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It is also important to note, as observed by Judge et al. (1998, p.2), that theories can also be models
and conceptual frameworks or new perspectives derived from empirical observation. Transactional
factors are concerned with the relationship between an organisation and key entities in its
environment. This includes the industries that we mentioned earlier. It was found that the closed-
service system, which is listed under organisation structure, had given strong impacts to the internal
strength in most LAs. Complaints from the public were not rampant and hot issues rarely arose.
Public scrutiny refers to mechanisms of oversight and accountability and the multiplicity of
representatives involved in the management of an organisation. Do keep in mind that any doctorate
degree program will have a maximum number of years to completion, which is 7-10 years. Such
pluralism places public organisations at the intersection of conflicting needs and alternative
definitions of common good (p.176). Dilemmas and conflicts, within individuals and institutions,
arise when a new idea stands in opposition to existing beliefs and practices, which necessitates a
reconsideration or modification to the existing ones (Bevir and Rhodes 2003). The research found
that there were two levels of analysis carried out in analysing external changes. It has been an
accepted practice among qualitative researchers to record interviews and field observations. The
findings support suggestions in the literature that strategic choices and actions in public organisations
take shape with reference to complex and multilateral stakeholders. In the area of human resources
development, for instance, the government of Terengganu had also directed all heads of department,
including MPK to send their staff for training for not less than eight days a year. Document
Retrieval Master Of Science In Nursing (MSN) Degree Program - YouTube Dean of the W. Changes
in policy are said to be more frequent in the public sector, resulting from political constraints, which
often involve political processes. Findings also suggest that a few elements of a qualitative nature
had been regarded as an important source of strength by some of the participating LAs. And these
RAs are watched or controlled by a mechanism that we call the Residents Representative Council
(RRC). To this end, MPSP was determined: to develop the mindset of each of its staff that MPSP
exists not only to provide services but more importantly to elevate the quality of services in tandem
with the rising expectation from the people.9 This CEO’s narrative shed light on a discourse of
quality as a journey with no end. This kind of strategy is nurtured by a strong influence from
external forces. The President of MPSP for instance, pointed out that, while on the one hand the
closed-service system had turned his employees into specialists and sources of reference in their
field, there was a need to change the culture of the people as it led to the problem of
departmentalisation in their work:.because they have been too long there. Strategies that emerge
from political process, as unveiled by some of the respondents, do have a number of disadvantages.
Aside from a few accelerated programs where medical school and undergraduate study are
combined into a six year program, the standard pathway in the U.S. is to get a regular undergraduate
degree (usually in biology, chemistry, biochemistry or something similar but not necessarily only
those) and then apply to medical school. These two dimensions were seen as significant as points of
analysis because they fall directly under the core business of LAs. Rationalists’ views give a
paramount role to strategic managers in accurately analysing the environment against the
organisation, to ensure fit between both entities. For the period of 2005- 2006, for instance, emphasis
was given to generating economic development through improving local competitiveness and
developing human resources. The CEO raises a cultural framing by identifying an aspiration to
become a more customer-focused organisation. No MBMB specific people’s forums are established.
? Committees are established at constituency level comprising Dialogue and seminars between LAs’
and the government agencies. If you operate a hotel in Malaysia, you need approximately 64
separate approvals every year from multiple agencies. Developing strategy through the culture and
cognitive approach, as a learning process, will encourage people to be more creative and will build up
an entrepreneurial spirit within the organisation. Original Resolution: 576x445 Free Honorary
Doctorate Degree Certificate Filolif Com I found that an honorary doctorate does not grant the
privilege of using dr. 576x467 - This year, wsu gave an honorary doctorate to gov. This echoes 21
Boyne’s (2002) conclusion, that available evidence does not provide clear support for the view that
public and private management are fundamentally dissimilar in all-important respects. 2.2.6 Public
and Private Organisations: Conclusion To sum up, we can agree that political purposes versus market
orientation is a fundamental distinction between public and private sectors.
