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Assertion (A): Since 1994, nearly every one of
the State parties has got an opportunity to be a
part of one or the other national level coalition
government.

Reason (R): This has contributed to the

strengthening of federalism and democracy in
our country.
 COLUMN A COLUMN B

Bharatiya Janata a) Believes in Marxism-Leninism

Party

Bahujan Samaj Party b).Supports new economic reforms

with a human face

Indian National c).Stands for the cause of securing

Congress the interests and welfare of the
dalits and oppressed people.

Communist Party of d).Uniform Civil Code

India
HOMEWORK STARS
 LESSON OUTCOMES

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IDENTIFICATION
DEVELOPMENT
Important Topics-Development
OVERALL MARKS- 5 - 7 MARKS

1. Developmental goals
2. Public Facilities
3. Sustainable Development
Development

Development in economics refers to an

improvement in the quality of life and
well-being of the people of the economy.

Development
goals can be
opposing/
Different people conflicting.
can have
different
developmental
goals.
 Category of a Person Developmental Goals

More days of work and better wages, quality education for

1. Landless rural labourers
children, no social discrimination.

Assured a high family income through higher support

2. Prosperous farmers from
prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap
Punjab
labourers.

3. Farmers who depend only

Better irrigation facilities.
on rain for growing crops

4. Urban unemployed youth Regular jobs, better wages, social security etc.

5. A girl from a rich urban She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to
family decide what she wants to do in life.
2.Based on the conflicting developmental goals, which of the following
pairs are not correctly matched?

Column A Column B

A. More wages to workers 1.Against the interests of the

entrepreneur.

B. Rich farmers want to sell food 2.Poor workers want to purchase it

grains at high prices at low prices.

C. Construction of a dam means 3.The tribals do not want to leave

more and cheaper power for people the place

D. Expansion of roads in the city 4.Good for reducing traffic

congestion.
Income and other goals

Non- Materialistic Goals

Materialistic Goals (That can’t be bought by money)
(That can be bought by money) Like equal treatment, freedom, security
and respect for others.
Materialistic Goals Non-Materialistic Goals
(can be measured)
● Dignity
● Income ● Self Respect
● Money ● Equal Treatment
● Salary ● Education
● Property ● Opportunity
 “What may be development for one
“Conflicting goals can be development
may not be development for the
goals.” Elaborate with examples. other.” Explain with a suitable
example

Explain how the development goals and aspirations of

landless rural laborers, prosperous farmers, and poor
farmers who depend only on rain are different.

“National development of a country depends on the

availability of public facilities.” How?
Look at the picture below. What should be the
developmental goals for such an area?

A Removing slums from this area

B
Resettling the poor in the outskirts
of the city

Improving the living and sanitation

C conditions for the poor living in this
area

D
Constructing multi storey buildings
in this area
Assertion : Different people have different developmental goals.
Reason : The capitalist approach to development is detrimental to poor section of the
society

A
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct
explanation of A.

B
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A.

C A is true but R is false.

D A is false but R is true.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

National development refers to the ability of the country to improve the social
welfare of the people and improve their living standard.

How to compare different countries or

state?

INCOME
Nation’s Income

LIMITATIONS

● Hides Disparities
● Unequal distribution of
Income
● Ignores Social aspect of
life.
● does not take Regional
Difference in income into
account
All countries of the world are classified by the WORLD BANK into three broad
categories:

1.Low Income:Those with per

capita income of US$ 2500 or less

2. Middle Income:Countries with

per capita income between US$
2500 - US$ 49,300

3. High Income:Countries with per India comes in the category

capita income of US$ 49,300 per of low middle income
annum and above in 2019 countries because its per
capita income in 2019 was
just US$ 6700 per annum
 What is the main criterion used by the World
Bank in classifying different countries? (2012)

Why is per capita income of different

countries calculated in dollars and not in
their own currencies by the World Bank?
Per capita income is not a useful measure to
determine development of a region.
The literacy rate is highest in Kerala while the infant mortality rate is highest in
Bihar. What does it show?

A
Most of the people in Kerala and Bihar have good
living conditions.

B Both Bihar and Kerala lack basic necessities of life.

C The standard of living in Kerala is better than Bihar.

D The standard of living in Bihar is better than Kerala.

Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families
is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000,Rs 7000, and Rs 3000 respectively,
what is the income of the fourth family?

A Rs 7000

B Rs 6000

C Rs 8000

D Rs 4000
“Average income is an important criterion
for development.” Justify.

“Money in your pocket may not buy all

goods and services you need to live
well.” Is it true or not? Elucidate.
a.Which country can be considered as a developed country in
the modern world? Select your answer from the following
statements

A. Countries which have accumulated huge amounts of wealth and always

secures the future of their citizens. These countries are considered to be
developed.
B. Countries which are among the highest in the ‘Human Development
Index’ are considered to be the developed countries.
C. Only rich countries are considered to be developed because people
have money to buy everything needed for human beings—both material
and non-material.
D. Iran is a rich country and therefore it is a developed country
b.What is considered to be one of the most important attributes
when we compare countries at the level of development?
A. Industrial development
B. Resources of the country
C. Income
D. Import-export
PUBLIC FACILITIES

The basic facilities which every citizen of a country need for their
well being is known as Public facilities; such as education,
transport, health
Government will provide the public facilities

➔ Eg Production of sufficient
AVAILABILITY food within the country.

➔ Sometimes even if one has sufficient income he/she

cannot avail the certain facilities, For Example:
CAPABILITY Pollution free environment.

➔ There are many services like education, health,

CHEAPER transportation etc., which have become cheap and
COLLECTIVELY affordable if provided, collectively.
 Schemes to support female education
Why is literacy rate low in the females? ● Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao scheme
● Lack of equal education opportunities. ● Digital Gender Atlas
● Lack of transport facilities. ● National Scheme of Incentive to Girls for Secondary
● Lack of infrastructure. Education (NSIGSE)
● Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
● Lack of income.
● Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA
● Udaan
● STEM education
Study the given table and answer the question
that follows :
Some data regarding India and its Neighbors
for 2019

Which of the following countries has the

highest level ‘Human Development Index’?
(a) India
(b) Bangladesh
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) Nepal
Which of the following countries has the highest ‘Life
Expectancy’ at birth?
a.Nepal
b.Bangladesh
c.India
d.Pakistan
INDICATOR OF NOURISHMENT: BODY MASS INDEX

1. Ideal weight of 14 years Girl:

18.5 and 24.9
2. Ideal weight of 14 years Boy :
18.5 and 24.9
 Human Development Report
HRD Published by UNDP (United
Nations Development Programme)

Health: Life Expectancy at

Best Method India Birth
to measure occupies
Development 132th Rank
(2023).
Education: Gross enrolment
Ratio

Published by Consider public

Per capita Income
UNDP (United health,
Nations education,
Development poverty level,
Programme) etc.
What is the main norm used by the World Bank in
classifying different countries as rich and poor
countries? What are the restrictions of such
norms?

What are the criteria used by the UNDP for classifying

countries?

Why does Kerala have a better Human Development Index

ranking in comparison to Punjab? Explain with three
reasons.
 Sustainable development is defined as
development that meets the needs of the present,
without compromising the ability of future generations. It
involves judicious use of natural resources.

Need for sustainable development

1. Limited availability of resources.
2. Over-exploitation will deplete these resources.
 Example 1: Groundwater in India

● Groundwater is a renewable resource.

● Depletion of groundwater resources in

Punjab, West U.P., hard rock plateau
of Central and South India is extreme.

● Around 40% decline in groundwater

source is scaled
 Example 2: Exhaustion of natural
resources

According to World Energy Review, June

2018, the total reserves of the crude oil stock
in the world is going to last just for 50 years
as countries are fast using up the oil reserves
and alternative sources of energy are not well
developed yet.
“The issue of sustainability is important
for development.” Examine the statement.

‘We have not inherited the world from

our forefathers – we have borrowed it
from our children.’ explain the above
statement with an example.
 Sectors Of
Indian Economy
Important Topics-Sectors of Indian Economy
OVERALL MARKS: 3 - 8 MARKS

1. Organised vs unorganised
2. Primary vs secondary sector
3. Role of Government in increasing rural and urban
employment
4. Contribution of Public Sector in India's
development
5. Rising Importance of Tertiary sector
COMPARING
THE THREE
SECTORS HOW MUCH GOODS
AND SERVICES ARE
PRODUCED IN EACH
OF THESE SECTORS?
 Gross Domestic Product

The value of final goods and services produced in each sector

during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for
that year.
And the sum of production in the three sectors gives what is
called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country.

