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 TRANSFORMER
 Introduction  Equivalent Circuit of
 Principle of Operation Transformer

 Construction  Open circuit & Short

Circuit Tests
 Types of Transformers
 Transformer
 emf Equation
Efficiency
 Ideal Transformer
 Instrument
 Transformer Losses Transformers
 Transformer on Load  Auto Transformer
 Introduction - Transformer
 The main advantage of a.c generation, transmission and distribution over d.c
is that a.c. voltage can be increased or reduced dependent on the purpose of
use.
 Under practical conditions electrical power is generated at voltage levels
from 3.3kV to 33kV.
 As the needs arises for use of power at distant load points the voltage is
stepped-up and then transmitted over long distances, 66kV, 132kV, 220kV,
330kV, 400kV. Equipment used for this is power transformers
 Depending on specifications of the loads voltage is further stepped down to
ensure supply at pre-determined voltages for loads. Such transformers are
also power transformers. 11kV, 400V, 220V
 Transformers are also applied for low power or light power usages such as
electronic, household and telecommunications circuits
 In addition transformers are also used with measuring instruments to
facilitate transformation on measurements.
WHAT IS A TRANSFORMER?

HOW DOES IT OPERATE?

 Principle of Operation
The most important function performed by transformers include:
ochanging voltage and current level in an electric system
omatching source and load impedances for maximum power transfer in circuits
oElectrical isolation of the grid
As the alternating voltage source is applied on the
𝑒 = −𝑀 - mutually induced emf,
primary winding an alternating current flows through the
winding thereby producing a continuously varying flux 𝑀 - is coefficient of mutual induction,
(alternating flux) that surrounds the winding. 𝛷 - flux linking the coil or winding
𝑖 - current in the circuit creating the flux
The flux induces a voltage in the first coil through the
principles of Faraday and Lenz

If there is another winding adjacent (close by) the

produced flux or part of the produced flux will link with
the second windings (secondary).

Since the flux is continually changing in its amplitude

and direction (alternating), there must be a change in
flux linking the second coil.

This alternating flux induces a voltage in the secondary

coil/winding through the principles of Faraday and Lenz
- self induced emf,
 Construction & Operational Principle
The Primary Winding - connected to the source
produces the initial magnetic flux .

The Core (magnetic) – the flux produced by the

primary winding, passes through the low reluctance
path linked with secondary winding and create a closed
magnetic circuit
Secondary Winding - the flux, produced by primary winding,
passes through the core, to link with the secondary
winding. It is also connected to line or load.

For efficient operation of the transformer, it is desirable

almost all flux produced by the primary winding current links
the secondary winding.

To achieve this a low reluctance material or a low reluctance

path is created by using a magnetic material as the core
common to both the primary and secondary windings.
 What is a Transformer?
A transformer is an electro-static device which consists of two windings coupled
through a magnetic medium.
The two windings work at different voltage level. One winding is referred to as High
voltage and the other Low voltage winding.
The windings are wound on a common core. The
core is made from any material, iron, glass,
wood, air, etc.
The primary winding is connected to ac supply
while the secondary winding is connected to
load.
It transfers electrical power from one circuit to
another through the transformation of the
voltage.
This is achieved with the help of mutually
induced emf (mutual induction) between two or
more circuits (windings) at the same frequency
 TRANSFORMER

Construction, Types, emf

Equation and Ideal
Transformer on no-load
 Transformer - Construction
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐻𝑉 𝐵𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 & 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝐿 𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝑇𝑠 𝐵𝑢𝑐ℎℎ𝑜𝑙𝑧 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦

Yoke
𝐿𝑖𝑑 − 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝐻 𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐶𝑇𝑠

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 &

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝐵𝑢𝑐ℎℎ𝑜𝑙𝑧 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠
T𝑎𝑝 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑂𝑖𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑝 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟
Tap Changer
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒
 Transformer Construction

Read and make notes on the purpose of all transformer parts

n/n Name of Transformer Part Location on Transformer Purpose

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
 Types of Transformer
The types and categories of transformers varies greatly, depending
on their:

 construction and core types – air core, iron/steel core [G1]