Having said that, the 9th Schedule of the Federal Constitution makes clear that where the provisions
of State laws are inconsistent with those of the Federal laws, the provisions of the Federal laws shall
prevail. These include imposing certain kinds of taxes, collection of rents and licence fees; and profit
from trade and services. In its own right, this discussion provides an array of images of organisations
and how they go about enacting their strategies. Thus, he opted to build his own agency by invoking,
in a political way, organisational rules and procedures as buffers to keep external actors at bay. This
is actually the dilemma LAs are facing in their decision making and strategy formulation approaches.
The following two chapters, which make up Part III of the thesis, will discuss the study’s research
methodology. As organisations change and develop rapidly in a dynamic and fast changing
environment, it would be interesting to renew, by employing the same interpretive approach, the fund
of narratives and collect new insights and thoughts over time by revisiting these organisations to see
their current agendas, issues, and the thinking of the CEOs in dealing with emerging challenges in a
strategic manner. This shows that this CEO had an important task to accomplish in MBMB. What are
the things that you want to say I’m not capable of, as an administrator?” So they cannot just say
anything to you, as you’ve proven that you’re capable. As a collection of people joined together to
pursue some missions in common, an organisation comes with its mandate, mission, values, people
and structure and is governed by certain agreed rules and culture (Mintzberg 2003; Herber et al.
2003). An organisation is also a system that exists within its own external environment consisting of
multiple stakeholders and other key external actors with different expectations and agendas. He
identified two types of data triangulation in qualitative studies, namely, method triangulation and
triangulation of the qualitative data sources. No MBMB specific people’s forums are established. ?
Committees are established at constituency level comprising Dialogue and seminars between LAs’
and the government agencies. The CEO’s line of argument has a resonance of the language of New
Public Management, which places emphasis not only on input or process, but equally important, on
output and impacts of services by public organisations. On the larger scale, local governments also
play a role as a catalyst for social and economic development. The findings also show that the long-
standing issue of the closed-service structure1 in the LAs have been seen as a stumbling block in
their striving to create an image of excellence in public organisation. 9.1 INTRODUCTION The first
research question examined and disclosed findings on how CEOs in the LAs deal with their external
environment; the second research question unearthed how these organisations interact with their
various stakeholders. Such a paradigm has given the opportunity to the researcher to interact with
that being researched, to explore contextual richness and to explain contextual complexity within the
setting. According to one of the CEOs, more 70 percent of the incomes of his organisation came
from individual and corporate tax. The best example of that usage that I can think of is when a
speaker at a university's graduation ceremony that includes MD, PhD, LLD, etc. They are functional
things; they are physical, tangible basic infrastructure. Correspondingly, the sampling had to be
theoretical at the same time, as this research aimed to develop new aspects of the existing theory of
strategy positioning; approaches to strategy; and the nature of strategy in the LAs. In fact there has
been no transfer done for both councils. As highlighted previously, creating efficiency and
effectiveness in the management of LAs requires large sums of money, for high quality services entail
extra financial resources. May Allah have mercy on you and place your souls among those of the
believers. This study unpacked a number of dilemmas faced by the CEOs which finally shaped their
thinking on how best to deal with those issues via appropriate strategies. Yin (2003b) supports this
notion by contending that human affairs should be reported and interpreted through the eyes of the
interviewees (p. 92). Taking cognisance of all the points raised, this study employed semi structured
interviews as its main data collection method, to solicit respondents’ experience, opinions and
knowledge of dealing with strategic management practices in their organisations. He was suggesting
that when the whole idea is created and imposed by someone else, it sometimes fails to gain genuine
ownership from all levels of the organisation. 208 10.3.3 Collective and Bottom-up Approach
Reflections and discussion with respondents also reveal that strategies in their organisation
sometimes originated from among managers and were subsequently adopted by the top management.
By physical environment, I refer to the economic 210 development with regard to the existing area.
