential issues leading to recalls.

 Procedures for manufacturers, distributors, and pharmacies in initiating recalls.

3.2 FDA Communication Channels

 Understanding how the FDA communicates recalls.

 Utilizing FDA resources for timely information.

3.3 Internal Communication

 Establishing effective communication within the pharmacy team.

 Training staff on recall procedures and protocols.

Module 4: Handling Recalled Products in the Pharmacy

4.1 Identification and Quarantine

 Identifying recalled products in the pharmacy inventory.

 Procedures for segregating and quarantining affected items.

4.2 Record-keeping Requirements

 Maintaining accurate records of recalled products.

 Documentation of actions taken during a recall.

4.3 Patient Notification

 Communicating with patients affected by the recall.

 Providing guidance and alternatives.

Module 5: FDA Recall Classification and Strategies

5.1 Class I Recalls

 Immediate actions and strategies for Class I recalls.

 Minimizing patient exposure and harm.

5.2 Class II Recalls

 Procedures for managing recalls with a moderate risk.

 Timely response and communication.

5.3 Class III Recalls

 Handling recalls with the lowest risk.

 Ensuring compliance with FDA guidelines.
 Identifying key lessons and best practices.

Module 6: Regulatory Compliance and Reporting

7.1 Regulatory Compliance

 Ensuring compliance with FDA regulations during the recall process.

 Incorporating recall procedures into the pharmacy's quality management system.

7.2 Reporting to FDA

 Procedures for reporting recalls to the FDA.

 Timely and accurate submission of required information.

Module 7: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions
 Calculations

3.1 High-alert/risk medications and look-alike/soundalike [LASA] medications

Module 1: Introduction to High-Alert/Risk Medications and LASA Medications

1.1 Definition and Significance

 Identification of high-alert/risk medications.

 Recognizing the risks and potential consequences of medication errors.

1.2 LASA Medications

 Definition and examples of look-alike/sound-alike medications.

 Understanding the factors contributing to confusion.

1.3 Patient Safety Focus

 The impact of medication errors on patient safety.

 The role of pharmacy technicians in preventing errors.

Module 2: High-Alert/Risk Medication Categories

2.1 Chemotherapy Agents

 Risks associated with chemotherapy medications.

 Safe handling procedures.

2.2 Insulin Products

 Recognizing the risks of insulin administration.

 Dosage calculations and administration techniques.

2.3 Opioids

 Understanding the potential dangers of opioid medications.

 Safe dispensing and counseling practices.
Module 3: LASA Medication Examples and Identification

3.1 LASA Examples

 Common pairs or groups of medications with similar names or appearances.

 Recognizing LASA risks in prescription orders.

3.2 Differentiation Techniques

 Strategies for accurately identifying LASA medications.

 Verifying orders and labels for potential confusion.

Module 4: Medication Storage and Labeling

4.1 Storage Requirements

 Specific considerations for storing high-alert and LASA medications.

 Temperature control and security measures.

4.2 Labeling Practices

 Ensuring clear and distinct labels for high-risk medications.

 Avoiding confusion in the dispensing process.

Module 5: Dispensing and Administration Protocols

5.1 Verification Procedures

 Double-checking procedures for high-risk medications.

 Confirming patient identity and correct medication.

5.2 Patient Counseling

 Effective communication with patients receiving high-alert medications.

 Emphasizing proper use and potential side effects.

Module 6: Reporting and Documentation

6.1 Reporting Adverse Events

 Procedures for reporting adverse events related to high-risk medications.

 Communication with healthcare providers and regulatory authorities.

6.2 Documentation Requirements

 Accurate and timely documentation of dispensing and administration.

 Completing incident reports when errors occur.

Module 7: Strategies for Error Prevention

7.1 Double-Check Systems

 Implementing double-check procedures for high-risk medications.

  Utilizing technology and automation.

Module 8: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions

3.2 Error prevention strategies (e.g., prescription or medication order to correct patient, Tall Man
lettering, separating inventory, leading and trailing zeros, bar code usage, limit use of error-prone
abbreviations)

Module 1: Introduction to Error Prevention in Pharmacy Practice

1.1 Significance of Error Prevention

 Impact of medication errors on patient safety.

 Recognizing the role of pharmacy technicians in preventing errors.

1.2 Regulatory Requirements

 Overview of regulatory expectations regarding error prevention.

 The impact of errors on pharmacy accreditation.

