Pure Maths 3 - Revision

Chapter 1: Algebra
1.1 Modulus function

ax  b  c | a x  b | c | ax  b | c
I

Solve Solve Solve

eat -11b£
-
C Eat -1 bfc
- c C
ax -1b£ -
c
-

c
-

b safe c- b
b
* f
-
c -

c-a-bsx.sc= b a× > 0
-
-

a-
if – c – b < 0 Of
ax 1- bzc

then Osa 's c- b ✗ I c- b

a-
c- b)
0 < ✗ ⇐
loyal
| ax  b |  | cx  d | | ax  b |  k | cx  d |

Square both side Square both side

"

(axtb )
's @ xtd ) (axtbjtskccxtd )
"

solve as quadratics solve as quadratics

inequalities inequalities

| ax  b |  cx  d ; a > 0 | ax  b |  cx  d ; a < 0 For laxtblscxtd

Sketch the graph and solve Sketch the graph and solve
Ya Ya
if y :( ✗ to cuts at 1- reside
- (axtb )
+ iaxtb ) tlattb ) then solve at -1b£ cxtd

-
-
4×+51 else solve faxtb > Ecxtd
y
-

> x
'
> ×
'
a
.
-
.
.
.

| ax  b |  cx  d ; a > 0 | ax  b |  cx  d ; a < 0 For tax -1512 cxtd

Sketch the graph and solve Sketch the graph and solve
cxtd cuts at side
"
r If y : tve
%
- (axtb ) tlaxtb )
+ iaxtb ) then solve axtbzcxtd
lax -151
solve (ax -1317 cxtd
-

'
else -

b
> × > ×
' ,

,
-
,
.

r
Question 1

3 < G- lnx <3

G- In ✗ <3
-
3 < G- In ✗ ,

9 3 < In ✗
In ✗
<

✗ ee
'
e' < ✗

"
. :
e' < ✗ < e

Question 2

52 y
-

1<5

4 <
y< 6
-

when y=e×

① < e- < 6

reject
0 < et < G

o < ✗ < In 6
Question 3

I il i
"

9×2-12×+4 2 ✗ t 8×-116

8×2-20×-1270

2×1-5×-3 -20

(2×-11) ( x -
3) 70

3
i. . ✗ C-
£ or ✗ >

Question 4

( ki
✗
"
1- 4a✗ -14%91×2 -
Zaxtcil
'
"
+ 4ax -14A
'

> 9×2 - lsax -19A

✗

078×2--22 ax + 5a2

let G=
I
-15A
-
< 0
: 8×2-22 ax
8×2-22×+5<0 < 0
( 2×-5414×-4
( Ix
-

5) (4×-1)<0

§a< ✗ <
Iza
I¥É
tgcxc 512
 Question 5

(1×-121)<>(2×-11)
"
✗
a -1--2++1 y :/ ✗ +21

✗
2-14×1-4>4×44×-11

-
2 3×2-3 Co

2 -
I [ 0
✗
-
l

> ✗

¥ ,
- 1

since
4=2×1-1 cuts the positive side ,
- I < ✗ < I
-

✗ -1272×-11
wrong
I > ✗
let ✗ ± -5
:
✗ < I
1-5-121 21-51-11

3 > -9

Question 6

Yr

¥
4=1×-111

>
×

y=2 -3N

✗ -11<2 -

3.x

⇐✗ < I

✗ <
£,
1.2 Polynomial
Division algorithm: p(x) ≡ divisor(x) . quotient(x) + remainder(x)
Or in fraction form:
p( x ) r ( x)
 q( x ) 
d ( x) d ( x)

1.2.1 Fatorisation of polynomial

a) By inspection
b) Long division
5 c) Synthetic division

1.2.2 Remainder theorem

pct )
When a polynomial p(x) is divided by x – t, the remainder is the constant ___

pits )
When a polynomial p(x) is divided by sx – t, the remainder is the constant ___
.

1.2.3 Factor theorem

Let p(x) be a polynomial. Then
a) if x – t is a factor of p(x), then p(t) = 0;
b) if p(t) = 0, then x – t is a factor of p(x)
The second result is called the factor theorem.

Let p(x) be a polynomial. Then

pl } )
:O
a) if sx – t is a factor of p(x), then __________;
t
b) if p    0 4 factor of 1×7
= 0, then sx – t is ______________________
s
a
p
The second result is the extended form of the factor theorem.
1.2.4 Solving Polynomial Inequalities
Consider the following polynomials of the form
a) f(x) = (px + q) (ax2 + bx + c)
b) g(x) = (px + q)(vx + s) (ax2 + bx + c)

I
where b2 – 4ac < 0.
If a > 0, then. a×2tbx -1C > 0
0
> ✗

Hence:
(i) f(x) > 0 when pxtq > 0

(ii) g(x) > 0 when ( pxtqkvxts ) > 0

%
't bxtc < O
If a < 0, then ax o
> x

Hence:
(i) f(x) > 0 when pxtqco
(ii) g(x) > 0 when ( pxtq )( vxts )
< 0

Ciii ) -1cm < o when

pxtq.ro
( in when
gcx
) co
(pxtq )( ✓ ✗ to > °
 Question 1

i)
2) ( Ax
"
-113×-14 + D
( 3×3 -15×2-2×-17 (✗
= -

3
: ✗ 3×2+11×+20
←
quotient .

