Ceeminy Sethe M Aulees Heyer ee — ©. ee fe. ele : — Beye sulphar— etic _—fellunvym —-Pelen tun} gh Bint fou members ore dallevtively alld as essen Fox. a ny maar ey 6 3 emer a alg Sea pa 2 _— : 1 [electronic contiguraHent nsropt a 2} Absit ond i ignic adil) a ue sacom__top Hobe sw grep esl Fh dec rade — doma She group dae te increase tn Sexes rg of group te elements tonty than that ef group 16 [ glomrenb= She 4s duet» exfyo ktable halt felled ee p-oxbital ten fiquratien ef a 16 a iia 4-1 Electron gaia en inaley = Sp _ahec readers from __ ae rae, =the ieee th. tows Cave froin ad tp hey tee ae é oxy 4in dat _t_senall serze has tesa oreget_ttecba gain —tatnel ry, ec sulphur: ai E enigativ Next | negativety rales b ee oxygen pause fen hopbat me pines elem enia~ te Nees deewedtts Gow She. __9 ran Ps —_____— £ din | 9 oa nantes 2 30,0, ois ha ieee ae hooiltag porn > Lee tpereasen sith —tnereage to uaa: igiaunt the group. — Sseannec wth CamScanne:The Lage di peeeac et chebweed dhe melting porta Lotygen and sulphur is —dut lo adorns thy _e2 4 a a _aigtomié_maletule Sulphur _¢xssh—ao—a———— palyoteentc_melecule ¢ Se) = = bs Wovidetion stot al _ | _ __ _ 4 i = — Ca) Shobil Sty of a brit — frets clement _inertaaey denn treg to 2 S | exhtbib 289 pete dle 3) aiabiltby and +6 sN f_ = Shows. 2 Except OF, Show +4 a tale i show 6 pd” stake “in Hhith TTA compout> Th tatpe oa 5 onty, SER wth exggen | Anomalous behavieur of oxygen” ; Thi ic gar te, ay . Small -aize > | Hydrides Le) AU etementr dorm. Sh the” —ty pe Hoke es) Aciaic chevacter\ 7 th) Reducing Proper me Encvem, Goan the gyoe P a i pores Encreaser from tuys t Het tre teats reat; tx bed ——— ———— Sscannea wth CamSeanneei 2 Lets Red acta ing, to.pecly.? hype 2) Bolt £0, and £05 __Pterenges_frora $03 EDos pond £03 te acidiés ins nature - s 80> ~eduncing = TeOyyoxcdt sing 2 Ata bility of the halide _decreate inthe order ce > Be ge 5 des tte Hy ica Ketdden , heva:plusrider ave'tie only abable, Shey have octahedral _advuetore, —__ alge, fs exceptionally stable Aue b steric wesrsom * ie {4 well protected in octahedral cage like a teuchtre—and —donel—sundierge -reathion easily ——— &. iti baat ag ba bsddfaed van Pha Cea tebe fluoride — is ap'd hybridise and thes to Stnectr re, fo yh one of tapi postin ts cet 2 rv of{—elecivoms.. + Thre ae Asio talled Se@- San omits 9) =. Fit + - die _ i [ r - _ ei EaKcma aes c: ! F Sscannea wth CamSeanner2 fd a ‘ AL the clement exceph se form di'chlerides and AiLlxcom, der ~ _— = x2 They_aye Roy. mtA__by__sp3_hybn'dés atten ond Iku have achahedral Struchrer- —. Manbalider 4, ___i A the fates balan ane phim in netstat ht a ts ey) sor) Sala ty Ba» Se ala itt ash tealte Shine ‘oi noe hebides smnder yo dds prapegdiong Hen on yivin betes ao _ I oO —- —41l 44—=t Ee |e x bej,0a > seth, 4 5se [pi ow ygen cont _ [Prep ora tion | Ry heating + chloiats ,nibratio and perman e ako, > 2k + 50y 2 [ley -thermid —* decomposition obs ext, of maetala Jou in elect» chemical Serf ta . ‘ ae ! s Ag > Oy xs , 7 - 52 H4 +404 > * — -b tho +: 0, . — S A Pho >» Oy rr oil Sseannea wth CamSeannee. (exe ay 2 re is_ef He: aoa sh —talhads onal 2 ab yan ed a ation 5 Sabusdat ally 03 _is celaned tron air by Pixsh _ xtmeving co, and bso vapour @nd then veering. | tgurtred ond fraction a by dist ———l_give dane tyegen ana Ado vygen ad TE 6 a __tcolourtoan dour lr” Th_hea theee stable soteper Mo, ip, Fp Molecular ovygon 4s paramagnetic i woraction However, .t incklake the abe fp 0 a RO 4aAly 39 241303 Pe » 59 Py Oi = 2. COy t AZas-+. QO, 5 3 7n0 + _- 380, — L 0 Hy ¢ 20 - oy > 2H20 ss Sseannea wth CamSeannee~ R weet ee ot Oe ‘Ox) ) sy A—hinary compound of ovyysn with Onother elemenh is_eatled vide Meet to in one—ttemenk forms 2 ar mere oxides. the 0 pte thet eure and piper oe, i eka bre put fog) s $Ba i ch.ony Coy , -NoOs- . SO, 2 Hao —> Hy 30 = — Sulphurus eu 4 base _oxfitr cy) Nao, f40, Bao Sseannea wth CamSeanner—~ Success (Siz | fn. gererah —_metal oxides art chaste, ibe 3 | Amphoten oxida: : 3 ut -mattaloxidiaashibih a. dua “behasieut thet = 1 I span _chevactertstics» of beth acidic: as well a5 baste gal_o'ill oxide. Suth. oxides abe --Knenn as: am phate, vite ede, oi Steen: peach witht acres” o_seell to eae c aaa aan Zn0 z 2 pas? avitelqcs. SAteogeetiee AAI :2 4 32d Ala03 Ff 2NaoH ANaALOg + Hed AI Neutral oxides Theve core __dome—oxi'den whi res - ne saenbee = _Inor basic.