1.3 Patient Safety Culture

 Creating a culture of safety within the pharmacy.

 Encouraging reporting and learning from errors.

Module 2: Prescription and Medication Order Verification

2.1 Double-Check Procedures

 Implementing systematic double-check procedures.

 Ensuring accuracy in prescription interpretation.

2.2 Correct Patient Identification

 Protocols for verifying and confirming patient identity.

 Addressing potential patient mix-ups.

2.3 Prescription Clarification

 Strategies for communicating with prescribers to resolve ambiguities.

 Recognizing and addressing potential errors in medication orders.

Module 3: Tall Man Lettering and Differentiation Techniques

3.1 Tall Man Lettering Principles

 Understanding the concept and purpose of Tall Man lettering.

 Examples of medications utilizing Tall Man lettering.
3.2 Differentiation Strategies

 Additional techniques for distinguishing look-alike and sound-alike medications.

 Visual and labeling strategies.

Module 4: Separation of Inventory and Stock Management

4.1 Segregation of High-Risk Medications

 Identifying and segregating high-risk medications.

 Storage and display considerations.

4.2 Expiry Date Monitoring

 Implementing systems for monitoring and managing medication expiration dates.

 Procedures for removing expired medications from inventory.

Module 5: Leading and Trailing Zeros

5.1 Risks of Zeros in Dosages

 Understanding the potential for dosage errors related to zeros.

5.2 Verification Protocols

 Double-checking procedures for dosage calculations involving zeros.

 Utilizing technology for dosage verification.

Module 6: Barcode Usage for Medication Administration

6.1 Barcode Scanning Systems

 Overview of barcode scanning systems in pharmacy practice.

 Benefits and challenges of barcode technology.

6.2 Implementation in Medication Administration

 Integrating barcode scanning into medication administration workflows.

 Strategies for overcoming barriers to implementation.

Module 7: Limit Use of Error-Prone Abbreviations

7.1 Common Error-Prone Abbreviations

 Identifying abbreviations with a high risk of causing errors.

 Recognizing potential areas of confusion.

7.2 Abbreviation Alternatives

 Developing and promoting alternatives to error-prone abbreviations.

 Educating pharmacy staff on the importance of clear communication.

Module 8: Practice Questions and Assessments

  Recap of key concepts.
 Practice Questions

3.3* Issues that require pharmacist intervention (e.g., drug utilization review [DUR], adverse drug
event [ADE], OTC recommendation, therapeutic substitution, misuse, adherence, post-immunization
follow-up, allergies, drug interactions)

Module 1: Introduction to Pharmacist Intervention

1.1 Significance of Pharmacist Intervention

 The essential role of pharmacists in patient care.

 The impact of pharmacist intervention on health outcomes.

1.2 Regulatory Framework

 Overview of regulations governing pharmacist intervention.

1.3 Collaboration with Pharmacy Technicians

 Defining the roles and responsibilities of pharmacy technicians in supporting pharmacist intervention.

Module 2: Drug Utilization Review (DUR)

2.1 Types of DUR

 Overview, prospective, concurrent, and retrospective DUR.

 Identifying and addressing potential issues during each phase.

2.2 Drug Interaction Screening

 Utilizing technology for drug interaction screening.

2.3 Communication with Prescribers

 Protocols for communicating DUR findings to prescribers.

 Documenting interventions and prescriber responses.

Module 3: Adverse Drug Event (ADE) Management

3.1 ADE Recognition

 Recognizing signs and symptoms of adverse drug events.

 Patient counseling on reporting potential ADEs.

3.2 Reporting to Regulatory Authorities

 Procedures for reporting serious ADEs to regulatory authorities.

 Timely and accurate documentation of events.

3.3 Collaborating with Healthcare Providers

 Communication with prescribers and other healthcare providers in managing ADEs.

 Ensuring appropriate follow-up care.
Module 4: Over-the-Counter (OTC) Recommendation

4.1 Patient Assessment

 Evaluating patient needs and conditions for appropriate OTC recommendations.

 Identifying red flags for pharmacist intervention.

4.2 OTC Product Knowledge

 Comprehensive knowledge of available OTC products.

 Therapeutic categories and common indications.

4.3 Patient Counseling

 Effective communication strategies for counseling patients on OTC product selection.

 Educating patients on proper use and potential risks.