✗ 3 =
A
✗ -2
) 3×3--15×2 -2×-1
2

(3×3-6×2)
:
✗ 5 =
B -
2A -

5 B- 213 )
=

-
( 11×2-22×1
11 = B -

20×-1
: -2 :-C -213 ( >

201¥
✗ -

← remainder
-
2 =
c- 2 ( 111

20 :-C :
quotient = 3×2-111×-120
constant :
-1 = -2C + ☐ remainder : 39
-
I
=
-2120 ) 1- D

39 =D

3×2-15×2 -21--1

5 -2 I
3

ft
-

>
2
( root )l I

0%6
22 40

3 11
20¥ 39 ← remainder
d d d
2
✗ ✗ C

quotient =
3×2+11×-120
remainder -
=
39

ii> 3×-3 -15×2-2×-40=0

from i)
3×3+5×2 -2×-1 ±
(✗ - 2) (3×2-111×-120) -139C
-
3×3 -15×2-2×-40=1×-2, (3×2+11×-120)=0
✗ -2=0 ,
3×2-111×+20=0
Gac :( a)
2- 41371201
✗ = 2
b2 -

= -119<0 no solution

i. there is only 1 real root ,

✗ : 2
 Question 2

"
2-12×-11
X -12×-11
quotient ✗
=

is
-2
✗ 1-
4) 4
-1×3+3×2 -112×-16
-

✗ ✗
remainder =
5×-12
"
-

(X -

✗ 3-14×4
-

2×3
2
-
✗ -112£

(2x3-2Ñt
✗ 44×-16
2- ✗
-
(✗ t 4)

5¥

4) ( ✗ 2-12×-117-1 (5×-1-2)
I

in
✗
4
-1×3+-13×2 -112×1-6
=
(✗ -
✗ +

-
✗ 4-1×3 -13×2+7×+4=(+1×-1411×-42×-11)

i.
p=7 ,
q=4
iii, ✗ 4-1×3 -13×2+7×-14=0
( -2-12×-1 1) = 0
( ✗
2- ✗ 1- 4) ✗

I ✗ 2-12×-11=0
2- ✗ -14=0
✗
( ✗ -1112=0
62 4ac=( 1) 2-4111141
-
-

I
✗ = -

=
-15<0
1 real out I
exactly ✗
-

is
roots there
'
=

no real .
. .
,
 Question 3

is

✗ 2-2×+5 12%357%2-9=+3 quotient

= 2×-3

-25×1-18
-

( 2×3
-

4*2+10×3 remainder =

3×2-19×-13
-
(-3×2-16×-15)

-2-5×-1-18

ii'
2×3 -7×2-9×+3=1×2 -2×+5/(2×-3) -1 (-25×-118)
-

2×3 -7×4-16×-15=1×2 -2+-15/(2×-3)

-15
: .
17=16 ,
q±
 Question 4

it
f( -2 ) :O
if) 3-12×2-5
gcx
=
✗

* 1- city 't b 3-15×2-12

=0
fcx) :
✗

-8 -14A -13=0 -1C fix > -17×2-17

gcx
. ) - =

ay
-11=-18
gl 7 ✗

't bl pi -18
HI
=
a.
-
-

>✗
-
It b- a = -18-20
① - @
7 +59=18 possible value is 7
greatest
-

5g = 25

a- -

① -844151+5=0
b. =
-12
 Question 5

'
2-
is (3) t a (3) 3-15=0

a
= -

in
3 I -
I -
i .
-
15

°
3 6 15

I 2 5 0

:> 3- ✗ 2- ✗ 15 3) ( 2-12×-15)
=
✗ (✗
-
-
✗

3- 2-
0
iii) ✗ ✗ ✗ -15 >
-1 +
+

3) ( x2 -12×-15 )
> 0
(X
-

2-12×-15 , a >0
For ✗

62-4 ac = 22-4 (1) (5)

=
-16 < 0

i. ✗ 2-12×-15 > 0

hence ✗ -3 > 0

✗ > 3
 Question 6
It is given that f(x) = x3 + ax – 14, where a is a constant and that (x – 2) is a factor of f(x).
(a) Find the value of a.
(b) When a has this value, solve the inequality f(x) < 0.

a) f( 21=0
23-1 Za -
14=0

2A -
6=0

a =3

3
b) ✗ -10×2+3×-14

2 I 0 3 -
14

0 2 4 14

I 2 7 0

+
3-13×-14 2-12×-171<5
-

✗ =
( ✗ 2) ( ✗
-

For ✗ 2-12×-17 a > o

,

' "
b -

Gac = 2
-

4( 1) (7)

=
-

24<0

2+2×-17
'

. . ✗ > 0

hence ✗ -2<0

✗ < 2
 1.3 Partial Fraction
Improper fraction:
f ( x)
Before a rational function can be expressed in partial fractions,
g ( x)
the degree of f(x) < the degree of g(x).

0
If the degree of f(x) ≥ the degree of g(x) the algebraic fraction is deemed as improper fractions
where we need to divide the numerator by the denominator first before we express them as
partial fraction.

Linear factor:
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 A B
≡ +
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) ¥1b Itd

Quadratics factor:
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
¥-5
C
≡ t
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
Cxztd

Repeated factor: \
not simplified
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 A
Bxtc
/
≡ +
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) axtb
¥+052
'

÷
¥-1b +
¥+0 +
2
✓
Special: d)

𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
≡ E- +
¥ ¥1b'

↑
repeated
1.4 Binomial Expansion

in -4 positive integer
 The Binomial Expansion is infinite and approximate if n is a non-positive (negative or
a fraction).
 The expansion is only valid if x  1 .
convergence
 In general, the expansion of (1 ± f(x))n is valid provided that | f(x) | < 1.

(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥) =
cilltbzxj
"

ncn -11 "

/ baxpt ]
=
't
n(§✗/ ( Ex)
a
it +
(
. . .

I.

The expansion is only valid if.

1%4<1 or
1×1 £1b

Question 1

State the interval of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

11-+9×1%3=1-1
ts-t://qxitf-s-t.IT/9xPM1-=-lt3x--
¥19M +

9×21-45×3
TAI AT

valid for 19×1<1 or

1×1<4 DI
 Question 2

State the interval of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

( 2-+711-12×5>12

11-12×5×2=11-1-2,112×1 -11-3-211-3=-1112×5 -

7 not 2×2
= "
1-3×-1 x

( 2- xj( I -3×-1 ✗ 2) =
2-6×+15×2
-
✗ -1 3×2

=
2-7×-118×2
"
( 2- ✗ 711-12×5 : the expansion
is valid for
T T 12×1<1
✗ ER 12×1<1
* :

' ,
,

Yz ya
 Question 3

"
i>
( 1-4×5 = I 1- f-
E) 1-4×1 + I
1-4×5
=
11-2×-16×2
'
th ④
-

Ii )
( -12×714-16×1
I

"
"
(I -12×114-16×512
( 4-16×5×2=(411-4×1)
"
=
(I -12×11-211 -12×-16×4
=
4-4211-4×5
=

§ ( it 2×-16×7
x2 :
§ / 116×7 -12×(2×3)
5×2
=
±
It ✗ -13×2
: weft of x2 is 5
( I -12×1/ It -13×7 E
.

