INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE OXYGEN (20.94) CO2 (.

032%) HELIUM
ENGINEERING
WATER VAPOR (0.1%) METHANE
ENVIRONMENT

(from the French environner: to encircle or surround)

-the circumstances or conditions that surround an organism or group of

organisms.

-the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or

community.

- the sum total of all conditions and influences which affect the development
and life of all organisms on earth.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE HYDROSPHER

The history of human civilization shows that water supply and civilization
- the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it. are intimately linked with each other. The world's total quantum of
Environmental science is interdisciplinary, integrating natural water is 1.4 billion km³.
sciences, social sciences, and humanities in a broad, holistic study of - 97% ocean - 2.3% polar ice
the world around us. - 0.7% fresh water - 0.66% groundwater
- 0.03% rivers, lakes and streams
- focuses on understanding and resolving problems in our natural
environment, such as pollution or lost biodiversity. LITHOSPHER
It is made of the mantle of rocks. It includes the soil which covers the rock's
- includes discussion of policy, population, economics, and urbanization. crust in many places. Rocks are subjected to continuous weathering
forces-rain, wind, chemical and biological and suffer disintegration.
GOAL: CLEAN ENERGY FUTURE The various land forms of the lithosphere are mountain, plateau and plain.

Political Science: Which policies lead to sustainable solutions? BIOSPHERE - Broadly speaking, the biosphere consists of the earth's crust,
hydrosphere, atmosphere and various living species (micro-organisms
Chemistry: How can we make better batteries? to man) which exist in the zone 600m above earth's surface and
10,000m below sea level.
Ecology: How does energy production affect populations? Both biosphere and environment have close interactions with each other.
Thus oxygen and carbon dioxide level of atmosphere depend on the
Sociology: How do people adopt new ideas?
plant world.

Urban Planning: What urban designs can reduce energy use?

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
- is the branch of engineering that is concerned with protecting people from
Engineering: Can we design better vehicles?
the effects of adverse environmental effects, such as pollution, as well
as improving environmental quality
Economics: What are benefits and costs of energy sources?
- the application of science and engineering principles to improve the
environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthful
- Because humans inhabit the natural world, as well as the technological or
water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and
"built", social, and cultural world, all constitute important parts of our
to remediate polluted sites.
environment
- Many kinds of knowledge contribute to solutions in Environmental
INTRO (PDF)
science. For a goal such as achieving clean and sustainable energy,
What is Environmental Engineering Science?
strategies involve input from many disciplines.
O We are concerned with the quality and availability of environmental
- Environment has multi-dimensional aspects - the perception varies from
resources and with the waste streams that impact them.
man to man. (for some, it is scenic
O Science…improve our understanding of natural processes
- landscape; to others, it is natural resources or vanishing forests or
O Engineering…use this understanding to develop and apply technologies
industrial pollution etc.)
that will maintain or improve environmental quality.
Environment performs different functions in relation to man:
What is an Engineer?
- recreation and aesthetics,  Problem solver.
- source of natural resources, -Specifically, one who uses science to solve real world problems.
- sink for wastes produced by human activities.  What about an Environmental Engineer?
- Environment loses its ability to discharge these functions properly due -Solves environmental problems using scientific tools.
to stress from man-made activities. - Although it is impossible to eliminate negative impacts, human effects can
be diminished and brought under control through…..

 Public education
 Conservation
 Regulation
 The application of good engineering practice

What is Environmental Engineering?

- Environmental Engineering is the integration of science and engineering
principles to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy
water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and
to remediate pollution sites.