Module 5: Therapeutic Substitution

5.1 Generic Substitution

 Guidelines and regulations for generic substitution.

 Communicating with prescribers and patients regarding substitutions.

5.2 Interchangeability

 Factors influencing the interchangeability of therapeutic alternatives.

 Documentation and communication protocols.

Module 6: Addressing Medication Misuse and Adherence

6.1 Identification of Medication Misuse

 Recognizing signs of medication misuse, abuse, or diversion.

 Intervening to prevent potential harm.

6.2 Patient Counseling on Adherence

 Strategies for assessing and promoting medication adherence.

 Addressing barriers to adherence.

Module 7: Post-Immunization Follow-Up

7.1 Immunization Protocols

 Ensuring compliance with immunization protocols.

 Monitoring patient post-immunization.

7.2 Adverse Event Monitoring

 Recognizing and managing adverse events related to immunizations.

 Reporting incidents to regulatory authorities.

Module 8: Allergy Assessment and Drug Interactions

8.1 Allergy Assessment

 Comprehensive assessment of patient allergies.

 Protocols for identifying and documenting allergies.

8.2 Drug Interaction Identification

 Utilizing technology and reference sources for drug interaction screening.

 Communication with prescribers on identified interactions.

Module 9: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions
 Calculations

3.4 Event reporting procedures (e.g., medication errors, adverse effects, and product integrity,
MedWatch, near miss, root-cause analysis [RCA])

Module 1: Introduction to Event Reporting in Pharmacy Practice

 The impact of reporting on patient safety.

1.2 Regulatory Framework

 Overview of regulatory requirements for event reporting.

 The relationship between reporting and regulatory compliance.

1.3 Pharmacy Technician's Role

 Defining the responsibilities of pharmacy technicians in event reporting.

 Collaboration with pharmacists and other healthcare professionals.

Module 2: Medication Error Reporting

2.1 Definition and Types of Medication Errors

 Understanding the various types of medication errors.

 Recognizing common sources of errors in pharmacy practice.

2.2 Reporting Procedures

 Steps for reporting medication errors.

 Communication protocols within the pharmacy team.

Module 3: Adverse Effects and Product Integrity Reporting

3.1 Identification of Adverse Effects

 Recognizing signs and symptoms of adverse drug reactions.

 Differentiating between expected side effects and adverse effects.
3.2 Product Integrity Issues

 Reporting procedures for compromised or defective pharmaceutical products.

 Ensuring the safety and integrity of the medication supply chain.

3.3 MedWatch Reporting

 Overview of the FDA MedWatch program.

 Procedures for submitting reports to MedWatch.

Module 4: Near Miss Reporting

4.1 Definition and Significance

 Understanding the concept of near misses.

 Recognizing the value of near miss reporting in preventing errors.

4.2 Reporting Protocols

 Procedures for reporting near misses.

 Analyzing near misses to identify potential vulnerabilities.

Module 5: Root Cause Analysis (RCA)

5.1 Root Cause Analysis (RCA)

 Introduction to root cause analysis as a tool for understanding and preventing medication errors.
 Conducting a basic RCA.

5.2 Team Collaboration

 Collaborating with a multidisciplinary team in RCA.

 Effective communication during the RCA process.

5.3 Implementation of Preventive Measures

 Developing and implementing strategies to prevent recurrence.

Module 6: Event Reporting Documentation

7.1 Documentation Protocols

 Recording details of reported events accurately.

 Timely and thorough documentation.

Module 7: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions

3.5* Types of prescription errors (e.g., abnormal doses, early refill, incorrect quantity, incorrect
patient, incorrect drug
Module 1: Introduction to Prescription Errors

1.1 Definition and Impact

 Defining prescription errors and their potential consequences.

 Recognizing the role of pharmacy technicians in error prevention.

1.2 Regulatory Framework

 Overview of regulatory guidelines and requirements related to prescription accuracy.

 Understanding the legal and ethical implications of errors.

1.3 Patient Safety Focus

 Emphasizing the impact of prescription errors on patient safety.

 Building a culture of safety within the pharmacy team.

Module 2: Abnormal Doses and Dosage Errors

2.1 Dosage Calculation Fundamentals

 Review of basic dosage calculation principles.

 Common sources of miscalculations.

2.2 Abnormal Dose Identification

 Recognizing prescriptions with abnormal doses.

 Understanding the importance of accuracy in dosage administration.