In India, the mammoth task of measuring GDP is undertaken by a

central govt. ministry.
High Production High GDP

Low Production Low GDP

Worlds Largest GDP

Measured by
Central
Government

Worlds 5TH Largest GDP

Distinguish between final goods and
intermediate goods.

Explain the interdependence of all three

sectors giving examples from the
transportation system.
Explain the working condition of workers
in unorganized sector.
What does the history of developed
countries indicate about the shifts that
have taken place between sectors?

“Tertiary sector is playing a significant

role in the development of the Indian
Economy’. Justify the statement.
If there is a Industrial Strike which of the Following sectors will be
Affected?

A Only Secondary Sector

B Primary and Secondary Sector

C Tertiary sectors - Drivers and Retailers

D Primary,secondary and Tertiary sector

 HISTORICAL CHANGE IN SECTORS

★ In the initial stages ,Primary sector was the most important

sector of world economy .As the methods of farming changed
and agriculture sector began to prosper, it produced much
more food than before.

★ With the introduction of new methods of manufacturing ,

factories came up and started expanding. Farmers began to
work in factories in large numbers. People began to use
many more goods that were produced in factories at cheap
rates.
Secondary sector gradually became the most important in
total production and employment.

★ In the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from
secondary to tertiary sector in developed countries. Most
people are working in tertiary sector.
Rising Importance of the Tertiary
Sector of Production
SHARE OF SECTOR IN GDP

Graph 2 presents percentage share of

the three sectors in GDP.

A remarkable fact about India is that while

there has been a change in the share of the
three sectors in GDP
 Why is the tertiary sector becoming so important in India?

Reason 1- Increase in demand for basic

services

Reason -1

Reason 2- Development of Primary &

Secondary Activities

The development of agriculture and industry leads to the

Reason -2 development of services such as transport, trade and storage

Greater the development of the primary and secondary

sectors, more would be the demand for such services
 Reason 3- Increase in Income Level

As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding

Reason -3 many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private
hospitals, private schools, professional training etc

The change quite sharpe in cities especially in big cities

Reason 4- Increasing Importance of ICT

over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those
Reason -4 based on information and communication technology have become
important and essential.

The production of these services has been rising rapidly.

 Which of the following statements BEST
explains the graph?

The production in all three sectors has

The production in all three sectors increased and it has increased the
A has decreased and it has decreased B most in the primary sector.
the most in the primary sector.

The production in all three sectors The production in all three sectors has
C has increased and it has increased D increased and all three sectors have
the most in the tertiary sector. similar growth.
 SHARE OF SECTORS IN EMPLOYMENT

Underemployment
(Disguised
Unemployment)

Graph 3 shows the share of

employment in the three sectors in
1977-78 and 2017-18. The primary
sector continues to be the largest
employer
Seasonal Unemployment Disguised Unemployment

It is a type of unemployment
It is a type of unemployment where more than the required
where individuals fail to get a job number of persons are engaged in
during a certain time period in a a job. In these types of jobs,
year. marginal productivity becomes
zero.

Agro-based industries are This type of unemployment is

generally more prone to this type usually found in the agricultural
of unemployment. sector.
 How to Create More Employment?

● Government can provide cheap loans to small farmers that they can use for

FERTILIZER/PESTICIDES TOOLS/ MACHINES TUBEWELLS MULTIPLE CROPPING, so employment

throughout the year

● Government can construct new dams and canals, employment and will increase
agricultural income as water for irrigation.
 How to Create More Employment?

● Government can invest on transportation and road construction —- labour, services sector-
suto etc, and increase in agricultural income

● Government can set up small industries and mills in rural areas.

● Promote tourism in urban areas

● Invest in health and education centre

LONG TERM PLANS TAKES TIME

 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act 2005
(MGNREGA 2005)

RIGHT TO WORK
provide work in rural areas that is guaranteed 100
days of employment in a year by the government.

➔ If the government fails in its duty to provide

employment, it will give unemployment allowances to
the people.

