Class 10 Economics - Chapter 1:

Development
Class 10 Economics - Chapter 1:
Development
Detailed Notes

✅ What is Development?
Development means growth or progress in different areas of life. It is a broader concept that
includes:
- Income
- Education
- Health
- Freedom
- Security
- Equal opportunities
Keyword: Development = Improvement in living standards.

✅ Different People, Different Goals

- People have different developmental goals.
- A farmer may want better prices.
- A worker may want better wages.
- A girl may want more freedom and education.
- Developmental goals can be conflicting:
- A factory may create jobs (good for workers) but cause pollution (bad for locals).
Keyword: Conflicting Goals = What benefits one may harm another.

✅ Income and Other Goals

- People want more income to buy things.
- But non-material things also matter:
- Respect, equality, freedom, security, etc.
- Both material (money) and non-material (feelings, rights) things are important for development.
Keyword: Income ≠ Only Goal.

✅ How to Compare Different Countries or States?

- We compare based on Per Capita Income:
- Total income of a country ÷ Total population
- Measured in US dollars to compare globally.
- World Bank classifies countries:
- High-income (above $13,845 per capita/year)
- Middle-income
- Low-income (below $1,135 per capita/year)
Keywords:
- Per Capita Income = Average Income
- World Bank = Classifies countries based on income

✅ Limitations of Per Capita Income

- It does not show inequality.
- It does not include health, education, or environment.
- Two countries may have the same per capita income but different life qualities.
Keyword: Income ≠ Development alone.

✅ Other Important Development Indicators

1. Life Expectancy – Average age people live
2. Literacy Rate – % of people who can read and write
3. Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) – % of children in schools
4. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – Babies dying before age 1 (per 1000 births)
5. Human Development Index (HDI) – Made by UNDP, includes:
- Life Expectancy
- Education level
- Per Capita Income
Keywords: HDI, Life Expectancy, Literacy Rate

✅ Sustainable Development
- Development that meets present needs without harming future generations.
- Use natural resources carefully.
- Avoid overuse and pollution.
Keyword: Sustainable = Save for future

✅ Case Study: Groundwater Depletion

- In India, water is overused for farming.
- Tube wells lower groundwater level.
- If overused, future generations may face water crisis.
Keyword: Overuse of resources → Unsustainable development

Quick Revision – Keywords List

- Development = Progress
- Goals = Income + Non-income
- Per Capita Income = Average income
- World Bank = Classifies countries by income
- HDI = Life Expectancy + Education + Income
- Sustainable Development = Future-safe growth
- Conflicting Goals = One's gain = Another's loss
Mind Map

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

 What is the primary criterion used by the World Bank to classify countries?
1. a) Total income
2. b) Per capita income
3. c) Literacy rate
4. d) Life expectancy
5. Answer: b) Per capita income
 Which of the following is NOT a component of the Human Development Index (HDI)?
1. a) Life expectancy
2. b) Literacy rate
3. c) Income
4. d) Political stability
5. Answer: d) Political stability
 Which state in India has the lowest infant mortality rate?
 1. a) Uttar Pradesh
2. b) Bihar
3. c) Kerala
4. d) Goa
5. Answer: c) Kerala
 What does 'sustainable development' mean?
1. a) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs
2. b) Development that focuses solely on economic growth
3. c) Development that ignores environmental concerns
4. d) Development that prioritizes urban areas
5. Answer: a) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
 Which of the following is NOT a dimension of development?
1. a) Economic
2. b) Social
3. c) Political
4. d) Cultural
5. Answer: d) Cultural
 Per capita income is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its:
1. a) Area
2. b) Population
3. c) GDP
4. d) Exports
5. Answer: b) Population
 Which of the following indicators is NOT used to measure the development of a
country?
1. a) Life expectancy at birth
2. b) Literacy rate
3. c) Infant mortality rate
4. d) Total land area
5. Answer: d) Total land area
 The Human Development Report is published by:
1. a) World Bank
2. b) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
3. c) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
4. d) World Health Organization (WHO)
5. Answer: b) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 Which of the following is an example of a non-economic activity?
1. a) Manufacturing
2. b) Fishing
3. c) Housekeeping
4. d) Mining
5. Answer: c) Housekeeping
 Which sector is the largest employer in India?
1. a) Primary
 2. b) Secondary
3. c) Tertiary
4. d) Quaternary
5. Answer: a) Primary
 Which of the following is NOT a component of HDI?
1. a) Life expectancy
2. b) Education
3. c) Income
4. d) Gender
5. Answer: d) Gender
 What is meant by sustainable development?
1. a) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs
2. b) Development that focuses only on economic growth
3. c) Development that prioritizes the interests of the elite
4. d) Development that ignores environmental concerns
5. Answer: a) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
 Which sector of the economy provides the largest share of employment in India?
1. a) Agriculture
2. b) Manufacturing
3. c) Services
4. d) Construction
5. Answer: a) Agriculture
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of:
1. a) Goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country in a year
2. b) Goods and services produced by the nationals of a country in a year
3. c) Goods and services produced and consumed within a country in a year
4. d) Goods and services produced and consumed by the government in a year
5. Answer: a) Goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country in
a year
 Which of the following is NOT a component of tertiary sector?
1. a) Transportation
2. b) Banking
3. c) Agriculture
4. d) Tourism
5. Answer: c) Agriculture
 Which type of unemployment is usually associated with agricultural seasonality?
1. a) Seasonal unemployment
2. b) Frictional unemployment
3. c) Structural unemployment
4. d) Cyclical unemployment
5. Answer: a) Seasonal unemployment
 What does the term ‘marginalization’ refer to in the context of development?
1. a) Exclusion of certain groups from the benefits of development
2. b) Inclusion of all groups in the development process
 3. c) Equal distribution of resources
4. d) Concentration of wealth in the hands of a few
5. Answer: a) Exclusion of certain groups from the benefits of development
 Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
1. a) Solar energy
2. b) Wind energy
3. c) Crude oil
4. d) Biomass
5. Answer: c) Crude oil

 The countries with per capita income of US $955 or less are classified as:

 a) Rich countries
 b) Developing countries
 c) Low-income countries
 d) Middle-income countries
 Answer: c) Low-income countries

 Which of the following can be a developmental goal for a girl from a rural
background?

