WRITING

Questions 1 – 11:

1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. habits—of Euglena, single-celled organisms
C. habits, of Euglena, single-celled organisms,
D. habits of Euglena, single-celled organisms—

2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. motion. Recently, though,
C. motion, recently though,
D. motion, recently though
3. 7.
A. NO CHANGE A. NO CHANGE
B. as, triangles pentagons, B. seeking into
C. as, triangles pentagons C. to seek out
D. as triangles, pentagons, D. seeking of

8.
4. Which choice most effectively combines the A. NO CHANGE
sentences at the underlined portion? B. dangerously sunny spot
C. hazardously dangerous spot in the sun
A. light-intensity-measuring D. dangerously sunny and bright spot
B. light intensity, by which it’s measured in
C. light intensity, which is measured in
D. light intensity, and that’s measuring 9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. allude the damaging effects
C. allude the damaging affects
D. elude the damaging affects
5. Which choice most accurately represents the
information in the graph?

A. NO CHANGE 10. The writer wants to add the following sentence to

B. under 40 percent. this paragraph.
C. just over 70 percent.
D. exactly 90 percent. It follows this polygonal swimming behavior—going
straight, turning, going straight again—until the cell
eventually finds more suitable light conditions.

The best placement for the sentence is

6. Which choice most accurately represents the
information in the graph? A. after sentence 3.
B. after sentence 4.
A. NO CHANGE C. after sentence 5.
B. were observed spinning in place. D. after sentence 6.
C. alternated between helical and polygonal
swimming.
D. increased the rate of their polygonal
swimming. 11. Which choice provides the best transition from
this sentence to the rest of the paragraph?

A. NO CHANGE
B. and not just to biologists.
C. not to mention entirely unexpected.
D. even if there are at least 800 different species
of Euglena.
12. Which choice most effectively establishes the main topic of the paragraph?

A. NO CHANGE
B. Jansen’s Strandbeests were off to a promising start.
C. Perhaps, above all, the lifelike appearance of the Strandbeests is due to their inherent imperfections.
D. When discussing the evolution of his Strandbeests, Jansen speaks in terms of “epochs” and
“periods,” marking the major developments of his “species.”
13.
A. NO CHANGE
B. their
C. it’s
D. they’re
14. 19.
A. NO CHANGE A. NO CHANGE
B. the crucial ratio Jansen had sought was found. B. had made
C. what Jansen found was the crucial ratio he had sought. C. made
D. Jansen’s crucial ratio, which he had sought, was found. D. makes

15.
A. NO CHANGE
20.
B. maximum
A. NO CHANGE
C. supreme
B. sky; the
D. optimal
C. sky, and the
D. sky, the

16.
A. NO CHANGE
B. over
C. over; 21. Which choice from Passage 1
D. over: provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
17. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence.
Should the sentence be kept or deleted? A. NO CHANGE
B. cast forth
A. Kept, because it provides readers with important C. emerged
background information about the Strandbeests’ origins. D. spewed
B. Kept, because it explains why the Strandbeests needed to
develop “nerves” to sense the water’s edge.
C. Deleted, because it contradicts the sentence that comes
after it.
D. Deleted, because it distracts readers from the main idea of
the paragraph. 22. The writer plans to add the
following sentence to the paragraph.

18. The writer is considering revising the underlined portion to the

While such a thing is still not possible,
following.
the beests have begun multiplying in
a different way.
uses: cloth, nylon ties, plywood, and plenty of plastic tubes.
To make the paragraph most logical,
Should the writer make this revision?
the sentence should be placed

A. Yes, because it provides specific details that set up the

A. after sentence 1.
information in the next sentence.
B. after sentence 2.
B. Yes, because it clarifies how Strandbeests have evolved
C. after sentence 3.
over the years.
D. after sentence 4.
C. No, because it repeats information already mentioned in the
passage.
D. No, because it interrupts the discussion of the Strandbeests’
technical and artistic appeal.
23. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

A. independent publishers—small or medium-sized presses—play an important role in the literary

ecosystem too.
B. playing an important role in the literary ecosystem as well, independent publishers are small or
medium-sized presses.
C. an important role is also played by small or medium-sized presses in the literary ecosystem; these
are independent publishers.
D. in the literary ecosystem, small or medium-sized presses, also known as independent publishers,
also play an important role.