 No. of phases – single phase, three phase
 Winding formation or configuration – shell & core types [G2]
 Applications – instrument transformers, power transformer
[G3]
 voltage level and current ratings – step up or step down
 operating frequencies
 cooling methods – Oil immersed, air cooled, water cooled
[G4]
 Location of use - substation transformer , pole mounted,
indoor and outdoor [G5]
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Windings Construction
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 & 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚  The magnetic core is built of laminations to
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
𝑯𝑽 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 form a rectangular frame
 The windings are arranged concentrically with
each other around the legs or limbs.
 The top and bottom horizontal portion of the
core are called yoke.
 The yokes connect the two limbs and have a
cross sectional area equal to or greater than
𝑭𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 that of limbs.
𝑳𝑽 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
 Each limb carries one half of primary and
secondary windings
 The two windings are closely coupled together
to reduce the leakage reactance
 The low voltage winding is wound near the
core and high voltage winding is wound over
low voltage winding away from core in order
to reduce the amount of insulating materials
required.
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Windings Construction
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒚 & 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚
𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙
 In shell type transformers the coils
are wound around the central limb of
the core
 The flux path is completed through a
central and two side limbs
 The central limb carries total flux
while the side limbs each carry half
𝑯𝒂𝒍𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 the produced flux
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙
 The side limbs which form a part of a
parallel magnetic circuit carry half
the total flux
 The cross sectional area of the
central limb is twice that of each
side limbs
 Types of Transformers
Explain which of the winding are inner or outer for a step-up shell type
transformer and why?

Explain which of the winding are inner or outer for a step-up shell type
transformer and why?
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Windings Construction
Core type laminations Shell type laminations

E-I Laminations E-E Laminations

L-L Laminations U-I Laminations
 Comparison – Shell and Core type

Core Type Transformer ?

Shell Core Type
Shell Transformer ?
Type Transformer

Comparatively complex Easy in design and construction

High mechanical strength Has low mechanical strength due to nonbracing of windings

Reduction of leakage reactance is highly possible Reduction of leakage reactance is not easily possible

It cannot be easily dismantled for repair work The assembly can be easily dismantled for repair work

Heat is not easily dissipated from windings since it is

Better heat dissipation from windings
surrounded by core

Has longer mean length of core and shorter mean length of coil turn.
It is not suitable for EHV (Extra High Voltage) requirements
Hence best suited for EHV (Extra High Voltage) requirements
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Cooling Methods
n/n Type of Label Full Name [Detail)

1 OW Oil Immersed, Water Cooled

2 OISC Oil Immersed, Self Cooled

3 OIFOC Oil Immersed, Forced Oil Cooled

4 ONAN Oil natural, Air natural

5 ONAN [ONAN+A] Oil Immersed, Combination of Self Cooled and Air blast

6 ONAN+OW Oil Immersed, Combination of Self Cooled and Water Cooled

7 OFAN Forced Oil, Self Cooled

8 FOWC Forced Oil, Water Cooled

9 OFAC Oil Forced, Air forced Cooled

10 Air Blast-Cooled Dry Type

11 Self Air Cooled or Dry Type Transformer

 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Applications

o Large Power Transformer

o Distribution Transformer
o Small Power Transformer
o Sign Lighting Transformer
o Control & Signalling Transformer
o Gaseous Discharge Lamp Transformer
o Bell Ringing Transformer
o Series Transformer for Street Lighting
 Types of Transformers
w.r.t. Applications
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer
 Constant Current Transformer
Instrument Transformers  Rotating Core Transformer or
Induction regulator
 Auto Transformer

w.r.t. number of Phases

w.r.t. Core Materials

 Transformer – emf Equation
o The electromotive force (EMF) equation implies the
equation for induced voltage in the primary and
secondary windings during the operation of the
transformer.

o As a sinusoidal alternating electrical source 𝑣 is

applied to the primary winding a magnetizing 𝑽𝟏

current is drawn from the source.

