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Discrete Unit 1

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24 views89 pages

Discrete Unit 1

Uploaded by

Aditya Gupta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Rejesentatron. Lee 4 "y Sabelar form L Roster form) Au fhe terials op ths sok ass Catal fe Har tcf ad eae clasts bal seperate by cent) aud ae enctored unithirn byaces . = 4 &), Rule uLethoel pr Let Pesjlde form = = s = = = A= du epee #1 | = | to Fei oD 12 y ty 8.6 og eee | 2 g Yi) eae ts a “Ue et Spa = eye can NEN ano 1inzse } an * J = ! = Fes rep By —aper re sep Why 10a GLEE OF POO FOP Lu We Lh cou e-te z. Type of te v wv = J). Null sop f vord sek oy empty sep ) = v d 4 Repretented by Box ¢ $ = a Az daly enn 2excapie O agiah i, = 4 Be d{uize HELENE at} a. - Sif yt 729) ty la an_even —tnksper ge 6 4 z: 2. Srngteton oF :- Cot. contasning onl ene a figs Sea ce v ony + t § tos it i durzen vig ep) =¢3} Aaa ar art of Ria da be} Ci) In pene te SI Vrountable ane Ay = {22 phe ae By Et =3-2-10 1 aant oy = Nofe }- Q= Ratronat ANurmber Z= gnteger N > Ataturay Number R= Real mumbe x A). Comat Cis s- mere, 30 fad ley = 41,3 Dine Be seek Said S Lardinalt) yh ge = Bieta doeso't ‘ master Adaao £b gaddf REC HLA) Ae Wid = xe G13, 29d Dix) ee sth i wher Li 33) Seteey tymnbod easy, 4&8 Lai subset pp B) Aa tid) A=119,4, 0 64 =O pr se = BIN Bus the wehercep ih —— =i @ Proper lubes :- ALR. pn fe = eH aa. e290 “2 Ria dea s 29) e AL th Gphal proper Lebsr (AEB) s. Puan ho. of profes uubsex * AOQ 5 __Tolevaly at Subet 0¢ R [teal Alurmber) sa 32 Ob ERA Oop Four typos 1 > ) clored terval [a bl = {1€R: Qe rgb} oir) Open snterval ts, bie free: CEEw i) Regie hand \Obe» Sndewar [o, ce YER: gen eb) tana Power So} ' AW the cubset of af ig Ne Total number “of clement fsa te” Jotat power set = 9% x7 Ad tof 5 ‘ ‘ nie z R- R-dina4s a ns Pia) = ot a6 2 be sty of jv am hits} dof 43} 44 I By. LAS 12} ae 443} deat dg ap dye spr daa t} 2 Li siesta itt Pospaf dt Ata ia ath E 22+). re ve Q rowbi 4 se is 56 now than fhe fotat mum berth op cubcelt of the second cobs fP¥at the ‘3 values OF M and n Shr fota) number of Subsets \ of © the i = 26 he 5 \ a 2nd” a S54 Rien DS iexe J = a”, U zy, A_and B axe wo sek 40. AVB =14iTEA or ACB} fie AN, Set f Be {2,04} S . AVB = qi,# 24,6, 45 expt mete NE ID 2 x dle) SPA) and (2. fa) Gayle A= tne x lea paste numher le Hon an r Rod 21 xEN yy 4 2 fatter of Sf ig find (AVB) f $ A>42 95 9} 2:§ Bef{rpeaery $ AVA = C123 4 Hef 2 Ss 4 ! 2) Gntersepron Operator... symbot (7) Se Age = 4%! 