24.
A. NO CHANGE
B. space within the publishing industry
C. space, within the publishing industry
D. space: within the publishing industry
25. Which choice best sets up the sentence that 30.
follows in the paragraph? A. NO CHANGE
B. Consequently,
A. NO CHANGE C. However,
B. was founded by the same publishers that D. DELETE the underlined portion, adjusting the
started Rome’s Edizioni E/O publishing capitalization as needed.
house.
C. features crime novels from a variety of
countries in its Europa World Noir series. 31.
D. has published such best-selling novels as A. NO CHANGE
Muriel Barbery’s The Elegance of the B. worked
Hedgehog. C. will have worked
D. is working

26. 32. Which quotation from Jeff Shotts’s 2016

A. NO CHANGE interview with Literary Hub best supports a main idea
B. when cofounder Sandro Ferri says of the paragraph?
C. which cofounder Sandro Ferri says,
D. cofounder Sandro Ferri says A. NO CHANGE
B. “Graywolf and our titles exist in the same
marketplace as countless, more commercial
publishers and their titles.”
27. C. larger publishers adhere to “a publishing
A. NO CHANGE model that doesn’t seem aware of its own
B. most fruitful and successful book publishing history.”
C. most successful D. Citizen and Graywolf’s other cross-genre
D. projects that has proven to be one of its most books have created a “blazing level of
fruitful excitement among readers.”

33. The writer wants a conclusion that summarizes

the main idea of the passage. Which choice best
28. accomplishes this goal?
A. NO CHANGE
B. has resonated A. NO CHANGE
C. have resonated B. Across oceans and genres, independent
D. is resonating publishers help readers connect to
interesting, daring, and vital works of
literature.
C. Nevertheless, readers should take care not to
29. overlook the many important books released
A. NO CHANGE every year by large-scale publishers.
B. experiment, with form and genre, D. Other small presses such as Dorothy, which
C. experiment with: form and genre, publishes primarily works by female authors,
D. experiment with form and genre; similarly aim to push the literary marketplace
in new directions.
34.
A. NO CHANGE
B. programs in which riders can
C. programs, and riders can also
D. programs, riders can

35. Which choice establishes one of the passage’s central ideas?

A. NO CHANGE
B. prove difficult to ride in inclement weather.
C. become a nuisance without proper regulation.
D. interfere with the popularity of existing docked systems.
36. 41. Which choice most effectively combines the
A. NO CHANGE sentences at the underlined portion?
B. ecosystem, this provides
C. ecosystem, providing A. enact a permit structure that considers, for
D. ecosystem; providing example,
B. consider enacting a permit structure such as,
for example,
C. enact, after consideration, a permit structure
37. similar to
A. NO CHANGE D. consider a permit structure like
B. than for
C. than compared to
D. than 42.
A. NO CHANGE
B. and then, after a trial period,
C. and then, after a trial period
38. D. and—then after a trial period
A. NO CHANGE
B. additionally, 43.
C. for instance, A. NO CHANGE
D. in other words, B. discarding them at random and tossing them
haphazardly.
C. discarding or tossing the dockless bikes at
random.
D. randomly discarding them in a haphazard
39. manner.
A. NO CHANGE
B. is clutter: 44. The writer wants an effective concluding
C. is: clutter, sentence that restates the main claim of the
D. is clutter passage. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

A. NO CHANGE
B. achieve their vision of helping city dwellers
40. Which quotation from an interview with Yanocha rely less on car travel.
best supports the main claim of the passage? C. maintain healthy, mutually profitable business
partnerships with one another.
A. NO CHANGE D. solve the problems of dockless bikes and
B. “We’ve seen dockless bike shar[ing] really offer residents a convenient new transit
play out in a variety of locations across the option.
world.”
C. “Some companies that initially came out
providing dockless bikes are now moving into
providing dockless e-scooters.”
D. “Vandalism and theft have been a really big
problem for bike shar[ing].”