✗ =
I txt 3.

t ✗ 1- 2×2

= I
2×+5×2
z t

i. coett of ✗
2
is 5
✓
 Question 4
o

¥8 repeated

isfcx , =
A- c-
+ B- +
BI
1- 2x
2- ✗ (2- ✗ 12

7×2-15×-18 = A- ( 2- ✗ 12-11311-2×312 -
x ) -1C ( 1-2×7

let ✗ = 2 ✗ :O MI
"
"
8=1 (2)
+ BC 1) (2) -2111
7121 -15127-18 =
C ( I -
zcz ) )
-
2- - C 3=13

let ✗
=L
7- (E) 2-151%+8
=
A ( 2- £12
9g =
9qA
I = A

i.
text
✗
+
¥ -1%5
Al Al Al
 Question 4

" " -2

it's fix) =
( I -2×5 t 312 -
✗ ) - 2 ( 2- x )

It He
" "

3125111 E ) -212 ) Yi lzxj

-

-
-

"

d- 24 = I + C- 111-2*1 +
11-2×12
-
①
= 1 1- 2×+4×2

'
5)
5 311,1 / 1- ✗ I I
-H{ (
1-
312 -
✗ = It c- 1) -
✗

3-2+32
=

1g
"
✗ +
,
× -
@

-
2
"
212 (2) ( -211-1=2×1 (-42,5--3)/-12×12
+
) = -2 Itc
-

×
-

Iz Ig
= 2

Iz ③
-
-

✗
-

✗ -

i. text = C t ② +
③

9g
=
2 -1 ✗ t 4×2
 Question 5

quad

is fcx , = A- + Bx
3- x 2-1×2

✗ -4×2 =
A (2-1×2) 1- ( B ✗ f- C) ( 3- x )

let ✗ =3 let ✗ = I

3- 4135 =
A- ( 2 -134 1-4=-312-114+(13-12) (2)
-33 11A
=
-3 = -9 + 213-14
-
3- A -

1=13

let ✗ = 0

0 ±
-3121 + C. 131

2 :C

taxi -3--1
:

3- x 5¥ ,
fix)= ①
+
②

=%xtYgxi+¥x
' '
'"
'
-1¢, =-3 ( 3- ✗ j + (✗ -12112-1×25
'

-313 -
✗ 7-1=-3135111-13×5
①
3
I
1-3×-4×2 If
-

= - - -
*

"
"

( ✗+ 2) (2) ( I -1£ ✗ 2) =
tg( ✗ + 2)
[1+(-11112×2)]
§ ( ✗ + 2) ( I
I ✗ 7
-
=

3
=
£ ( ✗
-

I ✗ -12 -

✗
2)
I -112×-1-2×2 ↳ ✗ 3£
-

=
 Question 6
0
improper A- -

÷
-
-2×20 =
2

is fcx, =
A + B- t c-
2-1 × 3-2 ✗

constant if degree denom

degree
nun = .

gcxl if denom
degree nun >
degree
found
by long
↳ be division
JIN
.

can

A = 2

c( 2-1×1
12-112×-4×2 = 212-1×113 -2×1-1 B( 3-2×7-1

let ✗ =
-2

12-1121-27 -4C -25 =

B (3-212) )

-4 :B

let ✗
3-2
=

12-11213-21-413,32=(12+3-2)
6 = C

fc×i= 4-
2-
÷zx
: .

t
2-1 ✗

" "
Ii) '
( 2-1×1 -412 ) ( 'zx )
-

-4 = it

]
"

-211 K'zx )
=
+ c- -1
( Ex)
'

@
= -2 -1 × -1-2×2 -

-
' " "
6 ( 3-2×1 (3) (
6 I
-2g )
=
×

= 2 ( I
-11-111-3×1 -1 [-3×5]
=

2-14-3×+4 ✗ I @

tea ② fcx, § ¥ -1,1g

'
i -1
= 2 ① +
= ✗ ✗
?⃝
Chapter 2: Exponential and Logarithm
"
2.1 𝑦 = log 𝑥 ↔ a :-X
T f

power base

2.2 Solving exponential equation

Equation Solution
2|3x – 1 | = 3x 216--11=6 Let ________,
u =3 solve using modulus method
"

e2x – ex = 1 ¢42 -
e.
✗
= I Let _________,
U= ex form a quadratics equation
u
Z -
u = I and solve
3×-1
3x–1 = 3x – 3 =>
393-1--3×-3 Rewrite 3x–1 as _________then
=
3×3-1 let u = 3x
and solve the equation
Izu u 3
-

ex = 1 + 6e - x Rewrite the equation as

ex
1+6112×1
=

-161¥ )
I
ex :

4--1-161%1) -
u

v2 :
u -16

then let u = ex, form a quadratics equation

and solve

2.3 Law of logarithms

1.

