OPERATIONS ON SIGNED NUMBERS:

Perform the following operations:

2. - 32 32 4. 23 32
1. 32 3. 32
+ - + -
+ +
- 23 23 - 32 23
23 - 23
- 55 9 -9 -9
55 9

5. 32 32 32 6. 32 32 7. - 32 - 32 32
- + - - + - + -
23 - 23 23 - 23 23 - 23 23 23
9 9 55 55 -9 -9 -9
9

INDEX LAWS
Replace each question mark with the appropriate symbol.

1. y 8 y 2 = y ? 3. (u 4 ) = u ? m8
3
2. y 9 = y 3 y ? 6. (uv ) = ?
7
7. m 6 =
= y 8+ 2 m?
= y 3+ ? =u
4(3)
= u 7v7
m8
=y 10
= y 3+ 6 = 2
= u12 m

x? x4 1 a5
8. x 3 = 9. = ? 10. =?
x4 x11
x a9
x7 1 1
= 9 -5
= 4 = 11- 4 a
x x
1
1 = 4
= 7 a
x

Simplify assuming n is restricted so that each exponent represent a positive integer.

(x y n+1 )
n 2
xn+2 u n +3v n
1. x5- n x n + 3 3. n 4. (x )
n +1 2
5. n +1 n + 4 6.
(5 - n )+ (n + 3) x u v x 2 n +1 y2 n
=x 2 (n +1)
= x n+ 2-n =x u n +3 v n
= n +1 n + 4 x 2 n y 2(n +1)
= x5- n + n + 3 2n+ 2 =
= x2 =x u v x 2 n +1 y2 n
= x8 1
= u(
n + 3)-(n +1)
x 2 n y 2n + 2
v (n + 4 )- n =
x 2 n +1 y2 n
n + 3 - n -1 1
=u x 2 n y2 n + 2
v n + 4- n =
x 2 n +1 y 2 n
1
= u2 1
v4 = (2 n +1 )- 2 n
y (2 n + 2 )- 2n
u2 x
= 4 1
v = 2 n +1- 2 n
y 2n+ 2-2n
x
1 2
= y
x
y2
=
x

xn y n
8.
(xy )
n -1

xn y n
=
x n -1 y n -1
= x n - (n -1) y n - (n -1)
= x n - n +1 y n - n +1
= xy

POLYNOMIALS:
1. 1 1
- +
x 3 - 3 x2 + 7 x + 4 - x 3 + 3 x2 - 7 x - 4
- x 3 + 3 x2 - 7 x - 3
 2. 13a + 22b - 81c 10a - 20b + 35c 10a - 20b + 35c
+ - +
25a - 18b + c 38a + 4 b - 80c - 38a - 4b + 80c
38a + 4 b - 80c
- 28a - 24b + 115c

4. x 3 + 17 x2 + 36 x - 15 - 2 x 3 - 8x 2 + 79 x + 8 3 x3 - 81x 2 +179 x + 84 3 x 3 - 81x 2 +179 x + 84

+ + - +
3 x3 - 13 x + 33 5 x 3 - 73 x2 + 99 x + 76 4 x3 + 17 x2 + 23x + 18 - 4 x 3 - 17 x2 - 23 x - 18
4 x 3 + 17 x2 + 23 x + 18 3 x 3 - 81x 2 +179 x + 84 - x 3 - 98 x 2 + 156 x + 66

5a. - x3 + 2 x 2 - 4 x + 5 5b. 2 x 3 - x 2 y + y 3
- 2 x + 3x + 7
2
3 x 2 y - 4 xy 2 + 5 y 3
2 x - 4 x 4 + 8 x 3 - 10 x 2
5
6 x5 y - 3x 4 y 2 + 3x 2 y 4
- 3 x 4 + 6 x3 - 12 x 2 + 15 x - 8x4 y 2 + 4 x 3 y 3 - 4 xy 5
- 5 x y + 10 x 3 y 3
2 4
+ 5 y6
- 7 x 3 + 14 x2 - 28 x + 35
6 x 5 y - 11x 4 y 2 - 2 x 2 y 4 + 14 x 3 y 3 - 4 xy 5 + 5 y 6
2 x5 - 7 x 4 + 7 x 3 - 8 x 2 - 13 x + 35