2.3 Verification Procedures

 Protocols for double-checking doses and calculations.

 Utilizing technology for dosage verification.

Module 3: Early Refill Errors

3.1 Early Refill Definition

 Identifying situations that constitute an early refill error.

 Differentiating between legitimate and erroneous early refills.

3.2 Communication with Prescribers

 Procedures for verifying refill authorization with prescribers.

 Documenting and reporting early refill errors.

3.3 Patient Education

 Communicating with patients on the importance of adherence to refill schedules.

 Strategies for addressing patient inquiries on early refills.

Module 4: Incorrect Quantity Prescribed and Dispensed

4.1 Quantity Verification

 Protocols for verifying the prescribed quantity against dispensing quantity.

  Avoiding errors in counting and packaging.

4.2 Labeling Accuracy

 Ensuring accurate labeling of medication quantity.

 Verifying prescription details before dispensing.

4.3 Technology Integration

 Utilizing technology and automation to reduce quantity-related errors.

 Implementing barcode scanning and inventory management systems.

Module 5: Incorrect Patient Errors

5.1 Patient Verification Procedures

 Protocols for verifying patient identity on prescriptions.

 Double-checking patient information before dispensing.

5.2 Labeling Accuracy

 Ensuring accurate labeling with the correct patient's information.

 Preventing mix-ups in patient profiles.

5.3 Addressing Look-Alike/Sound-Alike (LASA) Confusion

 Strategies for differentiating patients with similar names.

 Utilizing Tall Man lettering and other techniques to avoid LASA errors.

Module 6: Incorrect Drug Errors

6.1 Drug Verification Protocols

 Double-checking procedures for verifying the correct drug.

 Utilizing reference materials and databases for drug verification.

6.2 Drug Name Confusion

 Understanding the risks associated with look-alike/sound-alike drug names.

 Promoting awareness and vigilance among pharmacy staff.

6.3 Technology Integration

 Implementing technology solutions for drug verification.

 Utilizing electronic prescribing and barcode scanning systems.

Module 7: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions
 Calculations
3.6 Hygiene and cleaning standards (e.g.,handwashing, personal protective equipment [PPE], cleaning
counting trays, countertop, and equipment)

Module 1: Importance of Hygiene and Cleaning in Pharmacy Practice

1.1 Significance of Hygiene

 Impact of hygiene on patient safety and public health.

 Regulatory requirements and standards for cleanliness in pharmacies.

1.2 Infection Control

 Understanding the connection between hygiene, infection control, and disease prevention.
 The pharmacy technician's role in minimizing the risk of infections.

1.3 Patient and Staff Safety

 Ensuring a safe environment for both patients and pharmacy staff.

 The relationship between hygiene and the prevention of medication contamination.

Module 2: Handwashing Protocols

2.1 Handwashing Basics

 Importance of handwashing in preventing the spread of pathogens.

 Step-by-step guide to effective handwashing.

2.2 Hand Sanitization

 Proper use of hand sanitizers in addition to handwashing.

 When to use hand sanitizers versus traditional handwashing.

2.3 Glove Usage

 Protocols for using gloves to maintain hand hygiene.

 Ensuring the appropriate selection and disposal of gloves.

Module 3: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

3.1 Types of PPE

 Overview of different types of PPE, including masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protection.
 Appropriate situations for each type of PPE.

3.2 PPE Donning and Doffing

 Step-by-step procedures for putting on (donning) and removing (doffing) PPE.

 Preventing contamination during the PPE removal process.

3.3 PPE Maintenance

 Guidelines for cleaning and maintaining reusable PPE.

 Ensuring proper disposal of single-use PPE.
Module 4: Cleaning Counting Trays, Countertops, and Equipment

4.1 Counting Tray Cleaning Step-by-step procedures for cleaning counting trays.

 Frequency and methods for disinfecting counting trays.

4.2 Countertop Sanitization

 Guidelines for cleaning and sanitizing countertops.

 Considerations for different countertop materials.

4.3 Equipment Disinfection

 Protocols for cleaning and disinfecting pharmacy equipment.

 Preventing the spread of contaminants through shared equipment.

Module 5: Environmental Cleaning Practices

5.1 Floor Cleaning

 Strategies for maintaining clean and safe pharmacy floors.

 Addressing spills and preventing slip and fall hazards.

5.2 Shelving and Storage Areas

 Protocols for cleaning and organizing pharmacy shelving and storage.