2.
3.
Special case:
log (E) =

logak
-

log 1 = 0
loga a = 1
✗ > -

K
Note: When solving equation in the form of loga (x + k) = 0, then=
x > k.
%

✗ + K so

✗ > -
k
' >
✗
o ,
2.4 Linear law
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 ↔ in = In lkxn )
y
Ink nlnx
tiny ± t

Plot ln y against ln x :
this relationship gives a straight line where n is the gradient and ln k is the intercept.
In
#
I
try ,

( In ✗ , ,

gradient
: n
+

'

Ink

> In ✗

𝑦 = 𝑘𝑎 ↔ In
y
=
talk at)

try =
Ink 1- ✗
In a

Plot ln y against x :
this relationship gives a straight line where ln a is the gradient and ln k is the intercept.

dry

" ""
In
Lt
gradient
'
=
a
;
-

Ink

>
✗
 Question 1

v2 -
u
-
12=0

(5)
✗

194 =

( u -4,14-131=0
(342
=

4--4 u =-3 At

✗
G. =

3×+12 zx= a 3×-1-3

( 372=3×-112 log
✗ =
4
mi
not
log ,
or 4
ml -

log 3
let u =-3
"

=
1.2.6
uh = u
-112 At

Question 2

2131-1×1 < g-
✗

✗ MI
In 2131-2×1 < In g-

In 2 -1 ( 1--2×11^3<+1^5 At

In 2 1- In 3- ✗ (21^3) < ✗ In 5

In 6 < ✗ In 5-1×21^3

In 6 <
✗ ( In 51341 MI

In 6 < ✗ In 45

: ✗ >
Into Al
In 45
Question 3

In 3+-1^12×+55=21^[1-12] -
2
In 3 In ( (2×-15)
==
t 2) In
-

¥3 =t( ¢-12T )
2×-1-5
"

3=4--12 )
2×-15

6×-115 =
✗ 2-14×+4

✗ 2-2×-11=0

t21±J¥Y-4l"
✗ = -

21453
=

2-
✗ =

-1253g
I
, I -253
(
✗ rejects
In ((1-253)-1.2) is undefined .
Question 4

1%(2×-11) =
2
log .lt -111
,
-
I

1×-1112 -1
log 12×-111
log
- =

"
H 1=-1
m ' A '

2¥ = to
-1
Ml

(✗ -142

÷
20×-110 =
✗ 2-12×-11 A 1

✗ 2-18×-9=0
✗ = -

l -

181 IJ(-l85-4l4f#
I
=
-0.487 18-487 BI BI
,
✓ ✓
Question 5

Y '

=
2,7 -

1.2

✗z -
X, 5.24--1.5
(x ,hy ) ( ✗ •
try ) =
0.40

y2= Aekx
"
1nA the
2kg =

=
In A tkx the ) Inc __ I 131
21mg ;

zkx
'

try =
IKA -1

✗ try
T
(1-5/1.2)
gradient
2.7
§
-

1.2 1.2 In A 1-
tzk { ( o.sn/ ( 1. 5)
=

= µ ,
¥4.5 P M

=
0.40
till -214
1nA = 6-
5
1<=0-80 ( Idp ) At
615
A :c
At
=3 -32
 Question 6

"

24=31 b) ②
-

a) y=3x
-

①
1^2=(1-2×111^3) @
=

y
3. ✗
123-2 2,13-21×1
= -

µ ,
y 1^2=1×3-(21^3) ✗ m
,

Y
Y÷ (21^-3)×-0
:
-

3×+21^3 x =
1^-3
At 1^2
Iz In 2
Y =
c t mx

against straight line

( 3h2t2
'

is
.
.

y × a
✗ = 1=3
Int
1^-2
gradient -2¥
±

B) ,
✗ In (23-5) = 1×3

✗ =
II Al
1×72
Question 7

gradient
✗
__%g
%
=

must
cut
y-axis

Inc I -35 m

y :C lax)
=
,
1- 35
C =
@
In Clay
try ±

( 2s -11
=
C. 3.9 At
in
lay Est ✗ a
-

B)
T y
In a =
gradient
y
-
intercept gradient =
2-6 µ ,

3-2-0.9
=
-9
23

9123
a- e -

=
1.5 ( Zsl ) At
Chapter 3: Trigonometry
3.1 Trigonometric identities
cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 1
tan 𝜃 + 1 = sec 𝜃
cot 𝜃 + 1 = cosec 𝜃

3.2 Compound-angled formulae

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

3.3. Double angle formulae

sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

cos 2𝐴 = cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴

2A =
2 cos 2A - I
= 2cos 𝐴 − 1 ↔ cos

2A
2 cos"A It
= cos

I 2s in 2A
= 1 − 2sin 𝐴 ↔
-
=
cos 2A
cos 2A
I
A
-
' =
Isin

2tan𝐴
tan 2𝐴 =
1 − tan 𝐴

Sia 30 = sin (0-1.20)

20 O sin 20
= sin 0 cos
-1 Coo

cos 30 = cos (0-120)

sin Osin 20
=
cos Ocoo 20 -

sin 40 =
sin (20-120)
20 -1 cos 20 > in 20
= sin 20 cos

=
2 sin 200s 20
1-
cot 20
=

tan 20
cosec 20 =
¥0
see 20 =
÷zo
;Io
I =
=

2m¥ coio-s.io
=

,
O
=

2¥-l
=

-2¥0
,
3.4 Harmonic Form
𝑅 sin(𝜃 ± 𝛼) = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 ± 𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑅 cos(𝜃 ± 𝛼) = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 ∓ 𝑏 sin 𝜃
where R > 0 ✗ is acute
,

sin 𝛼 =
R = √ (a2 + b2) and tan 𝛼 =
cos 𝛼 =

Maximum and minimum value

Maximum value Minimum value

R sin(   ) ± k R±k -R±k

2¥
"

r
R cos(   ) ± k V
- R - -
R -

k[ R sin(   ) ] kR kl -
R) =
- kR

k[ R cos(   ) ]

1 1 1
R sin(   )  k R  k Rk
Yr ,
%
I 1

R ✗ mlinimun minimum
-
'

1 R -

l ' l
> ✗ >✗

R cos(   )  k f
ymfxim.nl R
f
maximum -
-
-
R - ✗

R sin(   )2 R2 0
R -
R
M EV
R cos(   ) 2
o '

'
. .
.
-
'
0
 Question 1

ii )
ton"x
"
tan x
-
12 -13=0
tan 2x + tore
is talk -1×1 =
MI tail
let u :

1- ten ✗ tan 2 ✗
Izu -13=0
ur -

tanya =
2tanx_ 1- tanx u= -

c- 1211/(-12741-1113)
M
1- tank

"

ten 11.7445
my ?Id
✗ =
1-
.