1. a) Higher wages
2. b) Freedom from discrimination
3. c) Better transport
4. d) All of the above
5. Answer: d) All of the above

1. Which country has the highest HDI rank among India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal?

1. a) India
2. b) Nepal
3. c) Sri Lanka
4. d) All are equal
5. Answer: c) Sri Lanka

1. Which indicator shows the number of children that die before the age of one
year per 1,000 live births?

1. a) Life expectancy
2. b) Literacy rate
3. c) Infant mortality rate
4. d) Per capita income
5. Answer: c) Infant mortality rate

Which is the most sustainable resource from the following?

a) Coal

b) Wind energy

c) Petrol

d) Diesel

Answer: b) Wind energy

Which Indian state has the highest literacy rate?

a) Tamil Nadu

b) Maharashtra

c) Kerala

d) Gujarat

Answer: c) Kerala

Which of the following is an example of a public facility?

a) Bank

b) Hospital

c) Shopping mall

d) Petrol pump

Answer: b) Hospital

Reena earns ₹30,000 per month, but lacks access to clean drinking water and healthcare.
This shows that:

a) High income ensures good living

b) Public facilities are not important

c) Income alone is not a reliable indicator of development

d) Reena is highly developed

Answer: c) Income alone is not a reliable indicator of development

Two friends A and B have the same income. A lives in an area with clean air and water,
while B doesn’t. Who is better off and why?

a) A, because of better living conditions

b) B, because of higher expenses

c) Both are equal

d) Can't be determined

Answer: a) A, because of better living conditions

In a country, the average income is high but there is a high level of pollution. What does
this suggest about development?

a) The country is developed

b) The country is undeveloped

c) Development is not sustainable

d) Country has achieved complete development

Answer: c) Development is not sustainable

If a country has high per capita income but high infant mortality rate, it indicates:

a) High development

b) Low development

c) Disparity in development

d) Both a and b

Answer: c) Disparity in development

Which of the following statements is correct?

a) More income always means more development

b) A higher income guarantees a better life

c) Income is one of many development indicators

d) Development only depends on GDP

Answer: c) Income is one of many development indicators

Assertion (A): Per capita income is an average and does not show income distribution.
Reason (R): It tells how income is distributed among people.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true but R is false

d) A is false but R is true

Answer: c) A is true but R is false

Assertion (A): Kerala has high development indicators.

Reason (R): It has low infant mortality rate, high literacy rate, and high life expectancy.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true but R is false

d) A is false but R is true

Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Assertion (A): Rich countries are always the most developed.

Reason (R): Per capita income is the only factor that decides development.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true but R is false

d) Both A and R are false

Answer: d) Both A and R are false

Assertion (A): HDI is a better indicator than per capita income.

Reason (R): HDI includes health, education, and income.
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true but R is false

d) A is false but R is true

Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Assertion (A): Economic development can lead to environmental degradation.

Reason (R): Use of natural resources may exceed their renewal rate.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true but R is false

d) A is false but R is true

Answer: a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Which country among India’s neighbors has the highest life expectancy?

a) Pakistan

b) Sri Lanka

c) Nepal

d) Bangladesh

Answer: b) Sri Lanka

If two countries have the same per capita income, what can make one more developed than
the other?

a) Population

b) Better health and education services

c) Size of the army

d) Number of industries
Answer: b) Better health and education services

Which of the following is a renewable resource?

a) Coal

b) Natural gas

c) Solar energy

d) Diesel

Answer: c) Solar energy

According to World Bank, what per capita income (approx.) classifies a country as low
income (as per 2017 data)?

a) $5,000

b) $1,036

c) $955 or less

d) $3,000

Answer: c) $955 or less

Which one of the following is a qualitative indicator of development?

a) Per capita income

b) Literacy rate

c) GDP

d) Employment rate

Answer: b) Literacy rate

Anita and Sunita have equal incomes. However, Anita gets clean drinking water and access
to healthcare. What does this signify?

a) Sunita is more developed

b) Anita’s quality of life is better despite equal income

c) Both are equally developed

d) Income is not important

Answer: b) Anita’s quality of life is better despite equal income

Why might people in a well-off country still suffer poor living standards?

a) Income is equally distributed

b) Lack of public facilities

c) High exports

d) Urbanization

Answer: b) Lack of public facilities

You are the District Collector and asked to improve development indicators. Which action
will be the most useful?

a) Build malls

b) Increase literacy and health coverage

c) Lower taxes for rich

d) Focus on road construction only

Answer: b) Increase literacy and health coverage

If a region overuses groundwater for farming, what long-term effect may occur?

a) Rise in income

b) Sustainable farming

c) Water scarcity

d) Improved productivity

Answer: c) Water scarcity

A country with a high GDP but poor healthcare and low literacy will likely have:

a) High HDI
b) Low HDI

c) No HDI

d) Equal HDI to rich countries

Answer: b) Low HDI

Assertion (A): Life expectancy is an important indicator of development.

Reason (R): It reflects the quality of healthcare and living conditions.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true, R is false

d) A is false, R is true

Answer: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Assertion (A): GDP is the best measure of national development.

Reason (R): It includes health, education, and income indicators.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true, R is false

d) A is false, R is true

Answer: c) A is true, R is false

Assertion (A): Sustainable development is necessary for future generations.