 Minimizing dust and preventing product contamination.

5.3 Refrigerator and Cold Storage Cleaning

 Procedures for cleaning and maintaining pharmacy refrigerators and cold storage units.
 Preventing temperature excursions and ensuring medication integrity.

Module 6: Infection Control Measures

6.1 Isolation Procedures

 Implementing isolation protocols for contagious patients or staff.

 Preventing the spread of infectious diseases within the pharmacy.

6.2 Immunization Practices

 Hygiene and cleaning standards specific to immunization areas.

 Preventing contamination during the administration of vaccines.

Module 7: Regulatory Compliance and Auditing

7.1 Regulatory Standards

 Overview of regulatory standards related to hygiene and cleanliness in pharmacies.

 Ensuring compliance with local, state, and federal regulations.

7.2 Auditing Procedures

 Conducting self-assessments and audits of hygiene and cleaning practices.

  Identifying areas for improvement and implementing corrective actions.

Module 8: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions

4.1* Procedures to compound non-sterile products (e.g., ointments, mixtures,

liquids, emulsions, suppositories, enemas

Module 1: Introduction to Non-Sterile Compounding

1.1 Definition and Scope

 Understanding the definition and scope of non-sterile compounding.

 Differentiating non-sterile compounding from other pharmacy activities.

1.2 Regulatory Compliance

 Overview of regulations and guidelines governing non-sterile compounding.

 The role of pharmacy technicians in ensuring compliance.

1.3 Importance of Accuracy

 Emphasizing the importance of precision and accuracy in non-sterile compounding.

 Patient safety considerations in compounding practices.

Module 2: Compounding Equipment and Facilities

2.1 Equipment Overview

 Introduction to common compounding equipment.

 Understanding the purpose and use of each piece of equipment.

2.2 Facility Requirements

 Creating a suitable workspace for non-sterile compounding.

 Ensuring cleanliness and organization in the compounding area.

2.3 Safety Protocols

 Implementing safety measures in the compounding environment.

 Personal protective equipment (PPE) and hazard communication.

Module 3: Compounding Ingredients and Formulation Basics

3.1 Selection of Ingredients

 Overview of commonly used ingredients in non-sterile compounding.

 Quality assurance and sourcing of ingredients.
3.2 Formulation Principles

 Understanding the principles of formulation.

 Calculations and measurements in compounding.

3.3 Record Keeping

 Documentation requirements for compounding formulations.

 Ensuring accurate and complete records.

Module 4: Compounding Ointments and Creams

4.1 Ointment Basics

 Introduction to ointment dosage forms.

 Selection of bases and additives.

4.2 Compounding Procedures

 Step-by-step compounding procedures for ointments.

 Incorporating active ingredients and achieving uniformity.

4.3 Packaging and Labeling

 Proper packaging and labeling of compounded ointments.

 Patient instructions and usage information.

Module 5: Compounding Mixtures and Liquids

5.1 Liquid Dosage Forms

 Overview of liquid dosage forms.

 Solvents, suspending agents, and flavoring agents.

5.2 Compounding Procedures

 Step-by-step compounding procedures for mixtures and liquids.

 Ensuring homogeneity and stability.

5.3 Packaging and Labeling

 Packaging considerations for liquid preparations.

 Labeling requirements for compounded mixtures.

Module 6: Compounding Emulsion

6.1 Emulsion Basics

 Understanding the nature of emulsions.

 Emulsifying agents and stability considerations.

6.2 Compounding Procedures

 Step-by-step compounding procedures for emulsions.

 Achieving emulsion stability and uniformity.

6.3 Quality Control

  Quality assurance measures for compounded emulsions.
 Storage and stability testing.

Module 7: Compounding Suppositories

7.1 Suppository Dosage Forms

 Introduction to suppository dosage forms.

 Bases and additives for suppositories.

7.2 Compounding Procedures

 Step-by-step compounding procedures for suppositories.

 Molding and shaping techniques.

7.3 Quality Control

 Ensuring uniformity and consistency in suppository compounding.

 Stability and storage considerations.

Module 8: Compounding Enemas

8.1 Enema Basics

 Introduction to enema dosage forms.

 Selection of bases and additives.

8.2 Compounding Procedures

 Step-by-step compounding procedures for enemas.

 Ensuring accuracy and proper mixing.

8.3 Packaging and Labeling

 Packaging considerations for enema preparations.