-6 xy 3 - 7 y 4
5 x 2 + 2 xy +
4 x 3 - 3 x2 + 2 x + 5 x 2 - 3xy + 2 y 2
6a. 3 x - 4 12 x - 25x 3 + 18 x 2 + 7 x - 20
4
6b. x 2 - 3xy + 2 y 2 5 x 4 - 13 x 3 y + 4 x 2 y 2 - 2 xy 3 - 7 y 4
12 x 4 - 16 x 3 5 x 4 - 15 x 3 y + 10 x 2 y 2
- 9 x 3 + 18 x 2 2 x 3 y - 6 x 2 y 2 - 2 xy 3
- 9 x 3 + 12 x 2 2 x 3 y - 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3
6 x2 + 7 x - 6 xy 3 - 7 y 4
6 x2 -8 x
15 x - 20
15 x - 20

7. 8 x 2 - éë7 x - (x2 - x + 5 y )ùû + (2 x - 3 y ) { (

8. x (x - 4 ) + 8 3 x - 2 x é x + 5 y - 3 x + x - 2 ù
ë û )} 9a. a - 2b - 3c - 4d
= a - (2b + 3c + 4d )
= 8 x - éë 7 x - x + x - 5 y ùû + 2 x - 3 y { }
2 2
= x 2 - 4 x + 8 3 x - 2 x éë x + 5 y - (3 x + x - 2 )ùû
= 8x2 - 7 x + x2 - x + 5 y + 2 x - 3 y = x - 4 x + 8 {3 x - 2 x [x + 5 y - 3 x - x + 2]}
2

= 9x2 - 6x + 3 y
= x 2 - 4 x + 8 {3 x - 2 x 2 - 10 xy + 6 x 2 + 2 x 2 - 4 x}
= x 2 - 4 x + 24x - 16 x 2 - 80 xy + 48 x 2 + 16 x2 - 32 x
= 49 x 2 - 12 x - 80 xy

9b. m2 + n 2 + 3mn - 2 m - 4 n
= m 2 + n 2 - (-3mn + 2m + 4 n)

TYPES OF PRODUCTS:
1. 3x (2 x + 3 y ) = 6 x 2 + 9 xy 2. x 2 y (3 x3 - 2 y + 4 ) = 3x5 y - 2 x 2 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 3. (2 x + 3 y )(2 x - 3 y) (x + y )(x - y ) = x 2 - y2
let : x = 2 x, y = 3 y

(2 x + 3 y )(2 x - 3 y ) = (2 x ) - (3 y )
2 2
= 4x2 - 9 y 2
 4. (3x + 5 y ) (x + y )
2
5. (7 x 2 - 2 xy )
2
= x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 2
(x - y )
2
= x 2 - 2 xy + y 2
let : x = 3 x, y = 5 y let : x = 7 x 2 , y = 2 xy

(3x + 5 y ) = (3x ) + 2 (3x )(5 y ) + (5 y )

2 2 2
(7 x - 2 xy ) = (7 x 2 ) - 2 (7 x 2 )(2 xy ) + (2 xy )
2 2 2 2

= 9 x 2 + 30 xy + 25 y 2 = 49 x 4 - 28 x 2 y + 4 x 2 y 2

6. (x + 3)(x + 5) (x + b)(x + d ) = x 2 + x (b + d ) + bd 8. (3x + 4 )(2 x - 3) (ax + b )(cx + d ) = acx2 + x (bc + ad ) + bd

let : x = x, b = 3, d = 5
let : a = 3, b = 4, c = 2, d = -3
(x + 3)(x + 5) = x 2 + x (3 + 5) + 3 (5) (3x + 4 )(2 x - 3) = (3)(2 ) x 2 + x éë 4 (2 ) + 3 (-3)ùû + 4 (-3)
= x + 8x + 15
2
= 6x 2 - x - 12

-12
6x 2

(3x + 4 )(2 x - 3) FOIL method

8x

-9x
9. (3x + 2)
3
(x + y )
3
= x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y3 10. (2 y - 5)
3
(x - y )
3
= x 3 - 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 - y3
let : x = 3 x , y = 2 let : x = 2 y , y = 5
(3x + 2 ) = (3x ) + 3 (3x ) (2 ) + 3 (3x )(2 ) + (2 )
3 3 2 2 3