Whatever the customers want, we will do, regardless of what the media says. NEP was introduced
with two-pronged objectives, namely, to reduce and eventually eradicate poverty irrespective of race;
and to restructure the Malaysian society so as to eliminate the identification of race with economic
function (Govt. We’ll relay the problems to the respective department.
This review argues that exploring strategic fit via the established rational-objective approach needs to
be complemented by the interpretive lens, which views the organisational environment as socially
constructed by human beings through their social interaction. Hence, he differentiates between
strategy formulation to refer to an intended and deliberate strategy making process, and strategy
formation to describe how strategies often emerge along the way and are realised, not as really
intended by the organisation. The respondents believed that the time was ripe for LAs to adopt a
more collaborative approach in their strategy formulation. The respondent shed light on how
privation and hardship among his people had forced them to adopt different priorities. Apart from the
main legislation of Act 171, LAs are also governed by two other laws that form their basis of power
and functions. The media were used by the public to voice their concerns on certain issues relating to
the roles and responsibility of the LAs. What you are going to be in, let’s say, 10 years time. Earning
a doctorate degree is more flexible now than in the past, so if you’re looking for convenient options,
you will find them. For a person to undertake such responsibilities effectively, he or she must hold a
certain position that grants him or her certain powers and authorities. Share to Twitter Share to
Facebook Share to Pinterest. It has to have all the basic facilities that a city should have. As will be
shown in the following chapters, public organisations are essentially politically driven and their focus
has been on satisfying political demands. This means that the efforts to attract foreign investors into
the country have also been entrusted to LAs. MDD ? LAs will organize gathering with Level 1 MPK
the public on an ad-hoc basis. Trustworthiness refers to the extent to which the research can be
audited by developing a case study data base. A complete report 201 was prepared before the issue
was extensively deliberated in various committees and a range of relevant strategies, programmes
and activities were adopted. This involved fact gathering and analysis of the current and future
situation before a particular strategy was formulated. Organisational strategies are not always
formulated in an objective and scientific manner, but can also emerge through exploring, learning and
adapting to emerging phenomena. Between 2003 and 2005 MPSJ received 25 local and 17
international visiting delegations. Reflections from various respondents suggest that stakeholders’
involvement in the strategic planning process had helped ensure that their strategies would be better
aligned to stakeholders’ concerns. 10.3.6 Adaptive and Learning Approach Alongside the rational,
political and stakeholder approaches to strategy formation was an adaptive approach based on
individual intuition, driven by logical thinking and learning from previous experience. On that
consideration, strategies in MPK were, to some extent, designed to conserve these unique strengths.
Students who excel in project-based assignments can continue building skills in this arena rather than
focusing on skills they don't plan to use e, length of thesis for master degree. Bo Yeon Bartilotta,
D.M.D., who received her Doctor of Dental Medicine degree from the University of Illinois at
Chicago, leads the new practice. Read Document Finishing Your Master’s Degree And Planning
Your Next Step Doctoral degrees are the Doctor of Philosophy, which is an academic degree, and the
Doctor of Education, a professional degree. This research argues that another important factor in
determining the different nature of strategy is the leader’s judgment, perceptions and intuitions,
which shape his beliefs, preferences and orientation towards change. 3.3.3 Leadership Orientation;
Strategic Choice Theory and the Interpretive Approach The central roles of organisational leadership
in shaping organisational strategies has been discussed in the first part of this chapter. This reflects
the incremental nature of strategies in MPK. However, successfully defending your dissertation is the
last step and most rewarding part of the doctorate degree. Stakeholder theory asks what
responsibility the how organisations identify who their stakeholders management has to stakeholders,
in terms of the are; what are their expectations; what power they relationship they need to establish
to ensure have; how the organisations fulfil their organizational purposes and mandates are served.
Especially in developing countries, with lack of basic job training, the Doctor of Philosophy gets
more and more required not only for highly qualified professions, but also for multinationals, non-
governmental organizations and private companies’ employments. It was discovered that LAs,
impacted profoundly by social factors, had introduced relevant strategies aimed at addressing
people’s needs and expectations.