o The magnetizing current flowing in the primary

sets-up a sinusoidal alternating flux in the
transformer core.

o The flux links with both primary and secondary

windings.
o
0
𝜱=𝜱𝒎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒘𝒕
 Transformer – emf Equation
𝒅𝜱
•
𝒅𝒕 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝜱𝒎
•
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒅𝜱 𝒅𝜱 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒘𝒕
𝑬𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑬 =   = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟐
𝒆= − 𝐞= − 𝒎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒆 = −𝒘𝜱𝒎 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒘𝒕 𝐄 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝒇𝜱𝒎

𝒆 = 𝝎𝜱𝒎 𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 − 𝟗𝟎𝟎 ) [x] 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐

•

𝜱𝒎 = 𝑩𝒎 𝑨

𝑩𝒎

𝑨 e = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝜱𝒎 e = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝒇𝜱𝒎

• 90 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 [x] 𝒆 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝜱𝒎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕

• 𝒆 = 𝑬𝒎 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕,𝑬𝒎 𝑒 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝟏 𝒇𝜱𝒎 𝑒 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝟐 𝒇𝜱𝒎

 Transformer – emf Equation
𝜱𝒎 = 𝑩𝑨 𝐸 = 4.44𝑁𝑓𝐵 𝐴

𝑬𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝟏 𝒇𝑩𝒎 𝑨𝑬𝟐 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝑵𝟐 𝒇𝑩𝒎 𝑨

𝐾= >1

𝐾= <1 the transformer is called a

= = 4.44𝑓𝐵 𝐴
step-down

𝑵𝟐
𝑲=
𝑵𝟏
This indicates the emf per turn in each winding
of a transformer are the same or equal. This is
why for an ideal transformer on no-load 𝑬𝟏 =
𝑽𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑽𝟐 . 𝐾= >1 𝐸 > 𝐸 𝑁 > 𝑁 if 𝐾 = < 1, this
𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐
The ratio 𝑲 = = . Is an indication of a will imply that 𝐸 < 𝐸 or 𝑁 < 𝑁
𝑬𝟏 𝑽𝟏
constant by how much the voltage in the primary
is changed to attain the secondary voltages.
Transformation ratio
 Example
A 2400V/24V, 50Hz transformer has a emf per turn of 8V and a maximum flux
density of 0.2Wb/sq.m. Determine:
a. the primary and secondary windings turns
b. The cross sectional area of the core

Solution



 Example
A 200-kVA, 11000/220V transformer with 120turns on the primary windings has operational
frequency of 50Hz and core flux density of 0.3T.
a. Determine the number of turns in the secondary windings
b. Calculate the possible full load currents in the primary and secondary windings
c. Calculate the maximum flux density

Solution
 Example
A single phase, two winding transformer has 800 turns in the primary and 2000 turns in the
secondary and a net cross-sectional area 60𝑐𝑚 . The transformer is connected to a 400V,
50Hz ac supply. Assuming no load condition (no load impedance of 𝑍 = 1.6𝑥10 < 82 Ω and
negligible winding impedance) compute:
a. the transformation ration
b. the voltage induced in the secondary winding
c. the maximum flux density in the core
d. Draw a phasor diagram to scale

Solution

𝒎
 Ideal Transformer on no-Load
Winding Resistance and Leakage Reactance - Negligible

When no impedance is connected across the

secondary [𝒗𝟐 ] of a transformer, it is regarded as
𝟐
open circuited or on no-load condition.
If the resistance and leakage of the winding is
negligible a transformer only remains with the core
losses as the impedance of the winding will be
zero.