-3u.ch bon L rece fl ¢0q) 00 y Noy, No0. 1 i 2 [exone c03)] cal J. Mills Pin, a slow idry stream of. 0. oh or ©. a silen} electrical ae sharp. —_can vslen ef Oy te = C401.) occurs. etal Hasnain —ad— brain! sed aeyyen. — 3) 203 AH 2 at) kilma ——1_||Pure ozone rs a pale Blut gato dak bie Lead land: .veolek' black Sold cas ot has charattersdre Amel: and eee eee Te is___harealay.. 1+ > tee Sscannec wth CamSeanneeconcentration abet 100 rast, Tt the. tration -rarresats above —t ot a breathing —becemsn —nasemtectable—s resulting a tn_heedache and —nauteo ng 7 du nt pe fo i _h|lozone “is Whermodgnamically . wostable: with —xtepert te — Oy —ssinég.o> the decomposktten “tats 0, “anita fo the — wtipoeraton ef theat 1( Ap = t-2ue-) ‘ ——__|Lentvery ¢ ds = carve) Those de dpeus ree {ti in Large f-) vt_frthhes _enevqay _¢han ye -__> = — centration ob” avant ih - Aangeroubly explosive wd ii “ oa os | hems t ; { be oxidiping snature \ oe B ao pur te he eye iy whith tb Liberata automo of FL nascent _exygtn , tk acts Asa __pomerpal —aei'deciang ngenk: . Og 0, 4 Co} ——_}4)_f beat fdi tts. lead _tulplide ta lead Sut phate = ‘ aH sodA do Aide fons fe_= Teddne, ——+ opp + 1h -O 5+ Ph:sOy f. 4 Og = Q-£7__}+_Hp 0 +4 05 ROH 4 1 4 Oy x. all whom. 03" yeas “wil * ever -KE solutton bakbored ala bo vobe : bu ther (pp a-2).; jodimeate Iherated x | fon be titvated onetnst abandard’ sdution of © gobsum Hite sulphide This is 0 quantt tative method for ——tebing ottng prance, : t Depletion of Ozone ' pNitxce__exide emitted from’ evhaust system pp |_awpevsenia fet _ atreplaneo 4 weack with 03 , depleding | the eoncentyatfon ob 93 aye in the pepe — I Sseannec wth CamScanne:Wakmosphere em, nee ae ee eee a || use of Pyeom whith are ured 1a an __sthn'geranb _arpletin ox One _svie las be Sdod ai pair saa | She tyro hend—anght —}-e}—the—tule foro Alpote opt. FORMS oF + SULPHUR 22.2 s+ 02 "3 ___ _ _ ht l ; Lf ite - 2. Il Rhomb. pase Bem postage Bolution ob a wl phar Ia i oe aa 1. cp is poluble in *¢S9,. _ Z alley is prepared by melting s-chopabse tulphur Tn a Ath andi: cool: 4 te) evus det. Doyen ede yt ND hbo isles are— rade». Ws u is poured out - wih y Lour Lead, needle shaped B= Sulphur 7s. formed. > plop fs stable. above. 349" and “dye bees d-sutphur loelow if — aeove Set k ole Sulphur <~ B._sulpher Below 36a Sscannea wth CamSeannee—buedperabere Ak_36ak , be th arm : TA rachael socalled” dransition tempera 1 | beth xhombre and meno chine sulphur haven 32 molecular, thud _3.¢ mole re fae Aigberent erjstod —abmecheres ng tin hott fp't__borma “fs "ts pyckered and» pes —a_tenstn pape — | Several other 2mediticatiom of _ ares ~centatining 620 sulphur — tems — por —aing hath beta —syntheaised Ion eyeke = St the xing —adop ls the their form. AE Qevated “temperature rteoe K . 24 ls dominaat a |species and fas duo. fred= iow 17% Unpalred=oleehrans Pankbsading molecular. oxbffad __1kp 0. pad vnth spore magnedc Sseannea wth CamSeanneea Group -Ib (201y- 3012) sy ar Sulphur Dioxide Preparation 1. Sulphur dioxide is formed together with litle (68) sulphur trioxide when sulphur is burt in air or oxygen S(s) + OX) —> SOx 2. In the laboratory i is readily generated by treating asulhite with dilute sulphuse acid + 'SOx(aq) + 2H+(ag) —> H:0(1) + $0:(y) 3. Industrially, itis produced as a by-product of the roasting of sulphide ores. ! A FS, + U0, op aFez0s +8502 “The ges after drying is liquefied under pressure and stored in steel cylinders Amati 1. Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas with pungent srell . 2. Itis highly soluble in water. 3. ItTiquefies at room tenperature under a pressure of two atmospheres and boils at 263 K. (Chemical properties 1. Sulphur dioxide, when passed through water, forms a solution of sulphurous acid S0g + Ho = S Hy S03 2. Ttreacts readily with sodium hydroxide sotution, forming sodium sulphite, which then reacts ‘with mote sulphur dioxide to form sodium hydrogen sulphite. 2NaOH + SO: —> NeSOs+ H:0 Na:SOs+ H:0+ SO: —> 2NaHSOs 3. Sulphur dioxide reacts with chlorine in the presence of charcoal (which acts as a catalyst) to give Ssulphuryl chloride, SO:Ch. It is oxidised to sulphur trioxide by oxygen in the presence of vanadium(V) oxide catalyst ‘ SOx@)+Chigh —5 SO:CHID 2502 +0, 428 S05 44, When moist, sulphur dioxide behaves as a reducing agent. For example, it converts iron(II!) ions to iton(lt) ions and decolourises acidified potassium permanganate(VIN) solution; the latter reaction is a convenient test for the gas. a . . 2 Feet p 30, + Hae BFE + 80y9 EH - = a4 530; + aMn04 4 QHa0—9 55% 4 HHT. + AMO ‘Structure of sulphur dioxide Fre molecule of SOs's angular Its resonance hybrido he canoe form Sseannea wth CamSeannertures of sume important oxoacids are as follows J SULPHUROUS ACIDC HySey O nora e on 2. SULPHURIC ACID ( Wy S804) i Worl ° ol }, PERONODISULPHURIC ACID ( ta $206) ° t t a o-e P80 oon on A. PYROSULPHURICAGID( —"'yS2 07) ’ i au oF So? of oh SU.PHURIC ACID Manutvcere hich involves Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Uhnee steps {0 turing of sulphur or sulphide ores in ir 19 generate SO: St 0 9 SOE (i) conversion of SOsto $0: by the reaction with oxygen inthe presence oa catalyst LV and 20s 280, 4 02 =D ANOy {ill absorption af SOsin Ha8Oeto give Oleton (HbS09, SOA 1SO6 PWS» (When) ae tr av) pilullon ef oleum with Us $50 4 N20 my DHy S04 the maufctre WARS but aa pede oF Farad temperature of quer sulphone acid OK. Peosuties 1.Sulphurie acid Isa cakortess dense, oly Hq 2itdissolves in water with the evolution ofa lage quantity of heat, Hence, eare must be taken while preparing sulphuric act solution fivan concentrated sulphuric acid, The concentrated acid must be ‘xkled slyly into water with eanstant tiny. Sscannea wth CamSeanner‘Chemical properties 1. The chemical reactions of sulphuric aid are as a result ofthe following characteristics: (@) low volatity (b) strong acidic character (©) strong affinity for water and (@) ability to act as an oxidising agent. 2, In aqueous solution, sulphuric acd fonises in two steps. W804, + Ha —> Wg0T + HSO™ W80q” 4 Hy0 > Hot 4 304° j kay = ba xe ‘The larger value of K means that H:SOsis largely dissociated into H- and HSOs.. Greater the value of dissociation constant (Ke), the stronger i the acid, ray = very lege Cee ot) 3. The acid forms two series of salts: normal sulphates (such as sodium sulphate and copper sulphate) land acid sulphates (e.g. sodium hydrogen sulphate). 4, Sulphuric acid, because of its low volatility can be used to manufacture more volatile acids from their corresponding salts, 2MX+HSO. — — 2HX +M:SO.(X= (a= Metan "Cl, NOs) acid is a strong dehydrating agent, Many wet gases can be dried by passing provided the gases do not react with the acid, Sulphuric acid removes itis evident by its charring action on carbohydrates. 4. Concentrated sup them through sulphuric aci water from organte compounds: curso MS% 12c+ LO 5. Hot concentrated sulphuie acid is @ moderately strong oxidizing agent. In this respect. iis ntermesliate between phosphoric and nitric acids. Both metals and non-metals are oxidised by concentrated sulphuric acid, which is reduced to SOs. Cu+2H:SO.(cone) —> CuSOr+ SO: + 2H:0 3S +2H:SO\cone.) _—p 3802+ 2H:0 C+2H:SOucone.) _ CO:+ 280+ 21:0 EBBEBLEEE EERIE EEE REESE Sseannea wth CamSeannee