Environment: the total of our surroundings

A.) Living things
 Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc.
B.) Nonliving things
ATMOSPHERE - The atmosphere has three major constituents- major,  Continets, ocenas, clouds, soil, rocks
minor and trace. C.) Our built environment
 Buildibgs, human-created living centers
MAJOR MINOR TRACE
D.) Social relationships and institutions
NITROGEN (78.09%) ARGON (.09%) NEON
Factors Affecting the Environment
1. Increasing number of humans on earth (population growth).
2. The rising standard of living (advances in agriculture, urbanization, 8. Ozone Depletion
industrialization). 9. Over Fishing
10. Deforestation
Man exerts a tremendous impact on the environment through…..
 Extraction of resources We face challenges in agriculture
 Modification and manipulation of the environment  Expanded food production led to increased population and
 Pollution resulting from deposition of wastes consumption
It’s one of humanity’s greatest achievements, but at an enormous
Ecological Impact on Environment environmental cost.
 On the productivity of the ecosystem (green plants, atmospheric Nearly half of the planet’s land surface is used for agriculture
oxygen).  Chemical fertilizers
 On other organism (microorganism, insects, animals).  Pesticides
 On climate (global warming, ozone hole, acid rain).  Erosion
 Changed natural systems
Health Impact
 Due to microbiological pollution We face challenges in Pollution
 Due to micro-chemical pollution  Waste products and artificial chemicals used in farms, industries, and
households.
What is Environmental Science?  Each year, millions of people die from population
 The study of nature and the facts about environment. Our environment Pollution doesn’t have boundaries
is everything that surrounds us, both natural and man-made.
We face challenges in Climate
What is Environment?  Scientist have firmly concluded that humans are changing the
 defined as “all the social, economical, physical & chemical factors composition of the atmosphere
that surrounds man” (or)  The Earth’s surface is warming
 “all abiotic and biotic components around man-all living and non-  Melting glaciers
living things surrounds man”.  Rising sea levels
 Impacted wildlife and crops
Scope of Environment Science?  Increasingly destructive weather
 Studying the interrelationship between the components of Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations
environment. have risen by 37%, to the highest level in 650,000 years.
 Carrying out impact analysis and environmental Audit.
 Preventing pollution from existing and new industries. We face challenges in Biodiversity
 Stopping the use of biological and nuclear weapons.  Human actions have driven many species extinct, and biodiversity is
 Managing unpredictable disasters etc. declining dramatically.
Biodiversity loss may be our biggest environmental problem; once a species
Natural Resources: Vital to Human Survival is extinct, it is gone forever.
A.) Renewable resources:
 Perpetually available: sunlight, wind, wave energy Our energy choices will affect our future
 Renew themselves over short periods: timber, water, soil  The lives we live today are due to fossil fuels.
 These can be destroyed  Machines
B.) Nonrenewable resources: can be depleted  Chemicals
 Oil, coal, minerals  Transportations
 Products
Environmental Science: How does the Natural world work?
Environment impacts Humans  Fossil fuels are a one-time bonanza; supplies will certainly decline.
 It has an applied goal: developing solutions to environmental We have used up ½ of the world’s oil supplies; how will we handle this
problems. imminent fossil fuel shortage?
 An interdisciplinary field
 Natural sciences: information about the world Sustainable solutions exist
 Social sciences: values and human behavior, politics, economy, etc.  We must develop solutions that protect both our quality of life and the
 Ethics environment
 Ecology  Organic agriculture
 Biology  Technology
 Chemistry  Reduces pollution
 Atmosphere science  Biodiversity
 Oceanography  Protect species
 Geology  Waste disposal
 Archaeology  Recycling
 Anthropology  Alternative fuels
 Sociology
 History Sustainability: a goal for the future
 Political science
 Sustainability
 Engineering
 Leaves future generations with a rich and full Earth.
 Economics
 Conserves the earth’s natural resources.
 Maintains fully functioning ecological systems.
What is an Environmental Problem?
 The perception of what constitutes a problem varies between
 Sustainable development: The use of resources to satisfy current
individuals and societies.
needs without compromising future availability of resources.
 Ex.: DDT, a pesticide
 In developing coutries: welcome because it kills malaria-carrying
Will we develop in a sustainable way?
mosquitoes.
 The Triple bottom line:
 In developed countries: not welcome, due to health risks.
sustainable solutions that meet
 Environmental goals
What are the challenges we face?
 Economic goals
Top 10 Environmental issues
1. Population  Social goals
2. Climate Change  Requires that humans apply knowledge from sciences to
3. Loss of Biodiversity  Limit environment impacts.
4. The Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycles  Maintain functioning ecological systems.
5. Water Are things getting better or worse?
6. Ocean Acidification  Many people think environmental conditions are better (Human
7. Pollution ingenuity will solve any problem).
 Some think things are much worse in the world (predict doom and ecosystems. Understanding the complexities of this cycle is essential
disaster). for addressing water challenges and ensuring sustainable management
 How can you decide who is correct? of this vital resource.
 Are the impacts limited to humans, or are other organisms or systems
involved? G2 – NITROGEN CYCLE
 Are the proponents thinking in the long or short term? INTRODUCTION
 Are they considering all costs and benefits?
Conclusion Nitrogen Cycle
 Environmental science helps us understand our relationship with the  Nitrogen cycle is an important part of the ecosystem. In this report, we
environment and informs our attempts to solve and prevent problems. shall explore its implications on the environment in precise detail.
What is Nitrogen Cycle?
 Solving environmental problems can move us towards health,
longevity, peace and prosperity.  Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is
converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the
 Environmental science can help us find balanced solutions to
atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere.
environmental problems
 It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification,
G1 – WATER CYCLE denitrification, decay and putrefaction.
INTRODUCTION What is Nitrogen Cycle?
Water is a vital resource essential for life on Earth. It covers about 71% of  Nitrogen gas can be found in both organic and inorganic forms.
the planet's surface and is found in various forms, such as oceans, Organic nitrogen is present in living organisms and is transferred
lakes, rivers, and glaciers. Water plays a crucial role in maintaining through the food chain when organisms consume other living
ecosystems, supporting agriculture, and sustaining human health. Its organisms.
availability and quality are of utmost importance for the well-being of  On the other hand, inorganic forms of nitrogen are abundant in the
both the environment and society. atmosphere. Symbiotic bacteria play a crucial role in making this
nitrogen available to plants by converting it from an inactive state to a
usable form, such as nitrites and nitrates.
The WATER CYCLE is the continuous movement of water on, above, and  To maintain a balance in the ecosystem, nitrogen undergoes various
below the surface of the Earth, driven by solar energy and gravity. transformations. This process is not limited to a specific area but
Understanding this process is crucial for managing water resources extends to different biomes, with the marine nitrogen cycle being one
and predicting weather patterns. of the most complex biogeochemical cycles.

EVAPORATION
Is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor. This
occurs primarily from the ocean, but also from lakes, rivers, and soil.
Heat from the sun is the primary driver of evaporation.

CONDENSATION
Is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water.
This occurs when warm air rises, cools, and loses its capacity to hold
water vapor. Clouds are formed through condensation.

PRECIPITATION Stages
occurs when water droplets in clouds become too heavy to remain suspended of Nitrogen Cycle
in the air and fall to the Earth's surface. This can take the form of rain, Process of the Nitrogen Cycle consists of the following steps;
snow, sleet, or hail, depending on atmospheric conditions. • Nitrogen fixation
• Nitrification
TRANSPORTATION • Assimilation
Water in different phases moves through the atmosphere. • Ammonification
• Denitrification
INFILTRATION
is the process by which precipitation or water on the ground enters the soil. Nitrogen Fixation Process
This water may then move through the soil and enter the ground water  The initial step of the nitrogen cycle is nitrogen fixation. Atmospheric
system, where it can be stored for long periods of time. nitrogen (N2), which is typically in an inert form, is converted into a
usable form called ammonia (NH3).
SURFACE RUNOFF  During nitrogen fixation, inert nitrogen gas is deposited into soils
occurs when precipitation that does not infiltrate the soil flows over the land from the atmosphere and surface waters, primarily through
surface into bodies of water. This can lead to erosion and carry precipitation. This process is carried out by symbiotic bacteria known
pollutants into waterways, impacting water quality. as Diazotrophs, with Azotobacter and Rhizobium playing
significant roles. These bacteria contain a nitrogenase enzyme that can
TRANSPIRATION combine gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia.
is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small
pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is  Nitrogen fixation can occur naturally through atmospheric fixation,
released to the atmosphere. This contributes to the water cycle. which involves lightning, or through industrial processes that
manufacture ammonia under high temperature and pressure
SUBLIMATION conditions. Man-made processes, particularly industrial processes that
Sublimation in the water cycle refers to the transformation of water from a produce ammonia and nitrogen-rich fertilizers, also contribute to
solid state directly into water vapor, without passing through the nitrogen fixation.
liquid phase. This phenomenon occurs when snow or ice undergoes
sublimation and turns into water vapor without melting. It plays a Types of Nitrogen Fixation
crucial role in replenishing atmospheric moisture and plays a part in 1. Atmospheric fixation: A natural phenomenon where the energy of
the formation of clouds and precipitation. lightning breaks the nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, which are then used
by plants.
DEPOSITION 2. Industrial nitrogen fixation: It is a man-made alternative that aids in
Deposition is a crucial step in the water cycle, occurring when water vapor nitrogen fixation by the use of ammonia. Ammonia is produced by the
transitions directly into ice without passing through the liquid phase. It direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen. Later, it is converted
happens when the surrounding air temperature drops below freezing into various fertilizers such as urea.
point, causing the water vapor molecules to lose energy. 3. Biological nitrogen fixation: We already know that nitrogen is not
Consequently, they slow down and cluster together to create ice used directly from the air by plants and animals. Bacteria
crystals. These crystals subsequently settle on various surfaces, like Rhizobium and blue-green algae transform the unusable form of
including plants, trees, and the ground. nitrogen into other compounds that are more readily usable. These
Deposition plays a significant role in the water cycle by contributing to the nitrogen compounds get fixed in the soil by these microbes.
creation of frost, snow, and ice.
Nitrification
CONCLUSION
The hydrological is a fundamental process that sustains life on earth. It • In this process, the ammonia is converted into nitrate by the presence
influences climate patterns, provides fresh water, and support of bacteria in the soil. Nitrites are formed by the oxidation of
 ammonia with the help of Nitrosomonas bacteria species. Later, the Thiobacillus - denitrificans and Micrococcus denitrificans, which are
produced nitrites are converted into nitrates by Nitrobacter. This autotrophic denitrifiers that use inorganic compounds as energy
conversion is very important as ammonia gas is toxic for plants. sources