Reason (R): It conserves resources for the future.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true, R is false

d) A is false, R is true

Answer: a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Assertion (A): Education and health are not related to development.
Reason (R): Only income matters for a better life.

a) Both A and R are true

b) Both A and R are false

c) A is true, R is false

d) A is false, R is true

Answer: b) Both A and R are false

Assertion (A): A country with high per capita income is always considered developed.
Reason (R): Per capita income considers income distribution and standard of living.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

c) A is true, R is false

d) Both A and R are false

Answer: d) Both A and R are false

2 Marker Questions:

1. What is per capita income? How is it calculated?

Answer:
Per capita income is the average income earned per person in a country in a given year. It is an
important indicator used to compare the economic condition of different countries.

Calculation:

Per Capita Income=Total National IncomeTotal Population\text{Per Capita Income} = \frac{\

text{Total National Income}}{\text{Total Population}}

Example: If a country’s total income is ₹10,00,000 and the population is 1,000, the per capita
income is ₹1,000.

2. State any two limitations of using per capita income as an indicator of

development.

Answer:

Ignores Income Distribution: Per capita income is an average. It does not reflect how income is
distributed among people. A few rich people can skew the average, even if the majority are poor.

Does Not Consider Quality of Life: It ignores non-monetary aspects of development like
education, healthcare, security, or environmental quality, which are equally important.

3. Different people have different developmental goals. Justify with two

examples.

Answer:

Urban Businessman: A businessman may consider profit maximization and expansion of his
enterprise as development.

Rural Woman: A woman in a village may consider access to clean drinking water, good schools
for her children, and healthcare facilities as development.

This shows that development is subjective and can mean different things to different people.

4. Define sustainable development. Why is it important?

Answer:

Sustainable Development is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Importance:

Ensures long-term use of natural resources.

Protects the environment from over-exploitation.

Maintains ecological balance and intergenerational equity.

5. Mention any two public facilities that contribute to human development.

Answer:

Healthcare Facilities: Government hospitals and health centers ensure that people get medical
treatment, vaccinations, and health checkups, improving life expectancy.

Educational Facilities: Government schools and colleges provide free or affordable education,
which increases literacy rates and employment opportunities.

Public facilities are often provided by the government for the welfare of society.

6. Why is Kerala considered more developed than many other states in India,
despite having a lower per capita income than Punjab?

Answer:

Kerala is considered more developed due to:

High Literacy Rate: Kerala has a literacy rate of over 90%, the highest in India.

Low Infant Mortality Rate: Indicates better healthcare and hygiene.

High Life Expectancy: Shows good medical services and a healthy environment.

Thus, development is not solely dependent on income but also on health and education.

7. Mention any two features of a developed country.

Answer:

High Per Capita Income: Developed countries generally have high average incomes, reflecting
a strong economy.
High Standard of Living: They offer better healthcare, education, infrastructure, and
employment opportunities, leading to an improved quality of life.

Such countries also rank high on the Human Development Index (HDI).

8. What is the significance of the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Answer:

HDI is a composite index developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to
measure and compare the overall development of countries.

It includes:

Life Expectancy at Birth: Indicator of health.

Mean and Expected Years of Schooling: Indicator of education.

Per Capita Income (PPP): Indicator of living standard.

Significance: It provides a more complete picture of human well-being than income alone and
helps in global development comparisons.

9. Suggest any two ways by which development can be made sustainable.

Answer:

Use of Renewable Resources: Promoting solar energy, wind energy, and biogas to reduce
dependence on exhaustible resources like coal and petroleum.

Resource Conservation: Proper management and limited use of natural resources like water,
forests, and fossil fuels to ensure they are available for future generations.

These practices help balance economic growth with environmental protection.

10. Give any two reasons why public facilities are essential for development.

Answer:

Ensure Basic Needs for All: Facilities like schools, hospitals, public transport, and sanitation
are crucial for improving quality of life, especially for the poor.

Promote Equality: As these services are often free or subsidized, they bridge the gap between
the rich and poor, ensuring inclusive development.

Public facilities enhance human capital, which is key for a nation's progre
3-Marker Questions:

1. Why is average income not a reliable measure of development? Explain with an example.
Answer:

Average income or per capita income is the total income of a country divided by its population.
However, it does not show the distribution of income. A few rich people can skew the average,
even if the majority are poor.

Example:

Country A and Country B both have a per capita income of ₹50,000.

In Country A, income is evenly distributed.

In Country B, a few people earn very high incomes while the rest are very poor.
Thus, average income hides inequality and is not a reliable development indicator.

2. Explain the importance of sustainable development. Mention any two steps to achieve it.
Answer:

Sustainable development ensures that the present generation meets its needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Importance:

Prevents resource depletion.

Maintains ecological balance.

Promotes long-term economic growth.

Steps to Achieve It:

Use renewable resources like solar and wind energy.

Reduce deforestation and promote water conservation.

3. Compare the development of Punjab, Kerala, and Bihar using three indicators.
Answer:

Per Capita Income Literacy Rate Infant Mortality

State
(₹) (%) Rate

Punjab High Moderate Low

Kerala Moderate High Lowest

Bihar Low Low High

Punjab: High income but lower social indicators than Kerala.

Kerala: Best in health and education despite moderate income.

Bihar: Lowest in all indicators, indicating poor development.

4. Explain with examples how development goals may conflict.

Answer:

Development goals vary from person to person and can sometimes conflict.

Examples:

Dam Construction:

Benefits: More electricity, irrigation.

Harm: Displacement of local tribal people.

Factory Setup:

Factory owner wants more profits.

Residents may face pollution and health issues.

Thus, what is development for one may be destruction for another.