As the alternating voltage source [𝒗𝟏 ] is

applied in the primary, the current drawn
[𝑰𝟏 ] will then be for the purpose of
magnetizing the core of the transformer. 𝑁𝑜 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠
𝐹 = 𝑁𝐼, i.e. creating the flux in the core The general expression for total
primary current under no-load
𝒑 𝟏 𝒐
condition is represented as:
NB: This total current supplied from the source has
two components, one is magnetizing current µ which
𝟎 𝒘 µ
is merely utilized for magnetizing the core and other
component of the source current is consumed for
compensating the core losses 𝒘 in transformer. µ 𝟎

𝒘 𝟎
 Ideal Transformer on no-Load
Because of the core loss component of the
current that renders the primary current to NB:
be not lagging the supply voltage by
but it lags by an angle less than No-load current 𝐼 is very small about
The actual magnetising current is in 1% of full load current
quadrature with the supply voltage 𝟐
while the core loss component is in phase Since 𝐼 is always small, 𝐼 becomes
with the supply voltage. negligible, then cu losses always negligible.
Therefore the magnitude of the no-load Therefore no-load current practically
current under these conditions can be becomes 𝐼 , and iron losses
determined as:
NB: Since permeability of the core varies
 
µ with change in current, the waveform of
the magnetising current is not truly
sinusoidal

The angle 𝜃- the no-load power factor

angle known as hysteresis angle of
The voltage vector is on the same line with the advance since only core losses
core-loss current, while flux , is on the same contributes to shift in current phase
line with the magnetising current
 Example 4.3
A 400V/240V, 50Hz transformer draws a current of 4A at an unknown power factor lagging
when open circuited. If the transformer draws 400 Watts, compute:
a. the magnetising current and the iron loss current
b. Draw the phasor diagram

Solution

 
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 µ 𝒘
𝒘 𝟎
 Ideal Transformer on Load
No Winding Resistance and Leakage Reactance
When the winding impedance (resistance and leakage
reactance) of a transformer are negligible the effect of
current flowing in the primary and secondary windings
are equally negligible
Under no-load conditions the flux produced is due to the effect of
no-load current, i.e. 𝜱 = 𝜱 = 𝑵𝟏 𝑰𝟎 - the main flux
𝐼 𝐼 𝜱 𝜱
As the load is connected to the secondary winding, load
current 𝑰𝟐 will start to flow through the secondary winding
This load current solely depends upon the characteristics of the
load [𝒁𝑳 = 𝑹𝑳 ± 𝒋𝑿𝑳 ] and also upon secondary voltage of the
transformer. It is called secondary current or load current;
usually denoted as 𝑰𝟐 .
As 𝑰𝟐 .is flows through the secondary, a self induced mmf in secondary
winding will be produced, which is 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑵𝟐 𝑰𝟐 , where, 𝑁 is the number of
turns of the secondary winding of transformer. This mmf produces a flux
𝜱 in opposition to 𝜱and is called demagnetising mmf.

The effect of 𝜱 produces current 𝐼 in the primary winding

such that primary current 𝑰𝟎 becomes 𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 gives rise to 𝟐 𝟐
additional current in the secondary winding.
 Ideal Transformer on Load
No Winding Resistance and Leakage Reactance

o According to Lenz’s law the demagnetising flux [φ2] opposes the main (magnetizing) flux [𝜱𝟎 ] and momentarily weakens it.
o Luckily the established demagnetising flux, induces a current primary windings flowing in the same direction as the no-load
current, opposite to secondary load current 𝑰𝟐 ′.
o Current 𝑰𝟐 ′ is called the load current in the primary windings or the load component of the primary current
o This extra current flowing from source to primary winding 𝑰𝟐 ′ produces extra flux φ′ (compensating flux) in the core which will
neutralize the secondary counter flux φ2. Hence the main magnetizing flux of core, Φ remains unchanged irrespective of load.

In principle the total current drawn by a transformer under this condition can be divided 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰 𝟎 + 𝑰 𝟐 ′
into two components: 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟏 ± 𝒋𝑰𝟏 ?

1. first one is utilized for magnetizing the core and compensating the core loss i.e.
𝐼 . It is no-load component of the primary current. 𝟐 𝑰𝟐 = 𝒌𝑰𝟐
θ1
2. second one is utilized for compensating the counter flux of the secondary
winding. It is known as load component of the primary current.