• The reaction involved in the process of Nitrification is as follows: Serratia - Pseudomonas, and Achromobacter, which are heterotrophic
denitrifiers that use organic compounds as energy sources
2NH3 + 3O2 → 2NO2– + 2H+ + 2H2O
Pseudomonas - aeruginosa, which is a facultative aerobic denitrifier that can
Assimilation switch from aerobic respiration to denitrification when oxygen is low.

 Primary producers – plants take in the nitrogen compounds from the Denitrifying bacteria use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor and convert it
soil with the help of their roots, which are available in the form of to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide, which are released into the
ammonia, nitrite ions, nitrate ions or ammonium ions and are used in atmosphere. Denitrification is an important process in the nitrogen
the formation of the plant and animal proteins. This way, it enters the cycle, as it balances the amount of nitrogen in the ecosystems and
food web when the primary consumers eat the plants. affects the global climate

Ammonification Denitrification is the process in which the nitrogen compounds make their
way back into the atmosphere by converting nitrate (NO3-) into
Decomposers like bacteria transform the nitrogen-containing parts of the gaseous nitrogen (N). This process of the nitrogen cycle is the final
organic matter (dead organisms and waste) into ammonia. stage and occurs in the absence of oxygen. Denitrification is carried
out by the denitrifying bacterial species
It is also the process of releasing ammonia by certain microorganisms - Clostridium and Pseudomonas, which will process nitrate to gain
utilizing organic compounds derived from the dead organic remains of oxygen and gives out free nitrogen gas as a byproduct.
plants and animals and excreata of animals.
Importance of Nitrogen Cycle
THE MICROORGANISMS ESPECIALLY INVOLVED ARE:
The importance of the nitrogen cycle are as follows:
1. actinomycetes
• Helps plants to synthesize chlorophyll from the nitrogen compounds.
2. bacilli
• Helps in converting inert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants
ACTINOMYCETES - Actinomycete is a heterogenous group of bacteria through the biochemical process.
that are gram-positive, filamentous, with a branched growth pattern.
They grow in mycelium or extensive colonies. • In the process of ammonification, the bacteria help in decomposing
the animal and plant matter, which indirectly helps to clean up the
BACILLI - Bacillus species are Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming rods environment.
belonging to the family Bacillaceae. Their spores make them resistant
to heat and other destructive agents. • Nitrates and nitrites are released into the soil, which helps in enriching
the soil with the necessary nutrients required for cultivation.
FATE OF AMMONIA (NH3) PRODUCED DURING NITROGEN
FIXATION • Nitrogen is an integral component of the cell and it forms many
crucial compounds and important biomolecules.
 plant uptake
• -microbial uptake Nitrogen is also cycled by human activities such as the combustion of fuels
• -adsorption to colloids and the use of nitrogen fertilizers. These processes increase the levels
• -fixation within clay minerals of nitrogen-containing compounds in the atmosphere. The fertilizers
• -incorporation into humus. containing nitrogen are washed away in lakes, rivers and result in
• -volatilization eutrophication.
• -nitrification
G3 – SULFUR CYCLE
When plants or animals die, the nitrogen present in the organic matter
is released back into the soil. The decomposers, namely bacteria or DEFINITON OF SULFUR
fungi present in the soil, convert the organic matter back into  Most abundant elements on the earth.
ammonium. This process of decomposition produces ammonia, which  released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, volcanic
is further used for other biological processes. activities, and decomposition of organic molecules.
 On land, it is stored in underground rocks and minerals. It is released
Denitrification by precipitation, weathering of rocks and geothermal vents.
 It is a yellow, brittle, tasteless, odourless non-metal.
Denitrification is the process of converting nitrate, a form of nitrogen that  Its atomic number is 16 with the symbol of capital S
plants can use, into nitrogen gas, which is released into the
atmosphere. It is carried out by some bacteria, usually in the absence DEFINITON OF SULFUR CYCLE
of oxygen.  consists of both the terrestrial and atmospheric processes; however,
most of it remains in the lithosphere.
Denitrification is the final stage of the nitrogen cycle, which involves the  Sulfur compounds formed during the cycle can act as oxidants or
movement of nitrogen between living and non-living components of reductants depending on the oxidation state of the compounds.
the environment.  sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the atmosphere,
mineral forms, and through living things.
Denitrification is important for several reasons;  Sulfur is released from geologic sources through the weathering of
rocks. Once sulfur is exposed to the air, it combines with oxygen, and
• First, it is the final step in the nitrogen cycle, which balances the becomes sulfate SO4.
amount of nitrogen in the ecosystems .
The Sulfur Cycle Is A Biogeochemical Cycle In Which Sulfur Moves
• Second, it reduces the harmful nitrate concentrations in sewage and Through The Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, And Lithosphere.
agricultural runoff, which can cause eutrophication and water
pollution. SULFUR CYCLE STEPS
1. Sulfur enters the atmosphere naturally through volcanic eruptions as
• Third, it affects the global climate by releasing nitrous oxide, a well as the weathering of rocks.
greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming and ozone 2. Sulfur dioxide gas is subsequently transformed into particles of sulfate
depletion. by oxidation, an action facilitated by bacteria and other microbes.
3. Plants may absorb sulfate particles and utilize them to produce organic
Therefore, denitrification has significant implications for the environment
compounds such as amino acids & proteins.
and human health.
4. Animals and humans get sulfur from plants or other species that have
absorbed sulfur.
Some of the microorganisms that can perform denitrification are denitrifying
5. When organisms such as animals and plants die, the sulfur in their
bacteria, which are a diverse group of bacteria that encompass many
dead bodies gets released to the soil. It occurs via decomposing and
different phyla Some examples of denitrifying bacteria are:
mineralization processes, where it may be absorbed by new plants.
6. 6. Anaerobic bacteria can convert part of the sulfur in the • Oxygen (O2) is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis into the
soil into hydrogen sulfide gas. It can be discharged atmosphere.
into the atmosphere or utilized by other bacteria to • Carbon is stored in plant tissues and transferred to the soil or water
generate sulfuric acid. through decomposition or consumption by other organisms.
• Photosynthesis is a key process in the carbon cycle, regulating
7. Human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels and atmospheric CO2 levels and influencing climate dynamics by
industrial operations can also emit sulfur to the earth’s atmosphere. removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
RESPIRATION
8. Once in the atmosphere, sulfur may combine with other compounds to • Respiration releases carbon dioxide (CO 2) as a byproduct when
generate acid rain. It can be detrimental to the environment and organisms break down organic compounds to produce energy.
human health. • Carbon dioxide released during respiration returns to the atmosphere,
9. Rainwater may also deposit sulfur into bodies of water, completing the carbon cycle.
where it can be consumed by aquatic creatures or transformed • It forms a balanced cycle with photosynthesis, where CO 2 is taken up
into hydrogen sulfide gas by anaerobic bacteria. by plants during photosynthesis and released back during respiration.
• Microbial respiration in soil ecosystems also contributes to carbon
dioxide release into the atmosphere.
• Respiration influences carbon fluxes within ecosystems, affecting the
exchange of carbon between organisms and the environment.
DECOMPOSITION
• Decomposition breaks down organic matter into simpler molecules by
decomposers like bacteria and fungi.
• This process releases carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH4) into
the atmosphere or water.
• Carbon is returned to the environment in the form of CO 2 and CH4,
available for uptake by photosynthetic organisms or incorporation into
new organic matter.
WHY IS SULFUR CYCLE SO IMPORTANT? • Decomposition contributes to soil organic carbon accumulation and
 functioning of proteins and enzymes in plants, and in animals that soil fertility through the formation of soil humus.
depend upon plants for sulphur. • It complements processes like photosynthesis and respiration,