5. What is the Human Development Index (HDI)? Who publishes it? What are its indicators?
Answer:

HDI is a composite index that measures a country's average achievements in three key dimensions
of human development. It is published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Indicators:

Life Expectancy at Birth – Health.

Mean & Expected Years of Schooling – Education.

Gross National Income per capita – Standard of living.

It helps compare the development levels of different countries.

6. Explain any three non-monetary factors that people consider important for development.
Answer:

Security: Physical and financial security is essential for peaceful living.

Equal Treatment: Social equality and freedom from discrimination are important.

Access to Education and Healthcare: These improve quality of life and long-term well-being.

These factors reflect real development even if income is low.

7. Why is public distribution of facilities important in a democracy? Explain with three points.
Answer:

Ensures Equity: Everyone, especially the poor, gets access to essential services like healthcare and
education.

Promotes Inclusive Development: All sections of society benefit from development, reducing
inequality.

Responsibility of Government: In a democracy, the government is accountable to people and

must provide basic services.

8. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development? Give three reasons.
Answer:

Income Alone is Not Enough: People need education, health, and security along with income.

Well-being is Multi-Dimensional: People want respect, freedom, and dignity.

Social and Environmental Aspects: Clean air, safety, and equality matter as much as money.

Thus, development is not just about wealth but overall quality of life.

9. What is meant by the term "national development"? What are the aspects involved in comparing
countries?
Answer:

National development refers to the improvement of living standards, economic growth, and
quality of life for the people of a country.

Aspects of Comparison:

Per Capita Income

Health Indicators (like life expectancy, IMR)

Educational Indicators (literacy rate, schooling years)

Only comparing incomes gives an incomplete picture of a country's development.

10. Explain with examples how development goals are different for different people.
Answer:

People have different backgrounds, professions, and needs, so their goals differ.

Examples:

A farmer wants better irrigation and higher crop prices.

A student wants quality education.

A worker may want better job security and working conditions.

A businessman wants lower taxes and higher profits.

Development goals depend on individual situations.

11. How can we compare different countries or states on the basis of income and other criteria?
Answer:

Per Capita Income: Countries with higher average income are considered richer.

Health Indicators: Like life expectancy and infant mortality rate.

Education Indicators: Like literacy rate and average years of schooling.

A balanced comparison includes both monetary and non-monetary indicators.

12. What is the role of public facilities in the development of a country?

Answer:

Accessible to All: Provide basic needs to the poor and marginalized.

Improve Quality of Life: Facilities like roads, schools, and hospitals ensure well-being.

Promote Human Development: Healthier and educated citizens contribute more to the economy.

Hence, they are essential for equitable and sustainable development.

13. Why is it necessary to use resources carefully? Give three reasons.

Answer:

Limited Availability: Natural resources like coal, petroleum, and groundwater are finite.

Future Generations: Overuse today will harm the needs of future generations.

Environmental Balance: Exploitation leads to pollution, deforestation, and climate change.

Using resources sustainably is key for long-term development.

5 Marker Questions:

1. "Per capita income is not a true measure of development." Explain this statement with five suitable
arguments.
Answer:

Per capita income is often used as a basic indicator of a country’s development. However, it has
several limitations:
Ignores Income Distribution: Per capita income calculates an average, which does not reflect how
the income is distributed across different groups. A country with a few rich people and many poor
people may have a high per capita income but still face significant inequality.

Does Not Consider Non-Monetary Factors: It only focuses on income and ignores essential
factors such as education, health, and sanitation, which are crucial aspects of human development.

Environmental Degradation: Per capita income does not account for environmental
sustainability. For example, countries with high industrial output may have a high per capita
income, but at the cost of natural resources and environmental pollution.

Quality of Life: It fails to measure other aspects of human well-being, such as job satisfaction,
happiness, safety, and freedom, which are key to a higher quality of life.

Does Not Reflect Access to Public Services: Public services such as healthcare, education, and
sanitation improve quality of life, but they are not captured by per capita income, making it an
incomplete measure of development.

2. What is sustainable development? Why is it important? Explain with examples.

Answer:

Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is based on the idea of
ensuring long-term ecological, economic, and social well-being.

Importance of Sustainable Development:

Resource Conservation: Sustainable development emphasizes using resources in a way that

allows them to be replenished, ensuring that future generations can access the same resources.

Environmental Protection: It helps protect the environment by reducing pollution, conserving

biodiversity, and limiting waste production.

Social Equity: Sustainable development aims to reduce inequalities, ensuring that even the most
marginalized people have access to basic services like healthcare, education, and clean water.

Economic Stability: By promoting efficient resource use and green technologies, it ensures long-
term economic growth without overexploiting resources.

Examples of Sustainable Development:

Renewable Energy: Using solar and wind power instead of fossil fuels helps reduce carbon
emissions and conserve resources.

Afforestation: Planting trees to combat deforestation and ensure a balance in the ecosystem.
3. How is Human Development Index (HDI) a better indicator of development than per capita income?
Explain with five reasons.
Answer:

The Human Development Index (HDI) is considered a more comprehensive measure of

development than per capita income because it includes several indicators that reflect human well-
being beyond income.

Incorporates Multiple Dimensions: HDI combines three important dimensions—life expectancy

(health), education (mean and expected years of schooling), and per capita income. This gives
a more holistic view of development.

Reflects Health and Longevity: Unlike per capita income, HDI considers life expectancy, which
reflects the overall health and longevity of a population, an essential aspect of development.

Measures Education Levels: HDI includes indicators of education (mean years of schooling and
expected years of schooling), which are crucial for assessing a country’s intellectual and social
development.

Focuses on Quality of Life: While per capita income only focuses on economic aspects, HDI takes
into account quality of life through health and education, which are key components of human
development.

More Inclusive: HDI is a broader measure because it considers non-economic aspects, offering a
fuller understanding of a country's progress rather than just focusing on income.