 Labeling requirements for compounded enemas.

Module 9: Compounding Pediatric and Geriatric Dosage Forms

9.1 Pediatric Dosage Forms

 Special considerations for compounding medications for pediatric patients.

 Flavoring and coloring options.

9.2 Geriatric Dosage Forms

 Adapting formulations for geriatric patients.

 Minimizing dosing challenges in the elderly population.

Module 10: Quality Assurance and Documentation in Compounding

10.1 Quality Assurance Measures

 Implementing quality control checks in compounding.

 Monitoring stability and shelf life.
10.2 Documentation Protocols

 Accurate and comprehensive record-keeping in compounding.

 Meeting regulatory requirements for documentation.

Module 11: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions/Calculations

4.2* Formulas, calculations, ratios, proportions, alligations, conversions, Sig

codes (e.g., b.i.d., t.i.d., Roman numerals), abbreviations, medical terminology,
and symbols for days supply, quantity, dose, concentration, dilutions

Module 1: Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Calculations

1.1 Basic Arithmetic Review

 Essential arithmetic operations for pharmaceutical calculations.

 Decimal and fraction conversions.

1.2 Ratios and Proportions

 Understanding ratios and proportions in medication calculations.

 Application of ratio and proportion concepts to solve dosage problems.

1.3 Alligation Methods

 Introduction to alligation methods for calculating concentrations.

 Mixtures and solutions in pharmacy practice.

Module 2: Conversion Calculations and Unit Conversions

2.1 Metric System

 Understanding the metric system in pharmacy calculations.

 Conversion between different metric units.

2.2 Household and Apothecary Systems

 Converting measurements between household and apothecary systems.

 Practical examples of conversions.

2.3 International System (SI) Units

 Familiarization with SI units and conversions.

 Application of SI units in medication calculations.

Module 3: Sig Codes, Abbreviations, and Medical Terminology

3.1 Sig Codes

  Interpretation of commonly used Sig codes (e.g., b.i.d., t.i.d.).
 Application in medication administration.

3.2 Abbreviations

 Understanding abbreviations for medication instructions and dosage.

 Avoiding and recognizing error-prone abbreviations.

3.3 Medical Terminology

 Introduction to medical terminology used in prescriptions.

 Building a vocabulary for understanding drug names and medical conditions.

Module 4: Symbols for Days Supply, Quantity, Dose, Concentration

4.1 Days Supply

 Interpretation and calculation of symbols indicating days supply.

 Application in prescription dispensing.

4.2 Quantity and Dose Symbols

 Understanding symbols representing quantity and dosage.

 Calculating and verifying prescribed quantities.

4.3 Concentration and Dilution Symbols

 Interpreting symbols related to concentration and dilution.

 Calculating proper dilutions for medication preparation.

Module 5: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions/Calculations/Real life scenarios

4.3* Equipment/supplies required for drug administration (e.g., package size,

unit dose, diabetic supplies, spacers, oral and injectable syringes)

Module 1: Introduction to Drug Administration Equipment and Supplies

1.1 Importance of Proper Equipment

 Significance of using appropriate equipment in drug administration.

 Impact on patient safety and medication effectiveness.

1.2 Regulatory Compliance

 Overview of regulatory guidelines for drug administration equipment.

 Ensuring compliance with standards and requirements.

1.3 Pharmacy Technician's Role

 Defining the responsibilities of pharmacy technicians in managing drug administration supplies.

 Collaboration with healthcare professionals for effective drug administration.
Module 2: Package Size and Unit Dose Systems

2.1 Package Size Considerations

 Understanding the factors influencing package size selection.

 Minimizing waste and optimizing inventory management.

2.2 Unit Dose Systems

 Overview of unit dose packaging systems.

 Advantages and considerations in unit dose drug administration.

2.3 Labeling and Barcoding

 Importance of accurate labeling and barcoding in package size and unit dose systems.
 Enhancing patient safety through proper identification.

Module 3: Diabetic Supplies for Medication Administration

3.1 Blood Glucose Monitoring Devices
 Types of blood glucose monitoring devices and their applications.
 Proper usage and maintenance.

3.2 Insulin Administration Tools

 Overview of insulin pens, syringes, and pumps.

 Techniques for insulin administration.

3.3 Glucose Testing Strips and Lancets

 Importance of accurate glucose testing strips and lancets.

 Proper storage and disposal procedures.