ton ✗ =
3.4270

At
11 twixt ✗ =
73.7°
star ten
-

+ ✗
= ✗

-255437
1# fair ✗ :-O

(I -
tank ) -

star 't ten ✗ = 0.50541

26.8°
Al
I
_tan ✗ =

>
=
3. tan tan ✗ Mt
/ ¥g )
✗ -

=3
At
7¥

31mL - tank =3 -9 haix

tan
"
x -12 taix -13=0 At
 Question 2

mOtton
1-
=
z t fan 60° -
ton 0

1 -
ten 60° taro
ÉÉonO
tarot 53 Al
'

JJ-tano.lt
= 2 +

l -
53 taro B. taro

taro
4+-253%3
-

f-an 0-153 =

53 I 1- tan O
Fino

tan 0)
253 tarot
53 -
Mi

11-153 tar 9) ( two + b) =p j>

tonolz -
-1

21-253*-1/53 two
Ezo start
-

+ =
taro -1+5 +
-

25¥ -
G ton
'
O -
3. tano +531mF

4 taro =
2 -
4 two -
6 tonio
+
8 taro 0
'
6 tan 0 2
-
=

0 A 1
-14 two l =

ton
" -

3. o

-5486

%
1
tan D= 0.2152 ,
tan D= - .

④ O= 12.1° 0=1 80°

-

57.147°
✓
I
°

I 122 .
9
BI ✓
BI
Question 3

my 4 "¥i:]
ton45 = I

I ;÷÷1
• '
* -

tan 07
tail ( taro -111 11 taio ) 11
-

= -

Hot taio =
I -
turd trio -

taio
-

0 I 0
Hai O
=
fan
-
t
2

1) ( tarot 1)
= o

( 2 tan 0 -

I
ten 0=1-2 ,
taro = -

reject
D= 26.6°
Question 4

a)
R :
1*5+4--55
Ff Bl
=

✗ cost
-
Isin ✗
sins
Rco, ( ✗ t ✗ I =
Ras
55
-

sin ✗
JI ooo
-

Rsin ✗ = 55

Rust =
Jz

Asia =
JI
52
cos L

tana
-
-
JI MI
52

57.688° At
✗ =

( O -157.688°
)
52 cos 0 - 55 sin 0=57 us

20 I
-55
=

b) 52 co, 20 sin

1
(20-157.688)
±
57 cos

( ¥)
"

angle
as
ref =

= 67.79°

6880<20-1 57.688°
-

< 417.688
57 .

292.21° ( 67.79°)
57.688 6-7.790 MI A1
.

20 -1 = , ,

¥ D= 5.
'

5 ,
117 -3° Al ,
A- I
 Question 5

"
12=11561-+5
B)
=
#
Osiris
1- Rainn
Roos ( O -

d) = Ruo Ooo ✗

56 as
O t 3s .no

Rsn 2--3

Root -56
-

3 mi
trans =

JG -

At
2=50.770

56 woot 3 sin 0 = SIT cs( 0--50.777

b 56 cos § ✗ 1- 3 sin tzx = 2.5

2-5
515 (1-3×-50-770)
=
cos

ref 49.8°
angle
=

-
50.77
•

< 13×-50-770<69.23
"

I 5077° 49.8
=
✗ -

✗ = 301.7°

- vc

¥
-49.8
.

50.77 =

↳ x -

✗ = 2.91°
 Question 6

(a) Express 8 cos θ – 15 sin θ in the form Rcos (θ + α), where R > 0 and 0 < α < , stating
2
the exact value of R and giving the value of α correct to 2 decimal places.
(b) Find the greatest and least value of the following:
Greatest value Least value

8 cos θ – 15 sin θ + 3
17+3=20 -17-13=-14
=/ 7- ooo (01-1.08)+3

16 cos θ – 30 sin θ
0-1551^0 ) 21177=34 21-171 = -34
2 ( Sco,
=

=
2117 woo (01-1-08) )
1
8 cos  – 15 sin  ÷ .
± -

¥ ¥
=
nFO-i.si
1
8 cos  – 15 sin   3
=
-1
=
-

÷ ÷=÷ ,

17ns (01-1.08)-3

(8 cos θ – 15 sin θ)2

172=289
:-( 17W (01-1.08)/2
O
,

a) 1- 08
12=-17 ,
✗
=

i. Sooo 0-15 sin 0 =

17ns CO -11.081
Chapter 4: Differentiation
When the gradient of tangent is parallel to the x-axis,
81=0
When the gradient of tangent is parallel to the y-axis,
¥y=o
4.1 Product Rule

If y = uv , then dy ' '

=
UV -1 ✓ u

d-✗

4.2 Quotient Rule

u
ru
'

If y  , then
v 1¥ =

✓
2
⇐ do not expand

4.3 Chain rule

Function

𝑦=𝑒 ( ) 𝑓 (𝑥). 𝑒 ( )
𝑦 = ln [𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
"
𝑦 = sin 𝑓(𝑥) =
[sin to, ] 𝑓 (𝑥). [𝑛. cos 𝑓(𝑥)]
"
𝑦 = cos 𝑓(𝑥) =
[ cos tox, ] −𝑓 (𝑥). [𝑛. sin 𝑓(𝑥)]

4.4 Derivative of tan-1 x.

a) y  tan 1 x

dy 1

dx 1  x 2

b) y  tan 1  f  x  

f '  x  
A

dy
 
dx 1  f  x   2
 
Question 1

"

¥ faé )
a" o
( sect x ) + ton
=
= e- ✗
,

*
2x ton ) o
(
=

e-
-
a x
see

"✗
seix -
a ten x = 0
e- ¥ 0 ,

It ton 't
-

a tan ✗ = o

'
ton + 1--0
tan ✗ -
a
✗

let tan ✗ = U

Z t I = O
u
-
g v

2- 0
b 4sec =

of -
4C 11 (1) = 0

A = 2

0
tuix -2 ton ✗ + I
=

2
=
0
In ✗
-

1)

tin ✗ = I

✗ =

Ig
Question 2

/
.

ddze
""

dd¥
"

( sin xp )
"
=
e l f- ✗
+ sin ✗ I

MI
cos ✗

tsinx)
) ? leo
"' " >
) -1 sin ✗ e
31 sin
.