We asked them about their problems. We gave them the opportunity to share, which they never had
before. These groups are our main concern. (IC:2:SA:TDB) The respondent’s expressions reveal that
the language of stakeholders was fairly well- established among public sector managers. Even
though he was busy, he would make a point of meeting these people. The masters thesis is an original
piece of scholarship allowing the student to dig into a topic and produce an expanded document that
demonstrates how their knowledge has grown throughout the degree program. This study further
argues that the rational approach is not always to do with deriving strategic solutions rationally via
the employment of scientific diagnostic tools. To give recognition to the councillors, they were
appointed as chairman and vice chairman of RRCs. As a result, while criteria for success for private
firms are largely economic or market-based, the defining criteria of success for public organisations
are more related to creating public values (Bryson 2004). 2.2.2 Public and Private: The Nature of
Services The second perspective from which to differentiate between public and private sector is by
looking at the kind of services provided by both types of organisation. People are now talking about
participation in 7 MPSJ Report for Local Authority and Prime Minister’s Award 2005 147
government decision making. These Presidents were making a link between human physiology and
psychology against the motivation towards work. CEOs that opted for a centralized and top-down
approach seemed to be in full control of the organisation, capable of galvanising support from the
people in the organisation. Having said that, discussion on reliability from a phenomenological
viewpoint reveals mixed views as to whether the 130 understanding of the term within quantitative
research can be directly applied to qualitative inquiry. We went through the plan; we deliberated in
the technical committee, in the development committee, in the planning committee. They seek out
group, settings and individuals where the processes being studied are most likely to occur (p. 370)
Accordingly, Ritchie et al. (2003); Stake (2000); Perry (1998) and Eisenhardt (1989), noted that
qualitative research uses non-probability sampling for selecting the population for the study. As
Silverman (2005, p.184) argues, if one cannot deal with the actual detail of actual events, then one
cannot have a science in social life. Finally, the bureaucratic strategy in MDK and MDD represented
the nature of strategy in small and less sophisticated LAs. Dealing with land and development
matters in the district office is already a tough and hectic job; asking the DO to look after the district
council will make the task unbearable. Throughout the process, a number of core categories that
provide concepts and constructs for answering the study’s research questions were identified.
Apparently, both prescriptive and descriptive schools look at different priorities in developing
strategy. On the one hand, they reflect an element of consensus and gaining the buy-in from various
stakeholders on the part of the CEO. Now the catchword is “what ever we do, we do it for you”. It
offers an understanding of how actors construe and enact principles of strategic management in their
organisations. The process involves reconciliation of conflicting positions, which is usually achieved
through empathetic yet persuasive communication. 280 Negotiation and bargaining of power in the
context of the public sector is more complicated as it is highly political and contested in nature. For
that reason, the researcher decided to engage professional stenographers to undertake the job.1 Those
transcripts were subsequently verified thoroughly by the researcher to ensure accuracy, and in the
case of gaps, the researcher filled in the blanks.2 Most of the interviews were undertaken in English,
as all CEOs (Mayors and Presidents of the LAs), the State Secretaries and the Secretary General (of
MHLG) were very senior civil servants who had no problems with the usage of English. Such a
situation existed when both external actors and 284 internal leadership had the same passion for
change. It never happens in city councils or municipal councils that have their own full-time Mayors
or Presidents. This research advanced the debates of autonomy and self-governing by exploring that
in today’s reality, local governments operate somewhere along the decentralisation- constraint
continuum within a given environment; and that the less constrained and more decentralised the
system, the more autonomy local government might have in practice and vice-versa (Goldsmith
1998). In undertaking the entire exercise, the overriding objectives of the study were taken as
important guidelines. In addition, the case study method also works well with the inductive
approach. Street lighting and road signage are supposedly a functionalist concern. The CEOs, being
the heads of organisations, were the ones who dealt the most with the state and federal government.