 Plants absorb sulphur when it is dissolved in water. ensuring a continuous exchange of carbon between organic matter, the
 Animals consume these plants, so that they take up enough sulphur to atmosphere, and the Earth's surface.
maintain their health. • Decomposition can influence climate dynamics by releasing
greenhouse gases and is influenced by factors like temperature,
G4 – CARBON CYCLE moisture, and oxygen availability.
WHAT IS CARBON? COMBUSTION
• Carbon is vital in industries like steel production, plastics • Combustion releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases
manufacturing, and energy generation from fossil fuels. into the atmosphere by burning organic matter like fossil fuels, wood,
• It is nonmetallic and exists in various forms, including graphite, and biomass.
diamond, and amorphous carbon. • Human activities, primarily burning fossil fuels, significantly
• Essential for life, carbon forms the basis of organic compounds like contribute to CO2 emissions.
proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. • Natural combustion events like wildfires and volcanic eruptions also
• Carbon exhibits versatility, forming a wide range of compounds due release CO2 into the atmosphere.
to its ability to bond with other elements. • Combustion transfers carbon from stored organic matter to the
• It has different allotropes with unique properties, such as graphite's atmosphere, completing the carbon cycle.
conductivity and diamond's hardness. • Increased atmospheric CO2 levels from combustion contribute to
• Carbon-based materials are widely used in electronics, aerospace, and climate change and global warming by trapping heat in the Earth's
other advanced technologies. atmosphere.
• Mitigation efforts include transitioning to renewable energy sources,
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas composed of one carbon improving energy efficiency, and reducing deforestation to mitigate
atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. the impact of combustion on climate change.
It is a greenhouse gas, contributing to the greenhouse effect and influencing
Earth's climate. IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
Naturally occurring, CO2 is produced through processes like respiration, The carbon cycle is crucial for maintaining Earth's climate, supporting life,
volcanic eruptions, and decomposition. and regulating the composition of the atmosphere. Here are several
Essential for photosynthesis, where plants absorb CO2 and release oxygen. reasons why it is important:
Elevated CO2 levels contribute to global warming, climate change, and • Climate Regulation: Controls atmospheric CO2 levels, influencing
environmental concerns like rising sea levels and extreme weather global temperatures.
events. • Photosynthesis and Oxygen Production: Converts CO2 into organic
CARBON DIOXIDE matter, producing oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas composed of one • Supporting Ecosystems: Vital for sustaining terrestrial and aquatic
carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. ecosystems.
• It is a greenhouse gas, contributing to the greenhouse effect and • Soil Fertility: Enriches soil through decomposition, supporting plant
influencing Earth's climate. growth.
• Naturally occurring, CO2 is produced through processes like • Oceanic Carbon Sink: Absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere, mitigating
respiration, volcanic eruptions, and decomposition. climate change.
• Essential for photosynthesis, where plants absorb CO 2 and release • Geological Processes: Controls long-term carbon storage in Earth's
oxygen. crust.
• Elevated CO2 levels contribute to global warming, climate change, • Overall Importance: Crucial for environmental stability,
and environmental concerns like rising sea levels and extreme weather biodiversity, and human well-being.
events.
G5 – POTASSIUM CYCLE
WHAT IS POTASSIUM?
 is an essential mineral that is needed by all tissues in the body.
 element with the symbol K. (from the word “kalium”)
 an alkali metal and was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in England.
WHAT ARE ITS IMPORTANCES?
 For Humans
• Regulates heart functions
• Photosynthesis involves the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the • Reduces blood pressure
atmosphere or water by plants, algae, and some bacteria. • Muscle growth
• Carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds, primarily • Maintain proper functioning of cells and tissues.
glucose, through biochemical reactions during photosynthesis. • Important role in kidney function.
• Organic compounds, including glucose, serve as energy sources and  For Plants
are stored in plants as carbohydrates. • Potassium is necessary to many plant functions such as:
a). Carbohydrates metabolism
 b). Enzymes activation 4. Marine animals engage in respiration, consuming dissolved oxygen in the
c). Osmotic regulation ocean and releasing co2.
d). Protein synthesis 5. Decomposer organisms break down organic matter from dead organisms,
• Essential for photosynthesis. returning nutrients to the environment (Decomposition can occur in
• For nitrogen fixation. both terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
Important in helping plants adapt in their environment. 6. Nutrients released through decomposition support plant growth,
contributing to the continuation of Photosynthesis
WHERE CAN WE CGET POTASSIUM?
 Water STAGES OF THE OXYGEN CYCLE
 Soil The steps involved in the oxygen cycle are:
 Plants Stage-1: All green plants during the process of photosynthesis, release
 Tomato oxygen back into the atmosphere as a by-product.
 Banana Stage-2: All aerobic organisms use free oxygen for respiration.
Stage-3: Animals exhale Carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere which is
 Potato
again used by the plants during photosynthesis. Now oxygen is
balanced within the atmosphere.
THE POTASSIUM CYCLE
 The potassium cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that describes the
USES OF OXYGEN
movement of potassium (K) throughout the Earth's lithosphere,
biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.  Breathing: It is the physical process, through which all living
 It's a crucial cycle for maintaining healthy ecosystems and agricultural organisms, including plants, animals and humans inhale oxygen from
productivity. the outside environment into the cells of an organism and exhale
 Components carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
• Soil solution K: Potassium in soil solution refers to the quantity of  Decomposition: The dead animal or plants decay into the ground, and
potassium dissolved in the liquid phase of the soil. It is the most the organic matter along with the carbon, oxygen, water and other
readily available form of potassium for plants to absorb. However, it components are returned into the soil and air.
typically accounts for only 0.1-0.2% of the total soil potassium. This process is carried out by the invertebrates, including fungi, bacteria and
• Mineral K: Most of the potassium found in the soil exists as a mineral, some insects which are collectively called as the decomposers.
such as feldspar, mica, and illite minerals. This form of potassium  Combustion: It is also one of the most important processes
accounts for 96-99% of the total soil potassium. However, mineral which occur when any of the organic materials, including fossil fuels,
potassium is not readily available for plant uptake during a single plastics and wood, are burned in the presence of oxygen and releases
growing season. carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
 Components  Rusting: This process also requires oxygen. It is the formation of
• Fixed K: refers to the potassium that is trapped within the structure of oxides which is also called oxidation.
expanding clay minerals. It is a slow-release form of potassium and is In this process, metals like iron or alloy rust when they are exposed to
generally unavailable for plant uptake within a single growing season. moisture and oxygen for an extended period of time and new
• Exchangeable K: is potassium that is adsorbed onto clay particles and compounds of oxides are formed by the combination of oxygen with
organic matter in the soil. It accounts for 1-2% of the total soil the metal.
potassium and is more readily available for plant growth than fixed
potassium. PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN
Plants: The leading creators of oxygen are plants by the process
COMPONENTS OF POTASSIUM of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a biological process by which all
green plants synthesize their food in the presence of sunlight. During
photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, water, carbon dioxide to create
energy and oxygen gas is liberated as a by-product of this process.
Sunlight: Sunlight also produces oxygen. Some oxygen gas is produced
when the sunlight reacts with water vapour in the atmosphere.