= ✗ > x .

A,
e .

"
) = O mi
eats ,n~x ( x
3 coax -
sin

"
" ✗ = 0
sin
3 coax
-

"' ✗
✗ = 0
e. =/ o
,
sin ,

reject )
( "

( I ✗ 7=0
zoos cos
-

×
-

Wix -13 coax 1=0

1
-

cos ✗ = 0.302278 -3.3028

,

( reject )
✗ =L -26
.

At
 Question 3

¥1 :-# )=d+ c-'L,+-¥

l"

M )
= - '

At

=i÷i
1%5 :c :)
"

"

¥ .
1¥25 .

:-( ¥+1

=¥¥×)"i¥ t
MI

¥#
=

At

Mt =

( 1- ¥211 -1×13/2 %
a. : a
Yz -11

41-1×33/2
'

x)
" = ii. a
Mn : -

mt = ( I -

11-1×1%1 -1×7 Gmb :(abt

"
, ""
Bi
=
( 1- e)
""
=
(I -

✗ 2) ( It x )
Question 3

if curve has maximum / minimum ,

=0

/min
if gradient the is max
of curve

lot
gradient
-
m

8¥
-

g
= 0 or

dm
=
°
d-✗

Mn =
(I -1×111-72
"
2=0
8×11-1×711
-

-5%1 Xx) +
(1-+4%11)=0
4-1×111-+111
-
-
×

"2
-

dt + (I
-
✗ 2) = O MI Al

( I xY'ʰ
-

;¥;
-

=
.

2×2 -

x t I = °

MI

✗ = - l - l ) ±
→
JC -112-41-21

✗
Itg ,
✗ = - I
Al
reject
 4.5 Implicit differentiation
An implicit function is one connecting x and y where y is not the subject.
When differentiate an implicit function:

i) (𝑦 ) gives ayl :#

'
ii) (𝑥 𝑦 ) gives ( 2yda¥ ) ( 3*4
-
+
✗ y

differentiated result of differentia

everytime times
d¥ to the -

y is ,
To find stationary point:
dy
Differentiate the equation implicitly then substitute  0 to form equations y = f(x).
dx
Solve simultaneous equation between the equation formed and the equation of the curve.

Question 1

@
✗
2g -6×5=9 ? -

differentiating
tent -0

¥11 -124×7--16×12 .iq#+yys,y=ot

Al ""
☒
( " MI

d=0 ml

by
0
Zxy
=
-

:O
( ) At
2g x
-3g
2y=° , x=3y -6
y :O - @
② → ① ①
③ →
o= gas M1
gas
3g y( 3g by
-
)
0=1
-

gas
-

9y3=
:( a)
y3=
}
-

a
.
-3A , -

At

y= a
-

@ = -3A
 Question 2

tux
sing dry
=

cosy / %)
-
-
seix
Ml
ñ=÷±l÷ Al

jwszx
I
= 1-
cost
cos 't

dy
a.
=

ic-oix.coy >
Al

④
sing
-_ta÷×
Kang# (tana )
'

Ml I

tuix
py.tn srry
" =

Jl-tTx
sin's
y=ji-tm
1-
wiry =

↳
I

=f-si;÷- oiy =\ - s

Coo 2x

= cost ✗
-
sink

¥
Al = Jcoo2
cosy as a coif =
w#
Croix
 Question 3

÷
-

2×4
-

✗y2=a3&
(4%4×+4241)=0
At

( 2xYd¥j -1%(4×1) (
- ✗ a,

=D MI

-
=o

4g -

y(
=o
ax
g)
-

yyo ,
4×-2=0 At
4×-0
g- -

2×44×1 -
✗ ( 4×12--63 my
}
8×3-16×3 =
a

-8×3 : as
> =
×
-

8
'
✗ =

za
-

-2A
y= BI

s there is
only 1 solution
4.6 Parametric equations
The relationship between two variables is expressed by writing both of them in terms of a
third variable known as parameter.

Each point on the curve gives different and unique value of the parameter. Parametric equs
question are solved by first finding the value of the parameter.
-

equation
dy
can be found by using chain rule.
dx
dy dy dt
a)  
dx dt dx

 dy 
dy  dt 
b) 
dx  dx 
 
 dt 
where t is the parameter.
 Question 1

:@ say

|
✗ = taro y
at
" "" ° "
¥0 ""
"
° ±
-

-
""

Al
=

¥0 = -
22in Oooo

1¥ :
Fox :& MI

⇐ -
Zsinocooo ( co>
20 )
A1
=
-2s ,iOws3O

b) m=
-
Nino @ 013

dm
051 -4inch -1 Koo OPC -2%01=0
:-/ 2sinO (3) (
m,
cos
µ,
To - .
-

zwiol3siio-zc.io/-- 0
m ,

-2ns
-0=0
3mn20
26220=0 ,
'
0=2%20
cos 0=0 3 sin

ton 'O= }
OI -

I. i:
repeat
taro __

-1-53
✗ = tono
Al
xp
:
-53
Question 2

In l l cos -2 -11
-1
= -

✗ = 2 t 1- sin 2
y
dy l sin
2-11 -2 )
,÷g (
.

o
-

dx
-

2 -1 (co > 2-1 ) 2

d-,
=

d-y
.
=
,
m 1
=
2 2 t
2 t cos

?÷÷i
Al ± Al

dy
d-✗
= Xst
at
✗ ( Ée ) ,
I -
↳

,÷¥÷
= M I

"

:÷÷
=

;¥
=

= 1-
Sin at
At
= cosec 2 -1
 Question 3

2coo2-L.in
¥)
=L
it ✗ = It -1 sin 2-1 y
-

Mn :
-

dy
¥
2> in 2h )
2€ 2C -

2cg
= -

2 -1
d-,
=

,
2 = ←
1-
=
42^2-1 M"
✓ ztmt

tent
¥
-
=

dy
- = %sin2t- MI A- I
DX
✗ ( it cost -11 (E)
"

ref angle : tar

= 2-1
a- 0.24497
2 sin
+ ve

1tc→2É S no solutions
C

)
=
212 int cost ,
Mt
+ Nrc

1) S
-1=-0.24497
"