So where monitoring is concerned, there is no problem because normally, we don’t have a new Chief
Minister after 5 years. This research examines three major areas in the field of strategic management,
namely, organisations’ strategic positioning, approaches to strategy development and understanding
the different nature of organisational strategy in the LAs in Malaysia. Check with your prospective
schools to get a better sense of procedure. His lines exhibit an element of firmness and ability to
avoid being drawn into cheap political games. The stakeholder approach is considered as a part of
the shift of public service organisations from being accountable merely for service delivery, to being
accountable for addressing public needs in a more collaborative way (Joyce 2004; Martin 2003;
Bryson 2004(a) ). Some of the respondents cited certain cases to support their views: To me, Datuk
Ramli has tried to change the old practice. Changes in government policies were viewed as highly
influential by city councils and most of the municipal councils and hence, were one of the major
considerations in charting their mission and strategies. This in turn, required the CEO, as a civil
servant, to come up with strategies that could prevent him from becoming a victim in such a political
fray. As Pettigrew and Thomas (2002) put it, the primary role of research in strategic management
nowadays is less to do with laying down laws and new (grand) theories, but more with helping
practitioners think in a strategic manner about the complex and shifting world within which they
operate. Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to complete a thesis rests with the individual
student. With the autonomous power granted to them, LAs could recruit their own personnel. The
triangulation of qualitative data in this study basically involved interviews and document analysis.
Even though the previous sections give prospective degree seekers a better sense of what to expect if
they decide to write a thesis during their master's program, they don't necessarily help learners
decide length of thesis for master degree to pursue a thesis or non-thesis track. External variables
considered in the strategy formulation process in this research follow two main frameworks
suggested by the literature, namely the PESTEL framework (Johnson et al. 2005) and the
Stakeholder Mapping Framework (Bryson 2004b)1. 7.2 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 7.2.1 Text
and Official Discourse Information regarding external environmental considerations was first
gathered from documentary review as a first cut data compilation. However, as the interviews were
semi-structured and unstructured ones, a number of new themes emerged and this will be discussed
accordingly in this section. MPPJ’s Town Planner vividly described the characteristics of the
residents of MPPJ as follows: 243 We are dealing with a mature community. The fact that
stakeholders are so important in relation to firms’ strategies is implicit in McAdam and Hazlett’s
(2005) argument that the only reason an organisation has a strategy is to deliver value to some set of
stakeholders (p.260). The fact that stakeholder theory does not dictate any formal process or means
of balancing stakeholder interests (Freeman et al. 2004; Donaldson and Preston 1995), supports the
need for studying stakeholders’ positioning through an interpretive approach. Her reflection that.it is
a great challenge to reach a level where your planning is acceptable by all the affected groups,
reveals her recognition that strategy is not necessarily a scientific and rational process. In particular,
studies on environmental sense-making among public sector organisations have not been sufficiently
explored. The press would be represented by reporters from various newspapers, mostly locals. This
long paper typically sums up the work and experience that a student did in the graduate program and
shows that the student has completed all requirements and is ready for the culmination of the degree.
So you can focus all your efforts toward that direction. It never happens in city councils or municipal
councils that have their own full-time Mayors or Presidents. Chakravarthy and White Rational;
Intentional and Intuitive; Political; Emergent; (2002) Goal-directed and Non-Teleological The rational
or prescriptive school is concerned with dictating how strategies should be formulated as opposed to
how they necessarily do form or emerge. As a group that depends on the organisation to fulfil their
own goals and on whom in turn, the organisation depends (Johnson et al. 2005 p.179), stakeholders
can come from outside as well as from within the organisation. Copies of the transcripts along with
the tape recordings were given to the volunteers for checking purposes. Stakeholder analysis seeks to
ascertain: and service delivery. The bureaucratic strategy in MDK and MDD moved between
emergence and routine and most of the time, was rather short-term in nature. As a result, most of the
strategies were conditioned by short-termism, and were undertaken in a seemingly ad-hoc fashion.
Previously such matters were not given that strong emphasis.