16A and wea} 1¢ fana)=4 LEA) and C7 EBI x ¢lana)= (2 payor [7 £8) 9.1. lop A» 413,53 9 } Baqi 35 7$ 1,13) » Phd * OB. tp Vy Ang = {53 7] find: i) AUR @ AUe (DP Aue | @)_Auvd © (ava) ve L @) Aub Ne BD panera | @) LANB)IU (BAC) i AR) ) NU) al) ct {A VB) = qt REE [ Sa adn 4 £0 Ee? 10 py iy Gen fauey 24 2247767 JOM t I =v) (BUD) = £ ECL 74 10, 1 12,19 18 f | or ; g cv) (A vR) Ve = idl 293 $4 234 o, Lf = 1 (Aves fe = {4 bg S (vii) Awe (ANB) UD = dary Uf 10,4, (4713 2 s SP yor 2908 faep = CA 0A) YV(Bac) = a 4 Ud ref = ft 5, 7, 8 — Jp As edots whe f4z fire (¢) Ay UAy WY Ag Ody 10. TF A, () ve fs AUALY AL UA, UA, UA, fortvdnatu tors dyttv tar puseref ‘ dja S Ava, = Yay fo, 2 3 ‘ (1) 4,0 Ay = 1 | ‘ o au) U As e/o Ogu Foe a fer F 4 q bas olnt Sets 3~ q A and B om two 1+ Cuth trap Ren Af thn A and B cal § ducjarnt cof 4 Gi Aedg:7 Uo poctor ¢ tel ={128 6164 Ailes LB, AR = ¢ Hone, A and 6 are hyper —tieasectng See gh AAR anit nist Pt — S SSD ww ernrcris Bf 8, 58f and 248, 8534. = nd ANB een 4 Ee Ane= ¢ A and & an ditjorny sett : | = ANGE 4 eet athand & att /odercechng LH, | ea: FG) bijjenna Of Seb (tor Dib ference) !~ = Fuso er aw thy s A,B. —R= 4x! rtA ond vee $ = ae 2x eA wd x fh Sy Aad x1 18N 1 is afactor of pf = Y ane Baty: ZEN 4 & o Ader of 6} _ fied ALR (i) (RA) = = A= 41 23 et =. Be dis art NOTE” A AB fy He eh Gf cermemls Sfhag- belongs == AB=fo6 } Bh or to B bap not , i fl to both Aard Aa = B-A= [+p | Symmeturc. doyfevance a = : = alse called hoifean Seer, oa () Semmebvie_pojfervence Of fet te Fe Ope = AAB=A® = (4-0) CA aa) ie : “ =| Avasiaoaaie gre CEE Ls a= (AVB)~ (ange 4 1%3,4884 ~ {24 ~eaneay > Benita aa Univerta) cob A enlarge At Bt) sp) = Ji 2 8, 66,7, 0 F A> feaéat BrbcrcAs aay! A= pane ese, ERS AONE Algebsa of Get theory i= laws + 1). Commutattve law a); Aug = BVA b). ANB = BOA Q < 4 a 2 = 4 Proof fo prove? AUB BUA Faleing Ley s$ s- 4 ye (Ava) =A) or OtB) = (LB) or 1A) = Xe( RUA) We can say fae (i ve) ¢ ( BUA) 6) —_ Oe te a08l= (208) Fabetng LHS 5 = E } XE (AOA = (r0A) and (X18 ) : = (ALB) ao (YLA) | = = ef Bnad | r te Can say Bak : (406) © BoA). —(7) < Semvla ty tabi Refs Wwe ger __(Baryc @ab) - | ; Posen blag « ep) and i), we gefm ! . DB_= ROA - . 2), Assovahie law !- | ; @). {a pu c= Av/(Buc) Te (AnbIAC = An(anc) Da peta et " xe Au( Buc) Av eve S Avu(eve) =) Stvlarty dabrig Rite, weg eb Au(puc) £ (AVBIUC =@ Gpusabteg Dard Op we ger AvA) Ue = AuC Buc) G ‘Sak bows ANROG = ANC RNC) faksng LeHeS | we fee 1 [Ana)nc = 7¢AdB) and. CY) few and (7 eB and (vec) = (ytn) and { HER) and (HEC = WCA anf ¢ XC (BdC)t = xX¢€ AN(BNe)d se, (@ORD Oe ANC Bory = ED Sei Rit we pef S rT ‘ened cess # = £ £ = 3 a a 4 3 ; 4 a), ayAzA b) ANA SA - F i ; 4).9n_ prove‘ AUA =A r Fala ey Lind : x2 favad = Det tal Orme WAN . = _ xXtA AVA LA ~~ a y Similarly AG AVA —LE On_« una fing &)_ and @, ove poke [AVA =A | SS b) . D pe Aah Atesh exter Lote XE (AOAV= CLEA) an WEA) Be wcll a AY a ES) Sri'ho chy AL -@) AR) Be Ra) a) 0) A) hai -[4), Ldenbity launches. Wel ADV) = (xed) and (K2V) : ; 2 eh Ag toy) 2 Ay od) : Servite hy AL An =—@ Ss abies 4. and @) tue Jet 7 Proof + : Fae TE as. Ge prove: Gus Ana! + ads’ Hel, age ger X¢ (AUB) Worcs = _vehua) ! = farang be \ (x €A*) and C148") re (alag’) Here (AUB)! & Catgar) -- A) cA IE (A'dnB)) = (Av) —@ Squat and @), ux oeh , [aver = Aref “b) Gb | eh OB) oh \dd) og oft re b-). “aR = a!ug! Sale? Leto’ we hove 1 7 xe€(Anay = xd (Ana) ~(i¢h} or pipe) = = Wen’) rut SB x TUB) be (ANA)! z BS ULI ef) Sirdar ty Ade = (Anaya) a Gps tg Don A) ase pet (ADB) = CA‘ue") X¢ Avinnc) =(X6 Mor y¥¢( Ae) = (tA) or [reBrand ceed) =[ (en) ox Crea) Jand frenyor(recd] = x é(AUB) and % ¢4UC) 4 % & furan? (AvAALauey =O Sinvilarhy , (AOS) n( ave) 2 Av(BAC) =z) Epusobt ng &) are (2) wwe fe J bla wale &l& Av( Rat) = (Ava) AAO Do brave Antguc): ok) vfAac) Poke Lett xe Ad(Bury = (WeA)'and YL (Aue) = Cy CA) and Lek) on GecS] TC eA)and (x Oo foes Sac Bs)e a ee che c xé [4a B) or xe(anc) Tse, AMBUCS AMBULAT = te: | Ai'rod da dy [ 5 Gamv [ane © Aa(Bve) —P [ Cpasaltie and Q), use Gor 5 | =P H AAC BUC) = Ann) vfAde) L ao SE t.). SES A Bie, Ube Ulcobr’ adi Vator REED | = ABU) = (AB a (A) brood L = -—— | = —— A-(BUC) = A-9) Q/A-c) L re Totes'vg Loot, ~ Gi = d = XL A-(BVC) = "CA and x¢ (BUC) =e Es AD nd yx €8 and (td £5 a 2 pu = = rs CA and 14h] ane] [fire A) ard fe doy =| = X£(f=8) and x €(4 =) = ~¢ a -(huc) = (AB) Of he c) ae Sru'da rhy + | i I a Ace A-@Buc) Liaw Gnas ae up nq 2) | de Jefe BOOST A} 1). B 7 SAAS | (CAB) U(8-A) = iva) (ana) or > xt ost ul Fae =A) or “aie AD (KEAY a = [cay or Gea] and [e4B) ov xf a] = XE CAB) and x fi (BAA) = XE (Ava)-(Ba aA) = %€ (AvB)~ (AAR) (A-8)U(mA) CC AVB)~(ane) .-@ Similarly, Whew we fake Roos, we geh (AuB)~CANg) ¢ (a-G)UlB-A)_-- @ Equsapting eof) _and @, we gop [cae 0 (a-A) = (Ave) (ang) | ; | eee 0.2). Prove that! Anta-c)= @aa)-(Ane) (Bis hing Leda ____ x4 [AOR] = (veh) and 7 €(B-C) “= me Aand [rea rand (Cr ge) = ada A 4 aw, (XtA) and (X ¢¢ i ={ xX tCangy} dof fz ¢ (Ano } (vsteg Venu diagram) GE + &€ (Ang)— (Noe) —2 i Adta-c) £ (Apay— (Andy —-@ Srrtlar ba, (rnB-(Aney & Anteey — ©) ating _(l) ang © 9 =D. : 7 ¢ U= Union _» =) Uns Universal set Oxi find the buat of this set 1 (ANWIALGUAY =o Avuervl(uaaye Uv a). (Bvc')O(ce-o) ub 6) (xu yaz) U(r-y) Ag = U = Boe')ule-vaw = (xayuza(ey uo = = sig = = if A and B sre two sets then thers carteedsn = bindu = (AXB) se AH 105,24 and 2-135} - (Axe)= ¢ (0,3), p05) 4,3) (1,6) (9 Yancy} St Ae dias} Bayete wp ——CAxb) = fo.ay (rel (0,3), (34) (96) (32) Ct) fee) ial = Froof of Cartescan Product 3 ft A,B and ¢ are the cok Prove that ! pat) scl (AXB) V(Axc) Proof : s ¥ Ax( nude Lt Di xa ye vo} Sx AN =fup: WEA fy €B ov yech} 4 {Gp: (ea), (yeB) ov CxeA) geot | "Tay: GvEwa ov CDTUKOT =O CG € TAX v woFT ee Ax(puc) (Ave) Y (Axe) = stint nie eee “e Ax(auc) - = —Eestabing 6 & and @) use oop fens [Ax (a0 = : ceaaaseeT: Thus, prored é.). Ax(Bad) = (Axe) O {Ax O 2 seni fons, yelenct = flag)! GEA) flyea) andgecdp fi { tyy): (ven) (yee) and (16), (yea } funy): (Are) andy) (Axed J = {tuyt (yy) (Avan (axer} 2 AYBACS (Axe) A (Axe) —~W Axbyq (Ave) = Ax(and. ~-@ Eo ssatung and @ ae ger [Ax (200) = Cavey ACAx) | athens prod pam oF se 11 alte Yhe eredveraal sep ch vepretented tabseht 20 ale. 4 Hawt. SP 4 a Prfor pr Seuhepton ep sekt coheh are cued to ey 1% eA sth, the roferior of a rectangle ar = =. (7 Ane = = Vv = (y = gin = J =O A fy S = Pu A-8 4 sw ne a Bry " q aX [ 2 j : @ Aad Bare isFotnt i ee cular aveas eee Che medals. - the Venu Ark vane (AnBary=p * Aak=>, Anap BNe=6 eI: v_ 3) aa or = on —— Bapnrr=d — AnB~~ AdCep BOC>d Ee] é = Lesa AY SS O.2). Lee A) B and A be thier coe cuch hab ACR) ASC Cencca ad AS(BAC) . <1? pme=Ay | pal | 8 Aand B haw henenfr wn comwons Bard 0 haw Hemant thr come be A oid Care dytylop le ieee tan eal | Toe tects be | th Leva Deel x) Cot pes Tos fy Venu oli ‘2 g! tu dp yupue « 4 have slemente \ ALB, Se Aad ¢ dou dlvolt bub Bad a 8. “t = =F 4 # 3 3 04 J03] 1+ Sea ppi-Sef- = Elewews caw be seh cated. oO ppenefeten ay A=qhis 343444 {Bk 22, WG BY = B=f ie : VAY pend age C> fd ot2} No vebebvon buf MULHE Ce = tenon! Kebettion ly bnown as Hal bBliey 1 dn penval way Walle cop tt ra hratcied tae = 4 ‘ x q yy 9d, Me eg De fe Win mulbbuioky of ¢ G, = blouest . x + AUR = 44,4 bbedt 2) _futorsepron Of Huts Sep A 2d wi, Mita f Be fn.4 4% 4 hy eb Ana. d Ma, 4,41 v 7 TST Ue v TT? 7 T Bidag bd Anp> 449,24 A 000 | i. Xe + 52,433 tf kaya 40,113 3, F J = 5 P Wh\ td \th A = - ALN) Mee | p (ry \ R he tent weO C4, an Oi} oy aie A=d 47h oct Bo dqabds A+B ~d 4,99, 6665504 £ ZZ et, {4 44,2 t 24 012233224 +m, 24d, = % Zz 0, b 48 9 Bok We ao Mil feverce of muh pr Set A ¢ M, 24, ee at) pad Mage tte He = A-®> ee (Mpa uf (%— Ma) 41 _poubiie _ fis O + _otheruyie Me AR) BE AE) a) th) a) a) + A_and RB be — furo mut dy sels con y Red 24 3h ne} Be fia, eb hay Ten debermive (AU any AN (lit) APR (tv) A-B (vy) B-A (). Avg = 13.4 teh be lid 4 piy Ange 41-4, 24 § Gy. Ages q 3a 7b Me 1d jy A-B = tha hel (r}. R-A 2 { papee ee a ———prire) te. Of Tne Jusian Aref Bustos t= => —_ifnfaye)= Plays DUB) = ning) | inal SS where ntad= Poof elenede dm of Aa = NtB)= tofal woof lem scot 8. a DLAVB)> on ty Me ” 44(A( Uh) = nfANB) = on on yy cet (A AB) = Spe A Computer towkeny west Wie £0 propsaniwers to = a & wing Tobe 2 = bi. 49 tbh . eo hy | zm ob fox of both type, = be _ihrvedf 7 i toluteon + : = o Propaamwon 2 Cycteme prope => nts) ~ B65 _ wits OV ~) Aphuiatin y DA) I = = [ps oar ~~ >= _ =r meanit . eu 3 al J 3 D/tuA) = nfs)+ nA) —nlsoAd . o8 Bp. ct 120 i= Sun ASD = eae hs = bit 4 Ly o ay df Q beable Ap a ei feast oua Hu __{wo tows a + people tea uly gia ert Hide’. Hota) hhasy! speak piss % C — = n 5 N (HUE) FSO. es, Z NUH = 3 Cedex 2 (HUE) * 82, : - o(Hvé) = (4) +nl(ep— n(HAe) = yA . s Oe SG Ne) ese Le 40-32: [Nos 0 ap ript “Sheake Bik 2 aan igor 40 