Module 4: Spacers and Inhalation Devices

4.1 Spacers and Chambers

 Functions and types of spacers and chambers.

 Techniques for proper use in inhalation drug administration.

4.2 Metered-Dose Inhalers (MDIs)

 Overview of MDIs and their components.

 Proper administration and coordination techniques.

4.3 Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)

 Understanding DPIs and their advantages.

 Techniques for effective drug delivery through DPIs.

Module 5: Oral and Injectable Syringes

5.1 Types of Oral Syringes

 Differentiating between oral syringes and other types.

 Measuring and administering liquid medications orally.
5.2 Injectable Syringes and Needles

 Overview of injectable syringes and needle selection.

 Techniques for safe and accurate injections.

5.3 Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Injections

 Understanding the administration techniques for subcutaneous and intramuscular injections.

 Patient education on self-administration.

Module 6: Safe Handling and Storage of Drug Administration Supplies

6.1 Storage Conditions

 Guidelines for storing drug administration supplies.

 Temperature-sensitive medications and devices.

6.2 Shelf Life Considerations

 Monitoring expiration dates and shelf life of supplies.

 Proper disposal of expired or damaged items.

6.3 Infection Control Measures

 Implementing infection control protocols in the handling of drug administration supplies.

 Reducing the risk of contamination.

Module 7: Technology Integration in Drug Administration

7.1 Automated Dispensing Systems

 Overview of automated dispensing systems for drug administration supplies.

 Improving efficiency and reducing errors.

7.2 Electronic Medication Administration Records (eMAR)

 Understanding eMAR systems for tracking drug administration.

 Integration with pharmacy and healthcare information systems.

Module 8: Quality Assurance and Auditing Procedures

8.1 Quality Assurance Checks

 Conducting routine quality assurance checks on drug administration supplies.

 Identifying and addressing issues promptly.

8.2 Auditing Protocols

 Developing and implementing auditing procedures for drug administration supplies.

 Ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.

Module 5: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions/Calculations/Real life scenarios
4.4* Lot numbers, expiration dates, and National Drug Code (NDC) numbers

Module 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Identification

1.1 Significance of Pharmaceutical Identification

 Importance of accurate identification in medication safety.

1.2 Pharmacy Technician's Role

 Defining the role of pharmacy technicians in ensuring accurate pharmaceutical identification.

1.3 Regulatory Compliance

 Overview of regulatory guidelines related to lot numbers, expiration dates, and NDC numbers.
 Ensuring compliance with standards and requirements.

Module 2: Lot Numbers and Batch Identification

2.1 Lot Number Definition

 Understanding the concept and purpose of lot numbers.

 Significance in tracking and tracing medications.

2.2 Batch Identification

 Differentiating between lot numbers and batch identification.

 Procedures for assigning and managing batch information.

2.3 Lot Control Practices

 Implementing effective lot control practices in pharmacy settings.

 Techniques for preventing and managing recalls.

Module 3: Expiration Dates and Shelf Life Management

3.1 Expiration Date Definition

 Understanding the meaning and importance of expiration dates.

 Regulatory requirements for expiration dating.

3.2 Determining Shelf Life

 Factors influencing the determination of shelf life.

 Techniques for assessing and extending shelf life when appropriate.

3.3 Storage Conditions and Stability

 Impact of storage conditions on the stability of medications.

 Preventing degradation and maintaining potency.

Module 4: National Drug Code (NDC) Numbers

4.1 Introduction to NDC Numbers

 Overview of the National Drug Code (NDC) numbering system.

 Breakdown of the three-segment code.

4.2 Decoding NDC Numbers

 Understanding the meaning of each segment in an NDC number.

 Interpretation and application in pharmacy practice.

4.3 NDC Number Variations

 Different formats and variations of NDC numbers.

 Recognition and utilization in various pharmacy settings.

Module 5: Integration of Lot Numbers, Expiration Dates, and NDC Numbers in Pharmacy Operations

5.1 Inventory Management

 Procedures for tracking and managing inventory using lot numbers and expiration dates.
 Minimizing waste and optimizing stock rotation.

5.2 Dispensing Practices

 Incorporating lot numbers and expiration dates in prescription dispensing.

 Techniques for selecting and verifying products.

Module 6: Handling Recalls and Product Disposal

6.1 Recall Protocols

 Developing and implementing recall procedures based on lot numbers and expiration dates.
 Communication and coordination in the event of a recall.