Therefore from the above it can be concluded that the total primary current 𝐼 of a 𝟎
θ2
electrical power transformer with negligible winding resistance and leakage reactance and
leakage reactance can be represented as follows: 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟎 + 𝑰𝟐 ′ 𝑰𝟎 = 𝑰𝝎 + 𝒋𝑰𝝁
On the phasor diagram, angle θ2 is the angle between the secondary voltage
and load current, i.e. the power factor angle.
 Example 4.4
A 11/3.3kV single phase transformer draws a magnetising current of 4A and a core
loss current of 2A under no-load condition. The secondary of the transformer draws
a load of 0.5MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging.
a. Determine the current drawn from the supply full load
b. Draw a complete phasor diagram
Solution
 Real Transformer on -
Load
 A transformer which experiences leakage effects, i.e. not all the flux
produced by the primary mmf threats the secondary windings
 The flux produced by the demagnetising mmf and the compensating mmf
equally have a leakage effect
 The magnetic core is not perfect, i.e. not100% permeable
 Both the primary and the secondary windings experience losses,
precisely copper losses
 Effect of load current considered on both secondary and primary
 Real Transformer on Load
A real transformer is characterised by the
following:
 The effect of leakage flux is considered.
𝟏 𝟐  The effect of primary and secondary windings resistances is
considered
 Therefore 𝑉 ≠ 𝐸
 All core losses considered, i.e. (hysteresis and eddy current
losses) in the core and winding Cu losses
𝑹𝟏 𝑿𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑿𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 A simplified model depicting the characteristics of a transformer

𝑰𝟎 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝑳 𝒁𝑳 The characteristics of the load current 𝐼

𝑰𝒄 𝑰𝝁
(phase angle, magnitude) flowing in the secondary
𝒗𝟏 𝑹𝒄 𝒗𝟐
𝑿𝟎 𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 when the transformer is loaded depend upon the
~ characteristics of the load impedance connected.

𝑍 = 𝑍 = 𝑅 =𝑅 Pure resistive load

𝑳 =0
𝝋𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎
Pure capacitive load

𝑍 − 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑍 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Pure Inductive load 𝝋𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎

The magnitude will depend upon the ratio of load impedance to terminal voltage or current drawn
 Transformer on-
Load
With Winding
Resistance
𝑅 and 𝑅 represent the resistances of
a transformer on the primary and
𝟏
secondary windings respectively
𝟏 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 𝑅
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 𝑍 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍 = 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋

Primary windings induced emf and winding resistive

drop

𝜑 < 90
𝑳 𝑳
𝑳 𝜑 < −90
 Example #: 5-1
A single phase transformer supplies a current of 80A at 80% power factor lagging. The
transformer has 1000 turns in the primary windings and 250 turns in the secondary windings.
Assuming that the transformer draws a primary current of 30A at 0.7 power factor lagging,
determine:
a. the hysteresis angle of displacement
b. The no-load current
c. Draw a phasor diagram

Solution

⎖
𝟐

⎖
𝟐

⎖
𝟎
 Example #: 5-2

A single phase transformer supplies a current of 80A at 70% power factor leading, at 240V, 50Hz. The
transformer has 1000 turns in the primary windings and 200 turns in the secondary windings. The respective
primary and secondary windings resistances are 0.2Ω and 0.5Ω. Assuming that the transformer draws a no-
load current of 2A at a hysteresis angle of displacement of 80 degrees. determine:
a. the current drawn from the primary 𝐼
b. the voltage on the primary 𝑉
c. Draw a phasor diagram

Solution
 Transformer on-
With Primary and Secondary Winding Load
Reactance

For a lagging power factor load

⎖
 Example #: 5-3

A single phase transformer supplies a current of 80A at 70% power factor lagging, at 240V, 50Hz.
The transformer has 800 turns in the primary windings and 200 turns in the secondary windings.
The respective primary and secondary windings inductances are 0.021H and 0.007H. Assuming that
the transformer draws a no-load current of 1.4A at a hysteresis angle of displacement of 85
degrees and the primary and secondary resistances negligible, determine:
a. the current drawn from the primary 𝐼
b. the voltage on the primary 𝑉
c. Draw a phasor diagram
 With Primary and Secondary Winding
Transformer on-
Impedance Load