iS ec . ; LEB 5 (eA) = PIB) = H(A0B) t DED = DU) = WAN BD 9.3.) $n a St out wind! ‘pug 240 fan sheak “Tauy'l_« Bho ct.) How many Can heck both Upndy’ and. Tavulh 2 city. Hows ay an peak Hyrndy’ Duly Gotubron =! wn). [toe many CD «peak Tauri Petey (4) = 600 n(T) + 3¢0 nfHur)? VO niyur)= OCH) + Mtr) - nf vor) fro 2 600 + 340 — olor) 2: onl uor)= 6 740 ~bye z needa cehte tisto an Cheak tyro" Taw = an . bokty Hie | =| Bad ie a Zt People take cars Seats Faw) aa Ee SHA convey docot pap 3% op Grotibvt Lele apples | T taderaall ary, Sthe Oranges, pbhat of of rds i Atke bop apple aif orange, Hlapsy= m4)+ nlp)— nlane) i foo = 73 + gv — nfgno ) nfooo0)= /86 —/oo = 38e, T eS Be) Ordered Ate An _erdevecl pose of an object is @ barr of objec Qrrange | in same order. ghet, no Sef (a,b) of tus objec | fov’s ui of pick one and bh x & second hte Be a parr + Hone (4,b) and (ba) axe {tuo cUitevent oreevesf se “OER ard bER QR oy GAY ER Binary Adlahion, bonain= a Range ob. fol: A-fhe7} B= 44,8, 12}. Ref (3,4), (3.0) (3,29 | Demain = {3 { Range s 148,124 fe): A2e2 24) Boda bf ArB= 4 749) (3b) (sor(zky (4,09, HS R= Tee y tg bI4 fea SUPA eee bel ot ie RS ([AxB), SO Az {43 4} Bee a eseneal R= {a Q dnwde b ( wt ceo ~ ben Relation , Doras’, Konge ; | a 2 4 ah a = £ 42D, (26) (44) 4 os —— = a ae (3,39 : st_Domain 2 do 3,44 ke {0.00 (35 75a, = 4 4) ! 1 —__Range > 8,4, 64 | S849. Azd i234] i = Rafreset fred | the enue acne ax odin R ukfed below = (2. Alto ftrd_th donarn and = Tit of _Aotapron { R) \ fl): O64 it pelated tn bCB , “s Les: QRb if and only ipo 6 = Sotertin Z Rad (1,9) (ha) (ye ried (2.2) (2,2) anh. 032.00,9, 38,4) Chall ae Dprnar'n = fu 2 344 Range =f 3as ef oe - . b (ily+ fp ond ouly Jf a oxo har both odo up ie e+ 40,8 Us) 0,9, (4.04 Dower a { 1, 34 ae (eh mmive Relatton Trav itive Relahon. Laquivahenee. Relation, hye Reflexive Relation i - efR oeh (eee ake (%a)ER :- A= T3344 LER tA 2¢A. 446A 7 TRL 982 8RB-4R4 CL N€R CHER” @ ER TG gem Hene C= 4(11) (22) 73.2) ReHurrve See £2,9,44) Relanry ot R- 101) [29 co ayh - Te related Lmé eflexive wth serbooe fo A ~ A> {a,c} ack bER céA ARE bR Gke. (4artR Gryen ec) er Rot (ee) Uh oat uso elament a,b LA GRE D fab te i eh bRa =» (hay eR a dhen the telaton syatonehrt ‘ AM) Hdd i 0). A = dt, 2,3¢ L afl, 2), (43), (2 2)f , Syogupater ph Nef i Giver sdobion somes rte i B-Raf "it perferdyeutay to' 1 th the cof of ap shrayphp Wiig | -L, GLb spd bL a . Keaton “uo syndmetiy’e : 3.) Antico mmete to Kelatron | 5 (4b) ER ats then Ba) gk then the .telaon iu anbiywmefres we fe | ao ee) i ae he | ad Oe - EES = Re 4) (23) tg2) C1906 Relapon u not Aub cymius ert’ , edited, A= dt2,3$ Re { G2), (1.9) (2), (43) cant \ is} Bind. cshepher the Stlatyin ds audit pa medeee_or - , note (sen New ht) ER A EB $ i tent, the Aeletron is catia oe

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