HOW HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECT THE OXYGEN CYCLE?

• Atmospheric oxygen levels are very slowly decreasing today due to
the burning of fossil fuels, which consumes oxygen, and deforestation
 Additions to Soil
which reduces oxygen production, but not enough to alter biological
• Animal sources and biosolids: Organic matter from animal waste and
processes.
treated sewage sludge that enrich the soil with potassium.
• Fertilizers: Application of potassium-containing fertilizers to enhance
IMPORTANCE OF THE OXYGEN CYCLE
soil fertility.
• LIFE SUSTENANCE.
• Plant residues: Decomposed plant materials contribute potassium to
Oxygen is a key component in cellular respiration, providing energy
the soil.
required for metabolic processes essential for the survival of aerobic
 Losses from Soil
organisms, including humans.
• Leaching: Movement of potassium downward through the soil,
• WATER QUALITY.
potentially leading to nutrient loss.
Proper oxygen levels in water bodies support fish and other aquatic
• Crop harvest: Removal of potassium from the soil when crops are
organisms, preventing oxygen depletion and promoting water quality.
harvested.
• BIODIVERSITY SUPPORT.
• Runoff and erosion: Transport of soil particles, along with potassium,
Promotes diverse ecosystems by fostering the health and resilience of
through water runoff or wind erosion.
plants and animals.
• ECONOMIC IMPACT.
G6 – OXYGEN CYCLE
Ecosystems rich in oxygen support agriculture, providing fertile soils
What is the Oxygen?
and optimal conditions for crop growth.
• A chemical element with the symbol “O” and atomic number 8.
• It is needed for the process of respiration in plants and animals.
Animals inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide in the air.
• OZONE LAYER PROTECTION.
Oxygen molecules play a key role in forming and maintaining the
INTRODUCTION
ozone layer in the earth’s atmosphere.
The oxygen cycle is a vital biogeochemical process (natural cycle) that
sustains life on earth by cycling oxygen between the atmosphere,
In conclusion, oxygen cycle is crucial for sustaining life on earth, influencing
living organisms and the earth's crust.
climate regulation, biodiversity, water quality, human health and the
It consist of several interconnected steps, starting with photosynthesis,
vitality of marine ecosystems, making it an essential process for the
where plants algae and some bacteria convert coz into oxygen using
overall well-being of our planet.
sunlight.
1. Chloroplast capture sunlight. The Oxygen produce during photosynthesis
G – 7 ROCK CYCLE
is released into the atmosphere.
WHAT IS ROCKS?
2. Organisms [plants, animals, humans, microorganisms.] consume oxygen
Rock, in geology, naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more
to extract energy from glucose.
minerals. Such aggregates constitute the basic unit of which the solid
3. Marine plants [phytoplankton] conduct photosynthesis in the ocean and
Earth is composed and typically form recognizable and mappable
convert CO2 and H₂O into glucose and oxygen.
volumes. Rocks are commonly divided into three major classes
according to the processes that resulted in their formation.
 through rock dissolves some of the minerals. These minerals are carried
WHERE DO USUALLY ROCKS USE? away from their source and eventually redeposited, or precipitated,
 Buildings/Houses when the water evaporates away.
 Roads and Pavements Metamorphic rocks
 Dams form from heat and pressure changing the original or parent rock into a
 Sea walls completely new rock. The parent rock can be either sedimentary,
 Mining & extraction igneous, or even another metamorphic rock. The word "metamorphic"
comes from Greek and means "To Change
 Gravestone
Form".
WEATHERING
DEFINITION OF THE ROCK CYCLE
The rock cycle is a continuous, natural process that describes the formation,  Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken
alteration, breakdown, and reformation of rocks on Earth's surface. It down into smaller particles due to exposure to the atmosphere, water,
involves a series of geological processes through which rocks undergo and other natural agents
transformation from one type to another over extended periods of  Once a rock has been broken down, a process called erosion
time. The rock cycle is driven by various forces, including weathering, transports the bits of rock and minerals away.
erosion, deposition, heat, and pressure, and it encompasses the three
main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. CAUSES OF WEATHERING
 Water
HOW DOES THE ROCK CYCLE AFFECT  Ice
THE ENVIRONMENT OR EARTH?  Wind
The rock cycle affects Earth by recycling many of the rocks that were first on  Plants
earth when it began. The rock cycle is the changing of one rock type  Cooling & heating
to another, typically caused by pressure, heat or erosion. Depending
on location, rocks can change from one form to another within a day TYPES OF WEATHERING
or require thousands of years. There are important weathering process
classifications; the mechanical weathering/ physical weathering, chemical
RELEVANCE OF ROCK CYCLE weathering and the biological weathering.
IN OUR ENVIRONMENT 1. Biological weathering
 Soil formation 2. Physical weathering
 Natural resources 3. Chemical weathering
 Water quality
 Landscapes and topography MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL WEATHERING
Physical (mechanical) weather ing involves the physical breakdown of rocks
WHY IS THE ROCK CYCLE IMPORTANT? and soils through the mechanical effects of heat, water, ice, or other
The rocks cycle is an important aspect of our agents. It occurs when rocks and minerals are broken down into
dynamic earth because it enables rocks to change to different types of rocks smaller pieces through physical processes
depending on their location and circumstances.
TYPES OF MECHANICAL/PHYSICAL WEATHERING
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE ROCK CYCLE  ABRASION
The rock cycle is an integral aspect of Earth sciences that sheds light on break down into smaller pieces through
Earth’s age, history, and the forces that shape it. Understanding the weathering.
rock cycle is key to discerning how rocks change forms, contributing
to soil fertility, and providing resources like minerals and fossil fuels. Rocks and sediment grinding against each other wear away surfaces. This
It also has practical applications in industries like construction, where type of weathering is called abrasion, and it
rock characteristics must be understood for structural integrity happens as wind and water rush over rocks.