4. Different people have different developmental goals. Explain this statement with examples and
justify why conflicting goals can arise.
Answer:

The statement “different people have different developmental goals” reflects the idea that
development is subjective and varies based on personal circumstances, values, and aspirations.

Examples:

Businessman vs. Worker: A businessman’s goal may be to maximize profits and expand his
business. In contrast, a worker may prioritize fair wages, better working conditions, and job
security.

Rural Farmer vs. Urban Resident: A farmer in a rural area might consider access to better
irrigation facilities, stable crop prices, and rural healthcare as essential for development. However,
an urban resident might prioritize better infrastructure, transportation, and job opportunities.

Why Conflicting Goals Arise:

Resource Allocation: Development often requires resources. When one group benefits, others may
suffer. For instance, setting up a factory may bring economic benefits to some but could cause
displacement for others, leading to conflicts.

Varying Priorities: People in different social or economic classes prioritize different aspects of life.
The poor may focus on basic needs like healthcare and food, while the wealthy may look for luxury
goods and a higher standard of living.

Environmental Impact: Large-scale projects, such as dams, can provide electricity and irrigation,
but they might also displace local communities or cause environmental degradation, creating
conflicting goals between economic growth and environmental protection.

5. Explain five important public facilities provided by the government and their impact on
development.
Answer:

Public facilities are essential for improving the standard of living and ensuring equitable
development. Here are five important public facilities:

Education: Schools and educational institutions provide access to learning, which helps improve
literacy rates, employability, and overall quality of life. Education is critical for long-term economic
development and poverty reduction.

Healthcare: Government hospitals and clinics offer medical services, improving public health.
Access to healthcare reduces infant mortality, increases life expectancy, and ensures that citizens
can lead healthy lives, thus contributing to human capital development.

Transportation: Public transport infrastructure such as buses, trains, and roads connects people
and goods, facilitating trade and mobility. It helps in economic growth, reduces poverty, and
ensures that people have access to jobs, markets, and services.

Water and Sanitation: Clean drinking water and proper sanitation facilities prevent diseases and
improve hygiene, contributing to better health. These facilities are essential for creating a healthy
and productive workforce.

Electricity: Access to electricity improves living conditions by providing lighting, powering schools,
hospitals, homes, and industries. It is a vital part of infrastructure for economic development,
education, and health.

6. Describe five important development indicators of India and compare them with other countries
like Sri Lanka and China.
Answer:

To assess a country's development, various indicators such as per capita income, literacy rate, life
expectancy, and health indicators are considered. Here's a comparison between India, Sri Lanka,
and China:
Per Capita Income:

India: Low per capita income compared to Sri Lanka and China.

Sri Lanka: Higher per capita income due to better public services.

China: Relatively higher per capita income with rapid industrialization.

Literacy Rate:

India: Literacy rate of around 77%.

Sri Lanka: High literacy rate of 92%, showing better education development.

China: Over 95% literacy rate, demonstrating strong educational progress.

Life Expectancy:

India: Life expectancy of around 70 years.

Sri Lanka: Life expectancy of around 77 years, reflecting better health services.

China: Life expectancy of around 77 years, showing significant healthcare improvements.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):

India: Higher IMR (~33 per 1,000 live births).

Sri Lanka: Low IMR (~7 per 1,000 live births).

China: Low IMR (~9 per 1,000 live births).

HDI (Human Development Index):

India: HDI of 0.647 (Medium human development).

Sri Lanka: HDI of 0.782 (High human development).

China: HDI of 0.761 (High human development).

Conclusion: Sri Lanka is more developed in terms of health and education, while China is more
industrialized. India is progressing but faces challenges in health and education.

7. Compare the development strategies of India, China, and Sri Lanka.

Answer:

India, China, and Sri Lanka have followed different development strategies based on their historical,
political, and economic contexts:

India:
Focus on Mixed Economy: India adopted a mixed economy after independence, focusing on both
public and private sectors.

Key Strategy: Emphasized agriculture, followed by industrialization in the 1960s and 1970s, with a
focus on services and information technology (IT) in the 1990s.

China:

Focus on State-Controlled Economy: China started with a socialist model with state control over
all economic sectors, then moved to a market economy after the reforms of the late 1970s under
Deng Xiaoping.

Key Strategy: Major focus on manufacturing and exports, resulting in rapid industrialization and
urbanization.

Sri Lanka:

Focus on Social Development: Sri Lanka focused on improving education, healthcare, and
infrastructure from the 1950s onwards.

Key Strategy: Investing heavily in public services, especially education and healthcare, resulting in
high literacy rates and life expectancy.

Conclusion: China focused on industrialization and export-driven growth, while Sri Lanka invested
heavily in social services, and India adopted a mixed economy with a focus on agriculture and
services.

8. How can we achieve sustainable development in India? Discuss five measures.

Answer:

India can achieve sustainable development through:

Promoting Renewable Energy: By investing in solar, wind, and hydro energy, India can reduce its
dependence on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions.

Water Conservation: Measures like rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and efficient water use in
agriculture and industries can conserve water resources.

Afforestation and Reforestation: Protecting forests, reducing deforestation, and planting new
trees can help in carbon sequestration and prevent soil erosion.

Waste Management: Recycling, waste segregation, and reducing waste generation can minimize
environmental pollution and conserve resources.

Promoting Sustainable Agriculture: Encouraging organic farming, crop diversification, and

reducing the use of chemical fertilizers can improve the sustainability of India’s agriculture.
9. What are the limitations of using per capita income as an indicator of development? Explain with
examples.
Answer:

Per capita income, while widely used as a measure of development, has several limitations:

Ignores Income Inequality: Per capita income does not account for the uneven distribution of
income. A country with high income inequality may still have a high per capita income, but most
people may not benefit from it.
Example: A country with a few extremely rich people will still show high per capita income, even if
the majority are poor.