➔ The types of work that would in future help to

increase the production from land will be given
preference under the Act.

STARTED IN 2005, LAUNCHED IN 625 DISTRICTS

Name the sector that is the largest
employer in India. Why does this sector
produce only a quarter of the National
GDP?

“The problem of underemployment is not

confined only to agriculture”. Explain
with examples.
Why is NREGA also called the Right to
work? Explain the objectives of National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005

“The problem of underemployment is not

confined only to agriculture”. Support
the statement with examples.
On the basis of the employment
conditions and rules, economic
activities are divided into:
 Organised Sector Unorganised Sector

Well structured and recognized by

Poorly structured and no
the government of India, so needs
recognition.
to follow all laws like labour act

Fixed terms of employment, fixed No fixed terms of employment,

working hours, and fixed wages for random working hours, and no
the employees. fixed wage.

Medical and other benefits are

No benefit of any sort is provided.
provided to the employees.

Employees are not entitled to any

The employees get a healthy work benefits or wages. Also, there is
environment, benefits, and wages. no guarantee of a healthy work
environment.

Examples: Government-sector jobs, Examples: Farming, bonded

industries, etc. labor, shopkeeping, etc.
 How to Protect Workers in the Unorganised Sector?

UNORGANIZED SECTOR UNORGANIZED SECTOR

Exposed workforce in Rural Areas Exposed workforce in Urban Areas

● Landless SUPPORT: ● Small-scale SUPPORT:

Agricultural ● Farmers can be Industry
Labourers supported by workers ● Small-scale
providing adequate industry also
facility for delivery needs
● Small and Marginal Casual workers in
of seeds, ● government’s
Farmers Construction,
agricultural inputs, support for
credit, storage and trade & transport procuring raw
● Sharecroppers and marketing outlets. material and
artisans marketing of
(Carpenters & output.
Goldsmiths) Laws & policies
4. Which of the following steps would guarantee the welfare of the
employees in the organised sector?

P: payment of equal remuneration to men and women at the workplace

Q: protection of the employment of women during the time of maternity
R: prohibition of child marriage and providing relief to victims
S: payment of a one-time bonus to all retired employees

OPTIONS:
A. only P and S
B. only P, R and S
C. only P, Q and S
D. all - P, Q, R and S
Explain any three ways to solve the problem of
underemployment.

How can workers in the unorganised sector be

protected? Explain giving examples of rural and
urban areas
Explain any three ways to solve the problem of
underemployment.

How can workers in the unorganised sector be

protected? Explain giving examples of rural and
urban areas
Sectors In Public Sector Private Sector
Terms Of
Ownership Public sector organisations are Private sector organisations are
owned, controlled and managed by owned, controlled and managed by
● Public the government or other state-run individuals, groups of individuals
● Private bodies.

The main motive of public sector The main motive of the private
organisations is to engage in sector is to earn profits from their
activities that serve the general business operations.
public.

Government raises money through The Private sector collects money

Taxes for the services they provide

Eg. Railways, Post-Offices Eg. TATA steel and Reliance

 Why should the Government Provide Public Services?

● Provided by the Government

● At a reasonable cost
● As we pay our taxes, govt takes this responsibility

Why NOT THE PRIVATE SECTOR?

● Some of these need spending large sums of money, which is beyond the
capacity of one private sector.
● Even if private sector do provide these things they would charge a high
rate for their use.
● Also, private sector sets up industries where the government provides
these basic services
Describe certain activities of public
interest on which the government has to
focus on priority basis.

How can employment be increased in

both rural and urban areas?
Why is NREGA also called the Right to
work? Explain the objectives of National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005

“The problem of underemployment is not

confined only to agriculture”. Support
the statement with examples.
5743 5193
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 states a
guarantee of minimum 100 days of employment per year. If government is
unable to fulfil these 100 days of an employment, the government would
have to----------------------------------- Choose the correct option:

A. Pay the compensation in lieu of these days

B. Provide another scheme for the same

C. Pay at least 1/3 percent allowance

D. Provide health care as compensation

Which one of the following is the correct meaning
of ‘Average Income’?

A. The total income of the country divided by its

earning population.

B. The total income of the country divided by its

total population.

C. The total income of all the residents of the

country.

D. The total income from the domestic and foreign

sources.
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