TYPES OF ROCKS  FROST WEDGING

Igneous rocks Frost Wedging occurs when water seeps into cracks of the rocks, freezes and
Igneous rocks (from the Latin word for fire) form when hot, molten rock expands, gradually breaking the rock apart into piece
crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth
near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface.  SALT WEATHERING
There are two types of igneous rocks; the intrusive and extrusive Is the process by which saline solutions enter the cracks in a rock and
igneous rocks. evaporate, leaving
It forms from magma or lava solidification and also hard and no layers. behind salt crystals. When the temperatures rise, the accumulated salt
 Intrusive - slow magma cooling (ex. Granite) crystals get heated and start to expand and release pressure on the
 Extrusive - rapid lava cooling (ex. Obsidian) rock, causing it to break.

Sedimentary rocks  THERMAL EXPANSION
 are formed on or near the Earth’s surface, in contrast to metamorphic Heating and cooling of rocks repeatedly result in the expansion and
and igneous rocks, which are formed deep within the Earth. contraction of the rock. When rock is exposed to high temperatures, it
 The most important geological processes that lead to the creation of expands and as the temperatures cool, it contracts.
sedimentary rocks are erosion, weathering, dissolution, precipitation,
and lithification. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
is an erosional process in which rocks and other materials are broken down
Clastic Sedimentary rocks by chemical reactions (predominantly by water and chemicals
Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre- existing dissolved within it).
rocks loosened by weathering. These rocks have particles ranging in
size from microscopic clay to huge boulders; their names are TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING
determined by the clast or grain size. The smallest grains are called A. For instance, carbon dioxide from the air or soil sometimes combines with
clay, then silt, then sand. Grains larger than 2 millimeters are called water in a process called carbonation.
pebbles.
B. Another type of chemical weathering works on rocks that contain iron.
SANDSTONE These rocks turn to rust in a process called oxidation.

Biologic Sedimentary Rocks C. Another familiar form of chemical weathering is hydrolysis.

Biologic sedimentary rocks form when living organisms die, pile up, and are In the process of hydrolysis, a new solution (a mixture of two or more
then compressed and cemented together. Types of biologic substances) is formed as chemicals in rock interact with water.
sedimentary rock include coal (accumulated plant material that is
carbon-rich), or limestone and coquina (rocks made of marine BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
organisms). - Biological weathering occurs when rocks, soils and minerals are
broken down through the action of living organisms.
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks form by chemical precipitation that begins • BY PLANTS
when water traveling
Plants contribute to biological weathering through physical means, such as 1.1.) Sediment Accumulation: Deposition involves the settling of transported
root growth that can break apart rocks, and through the release of sediments in various environments, such as riverbeds, lakes, oceans,
organic acids that chemically weather minerals. or deserts. The accumulation of these sediments creates layers over
time.
• BY ANIMALS
Burrowing animals, such as rabbits, termites, and earthworms, create tunnels 1.2.) Layer Formation: As sediments accumulate, they form distinct layers.
and burrows in the soil and rocks. This activity can physically break Each layer may represent a different period of deposition and can
apart rocks and expose them to further weathering processes. contain a record of environmental conditions at the time of deposition.

• BY HUMANS 1.3.) Preservation of Fossils: Deposition is often associated with the

Humans contribute to biological weathering. Construction activities, such as preservation of fossils. The settling of sediments can bury organisms
road building and mining, can involve the breaking apart of rocks and and organic materials, protecting them from decay and enabling the
landforms. Additionally, human activities like agriculture and farming eventual formation of fossil fuels or the preservation of ancient life
can lead to soil erosion and the alteration of landscapes. forms.

EROSIONS 1.4.) Formation of Sedimentary Rocks: Over time, the weight of overlying
Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away sediments, combined with processes like compaction and cementation,
and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. One aspect of transforms the loose sediments into solid rock. This rock type is
erosion is transportation of rock particles from one location to another. known as sedimentary rock.