Does Not Reflect Non-Economic Aspects: It focuses only on economic factors and ignores
important aspects like health, education, and access to basic services.
Example: A country with high per capita income may still have a poor healthcare system and low
literacy rates.

Environmental Sustainability: Per capita income doesn’t account for environmental degradation.
Countries may have high per capita income by exploiting natural resources, but at the cost of
environmental damage.
Example: Rapid industrialization often leads to increased pollution, but per capita income may not
show the adverse effects.

Quality of Life: It does not consider other important quality of life indicators such as social
security, personal freedom, and environmental quality.
Example: High per capita income may not guarantee a high standard of living if a country is facing
social unrest or pollution.

10. Explain the role of education in the development of a country.

Answer:

Education plays a crucial role in the development of a country in the following ways:

Improves Literacy and Knowledge: Education helps increase literacy rates, which is the
foundation for economic development. Educated people are more likely to find better jobs and
contribute to the economy.

Reduces Poverty: Education provides people with skills and knowledge, allowing them to earn
higher wages and break the cycle of poverty.

Promotes Health Awareness: Educated individuals are more likely to understand the importance
of healthcare, nutrition, and hygiene, leading to improved public health.

Fosters Innovation and Technology: Education promotes scientific research and technological
advancements, which contribute to economic growth and industrial development.
Promotes Social Equity: Education provides opportunities for marginalized groups, including
women, to improve their lives and participate actively in the country’s development.

Case-Based Questions:

1. Case Study: Impact of Industrialization

Case:
In a developing country, a large factory is set up in a rural area. The factory provides employment to
many locals but also causes pollution and displacement of some families.

(a) How can industrialization lead to both positive and negative outcomes for development?

Answer:
Industrialization can bring both positive and negative outcomes for development:

Positive Outcomes:

Job Creation: Factories and industries provide employment to local people, which helps in
reducing poverty.

Economic Growth: Industrial growth leads to an increase in the country’s GDP and provides goods
for both domestic and international markets.

Infrastructure Development: Industrialization leads to the development of infrastructure such as

roads, transport systems, and communication networks.

Negative Outcomes:

Environmental Pollution: Industrial activities can lead to air, water, and soil pollution, which
harms the environment and health.

Displacement of People: Industrialization may cause displacement of communities as land is

acquired for factories, leading to loss of livelihoods for affected people.

Income Inequality: While some may benefit from jobs, others may remain poor or lose access to
resources, exacerbating inequality.

(b) Explain how public policies can help mitigate the negative impacts of industrialization.
Answer:
Public policies can play a significant role in mitigating the negative impacts of industrialization:

Environmental Regulations: Governments can enforce stricter environmental laws that regulate
emissions, waste disposal, and resource use by industries, ensuring sustainable practices.

Relocation and Rehabilitation: Governments can ensure proper compensation and rehabilitation
for families displaced by industrial projects, providing them with alternative livelihood
opportunities.

Inclusive Growth Policies: Policies that promote income redistribution, such as social security
schemes or minimum wage laws, can help reduce income inequality caused by industrialization.

Promotion of Green Technologies: Incentives can be given to industries that adopt

environmentally friendly technologies, such as renewable energy, to reduce pollution and conserve
resources.

(c) Do you think the environmental costs of industrialization outweigh its benefits? Justify
your answer with examples.

Answer:
The environmental costs of industrialization can sometimes outweigh its benefits, especially if
proper measures are not taken:

Negative Environmental Impact: Industries often release harmful pollutants, such as carbon
dioxide, into the air, leading to global warming, or discharge chemicals into water bodies, harming
aquatic life. For example, industries in countries like China have caused severe air pollution that
affects the health of millions.

Long-Term Sustainability: While industrialization boosts the economy in the short term, it may
harm the environment in the long term. The depletion of natural resources can result in long-lasting
damage to ecosystems, as seen in deforestation for factory setups.

However, with effective policies, the negative impacts can be reduced, making the balance between
industrialization and environmental protection more manageable.

2. Case Study: Education and Development

Case:
A government in a developing country has launched a scheme to increase literacy rates by
providing free education and building more schools in rural areas. The aim is to ensure that every
child, irrespective of their socio-economic background, gets access to education.

(a) How does education contribute to human development?

Answer:
Education is a key driver of human development because:
Empowers Individuals: It enhances individual skills and capabilities, improving people's ability to
earn better wages, improve their standard of living, and contribute to society.

Improves Health Outcomes: Educated individuals tend to make healthier choices, access better
healthcare, and live longer lives.

Economic Growth: A well-educated workforce is more productive, leading to economic

development. Countries with high literacy rates tend to have better economic performance.

Social Equality: Education can break the cycle of poverty, promoting social mobility and reducing
inequality.

(b) How can improving literacy rates lead to a rise in a country’s per capita income?

Answer:
Improving literacy rates directly impacts per capita income:

Higher Skills and Productivity: Educated people are more skilled and productive. As a result, they
are more likely to secure better-paying jobs, contributing to increased national income.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Higher literacy leads to more innovation and

entrepreneurship, which can create new businesses and industries, boosting the economy.

Employment Opportunities: An educated workforce attracts investment and creates more job
opportunities, leading to higher earnings for individuals and an overall rise in per capita income.

(c) What are the challenges faced by this education scheme, and how can they be overcome?

Answer:
The education scheme may face the following challenges:

Lack of Infrastructure: Many rural areas may lack adequate school buildings, teachers, and
learning materials.

Solution: The government can invest in building schools, providing infrastructure, and recruiting
qualified teachers.

Cultural Barriers: In some regions, families may prioritize work over education, especially for
girls.

Solution: Awareness programs and incentives like scholarships for girls can encourage families to
send children to school.