I -11210s -1 -

~
-
②

212%1%0*2
=

mi a- 21-0-4491-1 -1

Sink -
o - 244971

= At
-0.961
Zsint =

cost Al

=
start
Chapter 5 & 6: Integration and Differential Equation
5.1 Using Identities
Function Result
 tan xdx   sec x  1dx
2 2
tan * -
✗ + c

 cot xdx   cos ec 2 x  1dx

2
-
cotx -

✗ + c

5.2 Using Double angled formulae

Function Result
1
 cos xdx   2 (1 *- cos 2x )dx
2

iz / * + s ×
) + c

1
 sin xdx   2 1 ma cos 2 x dx
2

ˢ"2÷ )
'

zlx -
-1C

5.3 Using Partial Fraction

Function Result
1 ;x>a
x 2
 a2
dx
=/ ÷ -1¥ . .
"
÷ " / ✗aI

1 ; |x| < a
a 2
 x2
dx 1- In
-1×1
/ Fa
a

Za

x 1
 1  x dx   1  1  x dx ✗ -11 # / I -

⇐ dx

"
In / 1-1×1 -1C

+1¥
=
✗

¥
-

'
-
-

xk x k
 1 x dx    dx { In /
'
1-1-+21-1 kton
_

=
✗ to
2
1 x 2
1  x2
÷ ÷ -1¥
-
-

I =
A- ( x -
a) -1 B ( ✗ * a)

let ✗ = a lot ✗ = - a

-2 A
1 = 243 I =

Ée:-D ¥ ,
=
A

/¥ =/ Eat ¥ ¥)
"
d-× -

.
.

¥ / In ,
# a) - In lx - al
)
=÷H¥it+ .
Eg
1
 9  4x dx
=/÷;
d×
2

÷, I
=
↳
,

a-

÷ 3,7%1
=

In
1 + a

1
 9x 2
4
dx =

¢ zz
d '

÷
"
I %÷:-|
=

3-

=
¥ "
I I + a
5.4 Integration of tan  1 x

Function Result
1 tan  1 ( x )  c
 1  x 2 dx

1
 a2  x2 dx tat ai
'

(x ) + c

1
 1   bx  dx
2
¥ tan " ( bx ) -1 c

f' ( x)
 1  [f ( x)] dx
"
I -1in ] 1- c
-

2
tan

Eg
3
 9  4x 2
dx =
3) ,
d '

=3
(f) ( %)
"
tin

( %)
"
'
= ton + e
z
 kf '( x)
5.5 Integration of
f ( x)

Function Result
f '( x )
 f ( x) dx In / fail to

kx n 1

§g ;÷ja=¥ki
l

 ax n  b dx Kath % anxn
" -

ax -13 =

d "

ta bl
= '
* " " +

In -14

 tan x dx -
In / cos ✗ I + c

 cot x dx in / sin ✗ I tc

 sec x dx in 1sec ✗ 1- tar ✗ I tc

 cosec x dx -
In / cosec ✗ 1- cot a
/ to
5.6 Integration by Parts

Use for ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 or ∫@𝑑𝑥

'
or
/ tai × dx

dv du
 u dx dx  uv   v dx dx
b
b dv  du 
a u dx dx  uv   v dx dx  a

:
u = It (inverse tan)
= L (ln)
= A (algebra)
= T (trigonometry)
= E (exponential)

Eg
ln x
U = In ✗ ✓
'
= É2
 x 2 dx ¥ ¥
'
= =
u ✓ -

↑
A

thx
f ± 1- E)
-

-
d '

J
'

thx
= + da
Iz
-

=
-

¥ In ✗
-

¥ -1 C
5.7 Integration of rational fraction

g ( x)
For  f ( x) dx
No
g( x)
Is g(x) = f ’(x) ? Is an improper fraction?
f ( x)

Yes Yes No

g ( x)
 f (x) dx  ln | f (x) | c Long Division

Use partial fraction

5.8 ln form vs tan-1 x form

Integration where numerator is a constant => arctan
k '

 1 x dx  K tan
=

× + c
2

Integration where numerator is of kx => ln form

kx
 1 x k ( ¥ 1 1) +
≥
In It
dx 
a
×
2

Combined:
px  q
 1  x2 dx  1,7¥ '
-

Ii "

{ PHI t.it qtai

'
=
-
+ x + c
6.1 Differential Equation

6.1.1 Solving DE
3 steps in solving differential equation
Step 1 : Separate dx (denominator) from dy
Step 2 : Collect all the terms involving y with dy and on the other side all the terms involving
x with dx
Step 3 : Integrate both side of the equation

dy
 xy
dx
e-
 xy dx
dy-0
1
dy  x dx
y
1
 y dy   x dx
x2
ln | y | c
2

6.1.2 As x tends to infinity

2 cases: "

As x  ∞, x  n  0 i ( ax -135 → o

ʰ×tb
As x  ∞, e  kx  0 ; e- → ◦

Keyword: when t becomes very large, after a long time, will never reach …, cannot exceed

When fraction is of ekx, k = positive constant, rationalise the fraction by dividing both
numerator and denominator with ekx.