TRANSPORTATION 1.5.) Source of Natural Resources: Many valuable resources, such as coal,
Transportation refers to the process by which sediment is moved along. oil, natural gas, and certain minerals, are associated with sedimentary
Sediment is produced through weathering and erosion and is then rocks. These resources can be economically important and are often
transported away from its source. The transportation of rock particles extracted for various industrial and energy purposes.
occurs through various agents, including water, wind, gravity and ice.
1.6.) Recycling of Earth's Surface Materials: The rock cycle, including the
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION process of deposition, is a fundamental aspect of Earth's geology that
1. Solution- is where the smallest particles contributes to the recycling of surface materials. Rocks are
of minerals are dissolved (like sugar in a cup of tea) and is carried continuously weathered, eroded, transported, deposited, and lithified,
downstream. creating a dynamic cycle that shapes the Earth's crust over geological
2. Suspension- small particles are carried by water without touching river time scales.
channel (river bed and river bank).
3. Saltation- small stones and pebbles “bounced: along the river bed in a LITHIFICATION
leap-frog motion. What is Lithification?
4. Traction- heavy rocks and boulders are rolled along the river bed. Lithification is a critical process in the rock cycle, particularly in the
Happens most in time of flood, when the current is strong. formation of sedimentary rocks. It refers to the transformation of
loose, unconsolidated sediments into solid rock through a combination
IMPACT ON LANDSCAPES of compaction and cementation. The lithification process plays a
1. Topographic Changes: Erosion alters the topography of landscapes over crucial role in the creation of sedimentary rocks, which are one of the
time. The removal and transportation of rock particles can result in the three major types of rocks in the rock cycle.
gradual lowering of elevations and the leveling of surfaces. This
process can contribute to the creation of new features and the The lithification process is fundamental in the rock cycle because it
reshaping of existing ones. contributes to the formation of sedimentary rocks, which cover about
75% of the Earth's land surface. Sedimentary rocks often contain
2. Impact on Soil Quality: Erosion can have detrimental effects on soil valuable information about past environmental conditions, climate,
quality. As soil is eroded, the top layer, which is rich in organic matter and the history of life on Earth. As part of the rock cycle, sedimentary
and nutrients, is often lost. This loss of topsoil can reduce the fertility rocks can undergo further processes such as uplift, weathering, and
of the land and hinder agricultural productivity erosion, restarting the cycle by generating new sediments.

3. Coastal Erosion: Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to erosion. The

action of waves, tides, and currents can erode coastlines, leading to the Purpose of Lithification in the Cycle
loss of land and the destruction of coastal features. Erosion can result 2.1) Compaction: As additional layers of sediment accumulate, the weight of
in the retreat of beaches, the collapse of cliffs, and the alteration of the overlying sediments increases. The pressure from the weight of the
coastal landforms. This can have significant implications for coastal overlying material causes the sediments at the bottom to compact.
communities and ecosystems . Compaction reduces the pore spaces between individual particles,
causing them to come closer together.
DEPOSITION
What is Deposition? 2.2.) Cementation: The compaction of sediments is often accompanied by the
1. Deposition is a significant process in the rock cycle, a continuous and infiltration of mineral-rich fluids. These fluids deposit minerals, such
dynamic geological process that describes the formation, as silica, calcite, or iron oxides, in the pore spaces between the
transformation, and recycling of rocks on Earth's surface. The rock sediment particles. These minerals act as a natural cement, binding the
cycle involves various processes, including weathering, erosion, particles together and turning the loose sediment into a solid rock
transportation, deposition, compaction, and cementation. Deposition mass.
specifically refers to the laying down or settling of sediments that
have been eroded and transported by natural forces. MELTING
2. Deposition plays a crucial role in the rock cycle by facilitating the What is Melting?
accumulation and layering of sediments, which eventually lead to the Melting is a crucial process in the rock cycle, particularly in the formation of
formation of sedimentary rocks. This process is essential for igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of
preserving geological and environmental information, creating molten magma or lava. The process of melting and subsequent
valuable resources, and maintaining the dynamic balance of Earth's solidification plays a significant role in shaping the Earth's crust.
surface materials.
The process of melting is fundamental to the rock cycle as it leads to the
Impact of Deposition formation of igneous rocks, provides a mechanism for the recycling of
In summary, deposition is a crucial step in the rock cycle because it marks rocks, and plays a role in shaping the Earth's crust through volcanic
the point at which transported sediments settle and accumulate, activity.
eventually leading to the formation of sedimentary rocks.
Purpose of Melting in the Cycle
Purpose of Deposition in the Cycle 3.1.) Generation of Magma or Lava: Melting occurs in the Earth's mantle,
The main purpose of deposition in the rock cycle is to contribute to the which is a layer beneath the Earth's crust. The mantle experiences high
formation of sedimentary rocks. Deposition is a key process that temperatures and pressures, causing rocks to partially melt and form
occurs after weathering, erosion, and transportation have broken down molten rock called magma. When magma reaches the Earth's surface,
rocks into smaller particles and transported them to new locations. it is referred to as lava.
Here are the main purposes and significance of deposition in the rock
cycle: 3.2.) Role in Plate Tectonics: Melting is closely linked to plate tectonics.
Subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another,
 often experience melting in the mantle, leading to the formation of Weathering :
magma. This magma can then rise to the surface, resulting in volcanic
activity.  The cycle kicks off with the slow breakdown of phosphorus-rich
rocks, mainly apatite. This breakdown can happen in several ways:
3.3.) Formation of Minerals: The minerals present in igneous rocks are
determined by the composition of the original melt. As the molten • Physical weathering: Erosion from wind, water, and ice break down
rock cools and solidifies, minerals crystallize out of the melt in a rocks into smaller pieces, exposing more surface area for chemical
specific sequence based on their melting points. reactions.
• Chemical weathering: Rainwater with dissolved acids like carbonic
G – 8 PHOSPHORUS CYCLE acid slowly dissolves minerals in the rock, releasing phosphorus ions.
What is phosphorus ? • Biological weathering: Lichens and other living organisms secrete
Phosphorus is a chemical element with an atomic number of 15. It is an acids that help break down rocks, making phosphorus more readily
element that one will under no circumstances find freely in our available.
environment. It is extremely reactive.
Plant Uptake/Absorption by plants:
Uses of phosphorus
• The main function of phosphorus is in the formation of bones and After weathering releases phosphorus into the soil and water, plants absorb it
teeth. as phosphate ions. These ions are crucial for building strong cell
• Phosphorus can also be found in a variety of products such as baking walls, storing energy, and carrying out photosynthesis. Plants take up
powder, fertilisers, and fireworks. phosphorus through their roots, but some types of plants, like
• It also plays an important role in the production of steel. legumes, can also get it from symbiotic relationships with bacteria that
• Phosphates are also used in the production of fine chinaware and fix atmospheric nitrogen.
special glasses.
• It can be commonly found in the environment as PHOSPHATE. Movement through the food chain/Consumption:

What is Phosphorus Cycle? Animals get their phosphorus by consuming plants. Herbivores directly get
• Phosphorus cycle is a natural phenomenon by which phosphorus their dose, while carnivores and omnivores obtain it indirectly by
cycles through the three components of the biosphere which are the eating other animals. Phosphorus is used to build bones and teeth,
hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. store energy, and make DNA and RNA. As animals move through the
• A biogeochemical cycle that moves in a cyclic manner in rocks, water, food chain, phosphorus cycles within its different links.
soil, sediments, organisms, and various sediments.
• The phosphorus cycle is a very gradual and slow process. Decomposition:
• This chemical can be found in soil, water, and other sediments.
When plants and animals die, decomposers like bacteria and fungi break
down their organic matter. This includes converting organic
Where is Phosphorus can be found?
phosphorus back into inorganic phosphate ions, which are then
• Phosphorous is found in small quantities in soil and this restricts the released back into the soil or water. This process ensures that
growth of the plant. So phosphorous has to be made available as it is phosphorus doesn't get permanently locked away in dead organisms.
one of the most important nutrients that is required by plants and
Sedimentation and rock formations:
animals.