6.2 Expired Medication Handling

 Procedures for identifying and segregating expired medications.

 Ensuring safe handling and disposal.

Module 9: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions/Calculations/Real life scenarios

4.5 Procedures for identifying and returning dispensable, non-dispensable,

and expired medications and supplies (e.g., credit return, return to stock,
reverse distribution)

Module 1: Introduction to Medication and Supply Returns

1.1 Significance of Returns

 Importance of an efficient and accurate returns process in pharmacy operations.

 Impact on inventory management and patient safety.
1.2 Regulatory Compliance

 Overview of regulatory guidelines related to medication and supply returns.

 Ensuring compliance with standards and requirements.

1.3 Pharmacy Technician's Role

 Defining the role of pharmacy technicians in the identification and handling of returns.

Module 2: Categories of Returns: Dispensable and Non-Dispensable Items

2.1 Dispensable Items

 Definition and examples of medications and supplies considered dispensable.

 Procedures for returning dispensed items.

2.2 Non-Dispensable Items

 Identification of non-dispensable items in pharmacy inventory.

 Appropriate procedures for returning non-dispensable items.

2.3 Classification Criteria

 Criteria for classifying items as dispensable or non-dispensable.

 Decision-making in the returns process.

Module 3: Procedures for Returning Expired Medications and Supplies

3.1 Identification of Expiration

 Techniques for identifying expiration dates on medications and supplies.

 Importance of accurate expiration date recognition.

3.2 Shelf Life Considerations

 Factors influencing the determination of shelf life and expiration.

 Procedures for assessing and documenting expiration.

3.3 Safe Handling and Disposal

 Ensuring safe handling and disposal of expired medications and supplies.

 Compliance with environmental regulations.

Module 4: Credit Return Procedures

4.1 Credit Return Definition

 Understanding the concept and purpose of credit returns.

 Impact on pharmacy finances and inventory management.

4.2 Authorization and Documentation

 Obtaining proper authorization for credit returns.

 Documentation requirements and record-keeping.

4.3 Reverse Distribution

 Overview of reverse distribution processes for credit returns.

 Collaboration with reverse distributors and compliance with regulations.
Module 5: Return to Stock Procedures

5.1 Return to Stock Definition

 Defining the process of returning items to stock.

 Criteria for determining items eligible for return to stock.

5.2 Inspection and Quality Checks

 Procedures for inspecting returned items for quality and condition.

 Ensuring compliance with storage and handling requirements.

5.3 Reintegration into Inventory

 Steps for reintegrating returned items into pharmacy inventory.

 Updating records and documentation.

Module 6: Reverse Distribution Processes

6.1 Role of Reverse Distributors

 Understanding the role and functions of reverse distributors.

 Collaborating with reverse distribution partners.

6.2 Regulatory Compliance in Reverse Distribution

 Ensuring compliance with regulatory standards in reverse distribution.

 Documentation and reporting requirements.

6.3 Efficient Handling of Returns

 Implementing efficient processes for handling returns through reverse distribution.

 Minimizing errors and optimizing returns management.

Module 7: Automation and Technology Integration

7.1 Automated Returns Systems

 Overview of automated systems for managing returns.

 Benefits and challenges of automation in the returns process.

7.2 Technology Solutions

 Utilizing technology for accurate identification and tracking of returns.

 Integration with pharmacy information systems.

Module 8: Quality Assurance and Auditing Procedures

8.1 Quality Assurance Checks

 Conducting routine quality assurance checks on returned items.

 Identifying and addressing discrepancies promptly.

8.2 Auditing Protocols

 Developing and implementing auditing procedures for compliance with return policies.
  Ensuring accuracy in documentation and processes.

Module 9: Communication and Coordination in the Returns Process

9.1 Internal Communication

 Communication protocols within the pharmacy team regarding returns.

 Ensuring clarity and accountability.

9.2 External Communication

 Communication with vendors, distributors, and reverse distributors.

 Coordination in the returns process.

Module 10: Documentation and Record-Keeping

10.1 Record-Keeping Protocols

 Establishing comprehensive record-keeping practices for returns.

 Meeting regulatory documentation requirements.

10.2 Documentation in Auditing

 Ensuring accurate documentation for auditing purposes.

 Record-keeping for regulatory compliance.

Module 11: Practice Questions and Assessments

 Recap of key concepts.

 Practice Questions