Quality of Education: Simply providing access to education does not guarantee quality.

Solution: Teacher training programs and curriculum reforms are necessary to ensure that the
education imparted is relevant and effective.
3. Case Study: Per Capita Income
Case:
Country A has a per capita income of ₹80,000 while Country B has a per capita income of ₹70,000.
Despite the higher per capita income in Country A, the majority of its population lives in poverty. In
Country B, most people have access to basic facilities like healthcare, education, and sanitation.

(a) Why is per capita income not a reliable indicator of development?

Answer:
Per capita income is not a reliable indicator of development because:

Does Not Reflect Distribution of Income: Per capita income averages income across the
population but ignores income inequality. A high per capita income can mask the fact that only a
few people are benefiting.

Ignores Non-Economic Factors: It does not account for other crucial aspects of development, such
as access to healthcare, education, and sanitation.

Does Not Measure Quality of Life: It does not reflect the quality of life, such as social security,
happiness, or job satisfaction, all of which are important for human development.

(b) What other indicators should be used to measure development?

Answer:
To measure development more accurately, other indicators include:

Human Development Index (HDI): It combines life expectancy, education, and per capita income
to give a broader measure of development.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Reflects the healthcare quality and overall well-being of the
population.

Literacy Rate: A higher literacy rate signifies a more educated population, which contributes to
overall development.

Life Expectancy: Indicates the quality of healthcare and overall living conditions in a country.

(c) Explain how a country with lower per capita income can have better development
outcomes than one with higher per capita income.

Answer:
A country with lower per capita income but better development outcomes may:

Prioritize Social Services: Countries like Sri Lanka, with lower per capita income compared to
some developed nations, prioritize education, healthcare, and sanitation, ensuring better human
development outcomes.
Less Income Inequality: Countries with lower but more evenly distributed incomes may have
better social welfare systems, resulting in greater overall well-being for the population.

Better Access to Basic Services: A focus on public facilities, like free healthcare and education, can
improve human development more effectively than a focus solely on economic growth.

4. Case Study: Health and Development

Case:
A nation has introduced a comprehensive health insurance scheme for all its citizens. This scheme
covers medical expenses, provides free vaccinations, and ensures access to basic healthcare for
rural populations.

(a) How does health contribute to the development of a country?

Answer:
Health is a fundamental component of development because:

Increased Productivity: Healthy individuals are more productive at work and in daily life.

Improved Quality of Life: Access to healthcare leads to longer life expectancy, better quality of life,
and reduced mortality rates.

Economic Growth: A healthier workforce is essential for economic development as it leads to

fewer sick days and higher levels of efficiency.

Social Well-being: Good health contributes to social stability and better social outcomes, including
lower crime rates and enhanced education.

(b) Why is access to healthcare essential for improving productivity?

Answer:
Access to healthcare is essential for improving productivity because:

Fewer Sick Days: Healthy individuals take fewer sick days, allowing them to contribute more
effectively to the workforce.

Better Work Performance: Access to healthcare ensures people stay fit and healthy, improving
performance at work and overall productivity.

Long-Term Economic Benefits: Investing in healthcare today leads to a stronger and more
capable workforce in the future, driving sustained economic growth.

(c) In your opinion, should the government focus on improving healthcare or education first
for development? Justify your answer.

Answer:
Both healthcare and education are crucial for development, but education should be the priority:
Education Enables Informed Health Choices: Educated individuals are more likely to make
informed decisions about their health, which can reduce healthcare costs and improve the nation’s
overall health.

Building a Skilled Workforce: Education provides the skills necessary for economic development,
innovation, and growth, whereas healthcare primarily sustains productivity.

Long-Term Benefits: Education has long-term benefits that improve economic stability, social
equity, and access to opportunities, while healthcare ensures a healthier and more productive
workforce.

5. Case Study: Sustainable Development

Case:
In a coastal region, a government is focused on promoting eco-tourism, which provides jobs and
income but also risks harming the delicate marine ecosystem.

(a) How does sustainable development aim to balance environmental conservation and
economic growth?

Answer:
Sustainable development seeks to achieve a balance by ensuring that economic growth does not
come at the expense of environmental health. This is done by:

Conserving Resources: Sustainable practices ensure that natural resources are used efficiently, so
they can continue to support future generations.

Reducing Environmental Damage: By using eco-friendly technologies and practices, industries

and businesses minimize their environmental footprint, ensuring that development activities don't
degrade ecosystems.

Economic Growth through Eco-Friendly Initiatives: Eco-tourism, as mentioned in the case,

allows communities to earn income without causing long-term harm to the environment. This
creates jobs while conserving the natural beauty that tourists visit for.

(b) Why is eco-tourism considered a sustainable development practice?

Answer:
Eco-tourism is considered a sustainable development practice because:

Low Environmental Impact: It minimizes harm to the environment by promoting responsible

travel to natural areas, encouraging conservation.

Supports Local Communities: Eco-tourism often involves local communities in the development
process, providing them with income while preserving their cultural and natural heritage.

Raises Environmental Awareness: Tourists and locals become more conscious of the need to
protect the environment, which fosters sustainable practices in daily life.
(c) What steps can be taken to ensure that eco-tourism does not harm the environment?

Answer:
To ensure that eco-tourism remains environmentally friendly:

Regulate Tourist Numbers: Limiting the number of tourists can prevent overcrowding, which
could damage natural ecosystems.

Use of Sustainable Practices: Promoting waste management systems, using renewable energy
sources, and ensuring responsible wildlife tourism can protect ecosystems.

Community Involvement: Involving local communities in eco-tourism planning ensures that they
follow sustainable practices while benefiting economically from tourism.

Environmental Education: Educating tourists about the importance of preserving the

environment and local culture can help reduce harmful behaviors.