Over time, some of the phosphorus in soil and water gets washed away into
Here are some of the main places you’ll find phosphorus naturally:
lakes, rivers, and oceans. There, it can settle to the bottom as
sediments, becoming temporarily unavailable for living organisms.
Minerals:
However, in some cases, ocean currents can bring these sediments
• Phosphate rock: This is the main commercial source of phosphorus,
back to the surface through a process called upwelling. This makes the
It’s a sedimentary rock made up of minerals like apatite, which
phosphorus accessible again for marine life. As years goes by,
contains calcium, phosphate, and other elements. Large deposits are
sediments can become compressed and buried deep under layers of
found in various parts of the world, including Morocco, Western
rock. These layers eventually get exposed to weathering again,
Sahara, the United States, and China.
restarting the cycle and releasing the trapped phosphorus back into the
• Other rocks: Phosphorus can also be found in smaller amounts in
system.
other types of rocks, such as igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Living organisms:
Human impact on the phosphorus cycle
• DNA and RNA: Phosphorus is a crucial component of the nucleic
acids DNA and RNA, which store genetic information in all living
Human activities disrupt the delicate balance of the phosphorus cycle,
things.
leading to harmful consequences for aquatic ecosystems.
• Bones and teeth: In animals, phosphorus combines with calcium to
form hydroxyapatite, the main mineral in bones and teeth.
1. Use of Fertilizers:
• Cell membranes: Phosphorus is also found in phospholipids, which
are essential components of cell membranes. • Adds phosphorus to soil, beneficial for crops.
• Energy molecules: The energy molecule ATP (adenosine • Becomes detrimental when washed into aquatic ecosystems.
triphosphate) contains phosphorus, making it vital for energy transfer
in cells. 2. Food Distribution:

Other sources: • Transporting food from farms to cities causes phosphorus runoff into
• Guano: The droppings of seabirds and bats are rich in phosphates due water systems.
to the animals’ diets. • This runoff leads to artificial eutrophication.
• Weathering of rocks: Over time, rocks containing phosphorus can
weather and release the element into the soil and water. 3. Eutrophication:
• Volcanic activity: Volcanic eruptions can release phosphorus-
containing compounds into the atmosphere. • High phosphorus levels trigger excessive algae growth.
• Algae blooms are toxic and harm plants and animals in the ecosystem.

Phosphorus in nature CONSEQUENCES OF DISRUPTION

Phosphorus is usually considered the “limiting nutrient” in aquatic Phosphorus Disruption: A Threat to Ecosystems
ecosystems, meaning that the available quantity of this nutrient
controls the pace at which algae and aquatic plants are produced. In • Mining: Phosphorus is primarily obtained from rock phosphate, a
appropriate quantities, phosphorus can be used by vegetation and soil finite resource. Mining disrupts natural geological processes that
microbes for normal growth. release phosphorus slowly over time.
• Agriculture: Intensive agricultural practices, such as the overuse of
Phosphorus Cycle Steps: phosphorus-rich fertilizers, can lead to phosphorus runoff from fields
into waterways.
 Unlike many other cycles, the phosphorus cycle is a slow and winding • Wastewater: Untreated wastewater often contains high levels of
journey through Earth's systems. Here are the different steps of phosphorus, which can contribute to eutrophication when discharged
phosphorus cycle : into rivers and lakes.
Consequences of phosphorus disruption:

• Eutrophication: This is the most well-known consequence of

phosphorus disruption. When excess phosphorus

enters aquatic ecosystems, it stimulates the rapid growth of algae and other
phytoplankton. This can lead to the formation of harmful algal
blooms, which can deplete oxygen in the water, suffocate fish and
other aquatic life, and create dead zones.

• Changes in ecosystem structure and function: Eutrophication can

disrupt the delicate balance of aquatic ecosystems, leading to shifts in
plant and animal communities. For example, the loss of oxygen-
sensitive fish species can create opportunities for invasive species to
thrive.
• Water quality degradation: Phosphorus pollution can also lead to
increased turbidity, unpleasant odors, and the accumulation of harmful
toxins in the water. This can make water unsuitable for drinking,
recreation and other uses.

How does eutrophication affect ecosystems?

Eutrophication has a number of negative impacts on ecosystems, including:

• Loss of biodiversity: As oxygen levels decline and harmful algal

blooms form, many fish and other aquatic life die off. This can lead to
a loss of biodiversity and a decline in the overall health of the
ecosystem.
• Economic impacts: Eutrophication can have a significant negative
impact on fisheries, tourism, and other industries that rely on healthy
aquatic ecosystems.
• Public health risks: Harmful algal blooms can produce toxins that can
make water unsafe for drinking and recreation. They can also cause
skin irritation and respiratory problems.

Preventing phosphorus disruption:

There are a number of things that can be done to prevent phosphorus

disruption and protect our ecosystems, including:

• Improving agricultural practices: This includes using more efficient

fertilizers, reducing runoff from fields, and recycling manure.
• Treating wastewater: Proper wastewater treatment can remove
phosphorus before it is released into the environment.
• Reducing our reliance on mined phosphorus: We can explore
alternative sources of phosphorus, such as recycled sewage sludge and
manure.

Solutions and Sustainable practices

Sustainable Farming Practices:

• Precision Agriculture: Utilizes technology and soil testing to apply

fertilizer only where and when needed, reducing excess phosphorus
runoff.

• Cover Crops: Planting crops between seasons protects soil from

erosion, retains phosphorus, and improves soil health.

• Organic Farming: Minimizes synthetic fertilizer use, relying on

compost and manure to nourish crops and maintain natural
phosphorus levels.

Waste Management:

• Improved Wastewater Treatment: Advanced treatment technologies

can effectively remove phosphorus from wastewater before it enters
waterways.

• Food Waste Reduction: Composting food scraps and leftovers returns

valuable nutrients to the soil, including phosphorus, and minimizes
waste.

• Manure Management: Proper storage and treatment of manure

prevents phosphorus runoff from farms and feedlots.

Additional Strategies:

• Dietary Shifts: Reducing meat consumption can indirectly lower

phosphorus inputs, as animal agriculture often contributes
significantly to the cycle.

• Public Awareness: Educating individuals about the importance of

phosphorus and promoting sustainable practices can drive collective
action.