𝑰 𝟏 𝑿𝟏

𝑬 𝟏 𝑰 𝟏 𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟎 𝑰𝟏 𝑹 𝟏
𝑰𝒄 𝑰𝝁 𝑬𝟏
𝑹𝒄
𝑰𝟏

𝑰𝒐

𝑰𝒄 𝛷
𝑰𝝁

𝑰𝟐
𝑬𝟐
𝑉 𝒁𝑳
𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟐 𝑹 𝟐
𝑰 𝟐 𝒁𝟐
𝑰 𝟐 𝑿𝟐
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 – primary winding impedance The load can be presented as:
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 – secondary winding impedance 𝑆 , 𝑆 , 𝑃 , 𝑃 𝑍 𝑍 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝. 𝑓.
𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 +𝐸 𝐸 = 𝐼 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 +𝑉 𝑉 = 𝐼 (𝑅 ±𝑗𝑋 )
 Example #: 5-3

A single phase transformer supplies a load of 1000KW at 80% power factor lagging, at 400V, 50Hz. The
transformer has 800 turns in the primary windings and 200 turns in the secondary windings. The respective
primary and secondary windings impedances are 8 < 60 Ω and 4Ω . Assuming that the transformer draws a
no-load current of 3A at a hysteresis angle of displacement of 88 degrees. determine:
a. the current drawn from the primary 𝐼
b. the voltage on the primary 𝑉
c. Draw a phasor diagram
 Example #: 5-4
Group discussion – 4
exercise Group #: 1 minutes

Draw a phasor diagram for a leading power

factor load Group #: 2
Draw a phasor diagram for a unit power factor
load
Group #: 3
Draw a phasor diagram for a pure capacitive
load Group #: 4
Draw a phasor diagram for a pure inductive
load
Group #: 5
Draw a phasor diagram for an inductive load
neglecting the no-load current
 Transformer Equivalent
Resistance
Equivalent Circuit with
The two resistances can be transferred to one of the two windings, resistances referred to the
which simplifies calculations since lumped on one side (winding) primary windings

Total resistance as referred to the

primary windings: 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑹⎖ 𝟐
The procedure implies that the resistance from one of the windings
is being moved to the other winding 𝑹𝟐
𝑅 =𝑅 + 𝟐
When resistance from secondary is moved it becomes a referred 𝑲
resistance Equivalent Circuit with resistances
referred to the secondary windings
In addition the total resistance also becomes a referred resistance
being the equivalence of the entire resistance referred to the
windings
The resistance 𝑅 in the primary windings is equivalent to 𝑲𝟐 𝑹𝟏
It is thus called the equivalent primary resistance referred to the
secondary windings - 𝑹⎖ 𝟏
𝑹𝟐
The resistance 𝑅 in the secondary windings is equivalent to Total resistance as referred to the
𝑲𝟐
It is thus called the equivalent secondary resistance referred to secondary windings:
𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑲𝟐 𝑹 𝟏
the primary windings - 𝑹⎖ 𝟐 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑹⎖ 𝟏
 Transformer Equivalent
Impedance

 
𝑍 = 𝑅 +𝑋

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋

   
𝑍 = 𝑅 +𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑅 +𝑋

𝑋
𝑋⎖ =
𝐾 𝑋⎖ =𝐾 𝑋

𝑋 = 𝑋 + 𝑋⎖ =𝑋 +

𝑋 = 𝑋 + 𝑋⎖ = 𝑋 +𝐾 𝑋

 
𝑍 = 𝑅 +𝑋
 Example #: 5-5

A 60kVA, 4000V/200V, 50Hz has the primary and secondary winding impedances of 𝑍 = 8 + 𝑗6Ω
anf 𝑍 = 4 + 𝑗3Ω.
a. The equivalent resistance as referred to the primary and secondary
b. The equivalent reactance as referred to the primary and secondary
c. The equivalent impedance as referred to the primary and secondary
d. The total winding copper losses