6. Case Study: Public Distribution System (PDS)

Case:
A government has launched a Public Distribution System (PDS) to provide subsidized food grains to
people in rural and urban areas. The system is intended to reduce hunger and malnutrition,
especially among poorer sections of society.

(a) How does the Public Distribution System contribute to the development of a country?

Answer:
The Public Distribution System (PDS) contributes to the development of a country by:

Ensuring Food Security: It ensures that essential food items like wheat, rice, and sugar are
available at subsidized rates, especially for low-income households.

Reducing Hunger and Malnutrition: By providing affordable food, PDS helps improve the
nutrition levels of vulnerable populations, thus enhancing public health.

Promoting Social Equity: It reduces disparities by providing food assistance to marginalized

communities, thereby contributing to social equality and welfare.

(b) How does access to food security enhance human development?

Answer:
Access to food security enhances human development by:

Improving Health: A well-nourished population is healthier and more productive. Malnutrition,

especially in children, can lead to developmental delays and long-term health problems.

Boosting Educational Outcomes: With sufficient food, children are able to focus better in school,
leading to higher literacy rates and better education outcomes.
Enhancing Productivity: Healthy individuals are more productive in the workplace, which
contributes to the country’s economic growth.

(c) What are the challenges faced by PDS, and what measures can be taken to improve its
effectiveness?

Answer:
The Public Distribution System faces several challenges:

Leakages and Corruption: Food grains often do not reach the intended beneficiaries due to
corruption and mismanagement.

Solution: Strengthening monitoring mechanisms and implementing technology, such as GPS

tracking and biometric authentication, can reduce leakages and improve transparency.

Inadequate Coverage: In some areas, PDS does not cover all eligible individuals, especially in
remote or marginalized regions.

Solution: Expanding the reach of PDS through better infrastructure and local distribution networks
would ensure greater coverage.

Quality Control Issues: Sometimes, the quality of food provided through PDS is poor, affecting the
health of recipients.

Solution: Regular checks and quality audits can ensure that the food grains are up to standard.

7. Case Study: Inequality and Development

Case:
A country has high levels of income inequality, where the richest 10% of the population earn
significantly more than the poorest 10%. Despite a high per capita income, many citizens are unable
to access basic services like clean water, education, and healthcare.

(a) Why is income inequality a major barrier to development?

Answer:
Income inequality is a major barrier to development because:

Limited Access to Basic Services: The poor, who are at the bottom of the income ladder, often lack
access to essential services like education, healthcare, and sanitation. This affects their productivity
and limits their ability to improve their living standards.

Social Unrest and Instability: High inequality leads to social divisions, which can result in unrest
and instability. It also reduces social cohesion and increases the risk of conflict.

Stunted Economic Growth: If large segments of the population remain poor, they cannot
contribute to economic growth through consumption and productivity, thereby slowing overall
economic development.
(b) How does inequality affect social cohesion and stability in a country?

Answer:
Inequality can affect social cohesion and stability in the following ways:

Increased Tensions: When the wealth gap is wide, it can create social divisions and resentment,
leading to social tensions between different groups.

Lower Trust in Institutions: High inequality often leads to distrust in the government and
institutions, as people feel the system is unfair and benefits only a few.

Potential for Conflict: Persistent inequality can eventually lead to social unrest or political
instability, as marginalized groups demand more equal treatment and opportunities.

(c) What measures can be adopted to reduce inequality and promote inclusive development?

Answer:
To reduce inequality and promote inclusive development, governments can:

Progressive Taxation: Implement tax policies where the rich pay a higher percentage of their
income, allowing the government to redistribute wealth more effectively.

Social Welfare Programs: Introduce programs like cash transfers, subsidized healthcare, and free
education to ensure that basic needs are met for all, regardless of income.

Employment Creation: Invest in job creation, especially in sectors that provide opportunities for
low-income groups, such as agriculture, small-scale industries, and infrastructure development.

Access to Credit: Providing easy access to credit for small businesses and farmers can enable them
to invest in growth, thereby increasing their income and reducing poverty.

8. Case Study: Role of Infrastructure

Case:
In a developing country, the government has decided to invest heavily in improving transportation
networks, including roads, railways, and airports, to boost economic growth.

(a) How does infrastructure contribute to the development of a country?

Answer:
Infrastructure is critical for the development of a country because:

Facilitates Economic Activities: Roads, railways, and airports help in the efficient movement of
goods and people, which is essential for trade and commerce.

Promotes Regional Development: Improved infrastructure links remote areas to urban centers,
ensuring that resources and opportunities are distributed more evenly across regions.

Attracts Investment: Good infrastructure attracts both domestic and foreign investments as
businesses need reliable transportation networks for their operations.
(b) What impact can improved transportation have on a country's economic growth?

Answer:
Improved transportation has a direct impact on economic growth by:

Reducing Costs: Efficient transport reduces the cost of moving goods, thereby increasing the
competitiveness of domestic products in both national and international markets.

Boosting Productivity: Better transportation systems allow workers and raw materials to move
more quickly, thus increasing productivity across various sectors.

Expanding Markets: With improved transportation, businesses can expand their reach to new
markets, increasing trade and economic activity.

(c) Explain why a country needs a balanced development of infrastructure, such as both
urban and rural areas.

Answer:
A balanced development of infrastructure is crucial because:

Inclusive Growth: If only urban areas are developed, it will lead to regional inequality, where rural
areas are left behind. Ensuring development in rural areas reduces migration to cities and ensures
all areas benefit from growth.

Boosting Rural Economy: Good infrastructure in rural areas can improve agricultural
productivity, help farmers access larger markets, and improve their standard of living.

Sustainable Development: Balanced infrastructure development reduces the strain on urban

infrastructure (like overburdened roads and overcrowded public services), promoting a more
sustainable model of development.