(2 y - 5) = (2 y ) - 3 (2 y ) (5 ) + 3 (2 y )(5 ) - (5 )
3 3 2 2 3

= 27 x + 54 x + 36 x + 8
3 2
= 8 y 3 - 60 y 2 + 150 y - 125

11. (2 x - y - 1)(2 x - y + 1)
12. (2 x + y + a - 3)
2

= ëé(2 x - y ) - 1ûù ëé(2 x - y ) +1ûù (x + y )(x - y ) = x 2 - y2 = éë(2 x + y ) + (a - 3)ùû

2
(x + y )
2
= x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
let : x = 2 x - y , y = 1
let : x = 2 x + y , y = a - 3
(2 x - y - 1)(2 x - y + 1) (2 x + y + a - 3)
2

= éë(2 x - y ) - 1ùû éë(2 x - y ) +1ùû

= éë(2 x + y ) + (a - 3)ùû
2

= (2 x - 1) - 12
2

= (2 x + y ) + 2 (2 x + y )(a - 3) + (a - 3)
2 2

= 4x2 - 4x + 1 -1
= 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 + 2 (2ax - 6 x + ay - 3y ) + a 2 - 6a + 9
= 4x2 - 4x
= 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 + 4ax - 12 x + 2ay - 6 y + a 2 - 6a + 9

13. (x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 )(x 2 - 2 xy + y 2 )

= éë(x 2 + y 2 )+ 2 xy ùû éë(x 2 + y 2 )- 2 xy ùû (x + y )(x - y ) = x 2 - y2

let : x = x 2 + y 2 , y = 2 xy

(x 2
+ 2 xy + y 2 )(x 2 - 2 xy + y 2 )

= éë(x 2 + y 2 )+ 2 xy ùû éë(x 2 + y 2 )- 2 xy ùû

= (x 2 + y 2 ) - (2 xy )
2 2

= (x 2 ) + 2 (x 2 )(y 2 )+ (y 2 ) - 4 x 2 y 2
2 2

= x4 + 2x2 y 2 + y 4 - 4x2 y 2
 14. (2 x + y - z + 3)(2 x + y + z - 3)
= éë(2 x + y )- (z - 3)ùû éë(2 x + y ) + (z -3)ùû (x + y )(x - y ) = x 2 - y2
let : x = 2 x + y , y = z - 3
(2 x + y - z + 3)(2 x + y + z - 3)
= éë(2 x + y )- (z - 3)ùû éë(2 x + y ) + (z -3)ùû
= (2 x + y ) - (z - 3)
2 2

= (4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 )- (z 2 - 6 z + 9)
= 4 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 - z 2 + 6 z - 9

PASCAL'S TRIANGLE:

(x + y) 0
=1
(x + y) 1
= x+ y
(x + y) 2 2
= x + 2 xy + y
2

(x + y) 3 3 2 2
= x + 3 x y + 3 xy + y
3

( x + y )4 = x 4 + 4 x3 y + 6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy3 + y 4
( x + y )5 = x 5 + 5 x 4 y + 10 x3 y 2 + 10 x 2 y 3 + 5 xy 4 + y 5

BINOMIAL EXPANSION:
FACTORING METHODS
FACTORING BY INSPECTION

1. 2dy - y 3 + 8 y 2 = y (2d - y 2 + 8 y )

2. - 9t - t 3 - 5t 2 = -t (9 + t 2 + 5t )

FACTORING BY TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD

FACTORING BY GROUPING

LAWS ON RADICALS

FRACTION
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
FACTORING BY ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
OF SUITABLE TERMS
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS

DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
COMPLEX FRACTION

LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO UNKNOWNS

LINEAR EQUATIONS
LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE UNKNOWN
 SECOND SOLUTION: BY DETERMINANTS

LINEAR EQUATION IN 3 UNKNOWNS

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
 WORDED PROBLEMS:
WORK PROBLEMS:

Fractional part Fractional part of job

Total time Fractional part of
of job done in Joseph done in x
in days job in 2 days
1 day days
Joseph 5 1/5 2/5 x/5
Rene 8 1/8 1/4 -

Let x = part of the job left after 2 days.

NUMBER PROBLEMS
 MIXTURE PROBLEMS

CONSECUTIVE INTEGER PROBLEMS

900 - x = 166.67

AGE PROBLEMS
 CLOCK PROBLEMS

DIGIT PROBLEMS
PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
 SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS INVOLVING QUADRATIC

ONE EQUATION LINEAR, ONE QUADRATIC

ALL TERMS INVOLVING UNKNOWNS OF SECOND

DEGREE

EQUATIONS LINEAR IN THE SQUARES OF

THE UNKNOWNS