Example:
? ?
10e 2 x  3
→
as x → •
,
p

P
1  e2 x
"
"

/ Oe -13 ÷ e
E-
tea
=

2x
= lot 3 e-

e
'✗

as × → ou ,
e- → o

'
p → I
= 10
Example 1

9709/31 Oct/Nov 2021

hltcx ] ,

I ←
%,,hx
at
dg
,
lnlihxl =

,÷±( ¥1

,¥
=

b) ✗ In a -1 tdx -0
a-e-

tdx =
-
✗ In a

je

tdx :
- ✗ In ✗ de

f
tot
d.
=/
-

In ( Ina )
¥ to
-
=

✗ = e t = 2
,

In ( Ine ) = -

É + c

2 t c
In 1 = -

0 =
-2 to

2 =L

c)
→ 0
as I
In ( In a) ¥+2
-

Eti
=
"

e-It
-

-12 z
=
e.ee

In ✗ e-
Es -12
It
"
=
→ o
t -2N
, e-
" ))
( exp 1¥
_
+2

a
=
exp e-
til :c -
→ o

H' +2
e°
"

e- ✗ → = I

@
6.1.3 Greatest or least value

dY
0
dt

Example 2

9709/32 May/June 2016

it
(3-10020) #
">
20
(3-10020)%2 = ✗ sin
20 = ✗ sin

÷
;;?÷o=o
×
=

20 do a-•
( 3-1 cos 20 ) dx = ✗ sin

20 O

=/ s°
=

f¥
✗ > in

dx do
3 t cos
20 ✗= 0
,
sin 20=0

I
20=0,
201 the
In -1-21^13-1
cos

3%
× =

* =

/ 20 2
zo, "
% ( z -1 Coo 20 = - sin .

= _

2s , n 20 20--0 , ✗ = 3%
-

"
2

(3-1 c. so /

/①
20
In 13-1-0-201
{
"
-

• =

Ftw =
2.598 ✓

{ In
/ 3 too>
21¥) / + In
'

In 3 = - c

In 3
1,1^3 -1 In c
-

3-21×3 = In C

"
Ing = h C

C =
3312
201
In t =
-

{ In / 3 + a > t
22h3

In a
=
In 3312
3¥20) "

* = 3%
3¥20, "
Example 3

9709/32 Feb/Mar 2016

dy ✗
+2
=
✗ e
d-✗
"
=
✗ e✗.e

dy =
" >
✗ e -

e dx

dy = ✗ et da

Je "dz =/
' "

xe da

"
> '=c ex
e- = ii. x v
e-
Y
= ✗ ex -

]
- -

'
et
u :| ✓ =

e-
"
= E- ✗ ex

Je
" '
-
da
✗ e
e-
Y =
excl - ✗
I

=
✗ et - et = hile
"
Cl - At
y
-

-
e-
Y
= ✗ et -
et te
y :
-

In / ice -
✗ I /
◦ '

e- =
o -
e
tc y=h✗
-
I t <
-
I =
o

o :c

✗
( c- ✗ I 70
@

e× 70 I - ✗ > 0
since ,

✗ < I
Chapter 7: Numerical Solution

7.1 Change of sign of f(x)

radians mode
Rewrite the equation so that f(x) = 0. ,
use
.

Find f(a) and f(b) and conclude that since there is a change of sign, the root lies between a and
b.

7.2 Fixed point iteration

We can show that the iterative formula, x = F(x) converges to the root of the equation f(x) = 0
by showing that x = F(x) can be rewrite as f(x) = 0.
'

#
To find the root using x = F(x), pick a starting point x0, between a and b as found above.

Find the successive values by x1 = F(x0), x2 = F(x1), x3 = F(x2) and so on.

Suppose we want our answer correct to four decimal places. Then we continue the iteration
until two successive values agree to four decimal places.
⑨ must show substitution into the ✗ =F( ✗ / recommended
[
: twice ]

② iteration must be $-2 dp -

f the final
y  ln x y  k ln x

Ya Ya

8 >
i > ✗
✗ ,
p

y   k ln x y  ln( x  k ) -1<=1
K -0
/
✗ -
-
✗

Ya ✗
=k ✗ =/ -1k
Ya
,

i
sx ' >
✗
, Hk

✗ = 'k
y  ln( x  k ) y  ln( x 2 ) , x > 0

Ya Ya
,

I
' 1 >
1 I >
, ✗
✗ ,
,
Hk

: ✗ =o
✗ =k
 y  kx 3 y  x3  k

Ya

Y
Ya Ya

>
✗

b b
y y k
x x

b>0 b<0 b>0 b<0

Ya Ya Ya
Ya

-4¥
T
.

b b
y y k
xa xa

b>0 b<0 b>0 b<0

Ya Ya Ya
Ya , \ ,
,

I
1
I \ I

T l
Y
1
I
1

a x=a
✗ =

✗ : a ✗ = ,
 y xa y  xa
Ya Ya

0
a
is .
0
✗ x

y  sec x y  cos ec x

ya
Yo I 1

I
, 1

i.tv
I
,

ill ,
,
i

÷
t I >
al ¥
'
l
Fa
✗
1
o l
-
, ' ' ' >
' ✗
g-
*
'
,

A
-

Tin . in

y  tan x y  cot x

% %
-
I 1 , ,
I '

YY:X µ
l

I 1
,

. " .
"
IT 1 R ¥
,
!
, '

!
1
1
,
   1
y  k sec 2 x ;  x y  k sec x ;   x  
2 2 2

1% Ya

iv.
i

'
K '
1k I
' > >

0--1<1
✗
ai it x
-42 -1%2
-
o
,

y
I

1
1
i 1

  1
y  k cos ec 2 x ;  x y  k cos ec x;   x  
2 2 2

% i
%

✓
, ,

KI
,
1
I /
K -

l l
l
> I >
%
l
ityz ✗ ✗
'

tyz I
"' k
t
-

1mi
-

i ,
l l
Chapter 7: Numerical Solution

7.1 Change of sign of f(x)

radians mode
Rewrite the equation so that f(x) = 0. ,
use
.

Find f(a) and f(b) and conclude that since there is a change of sign, the root lies between a and
b.

7.2 Fixed point iteration

We can show that the iterative formula, x = F(x) converges to the root of the equation f(x) = 0
by showing that x = F(x) can be rewrite as f(x) = 0.
'

#
To find the root using x = F(x), pick a starting point x0, between a and b as found above.

Find the successive values by x1 = F(x0), x2 = F(x1), x3 = F(x2) and so on.

Suppose we want our answer correct to four decimal places. Then we continue the iteration
until two successive values agree to four decimal places.
⑨ must show substitution into the ✗ =F( ✗ / recommended
[
: twice ]

② iteration must be $-2 dp -

f the final
y  ln x y  k ln x

Ya Ya

8 >
i > ✗
✗ ,
p

y   k ln x y  ln( x  k ) -1<=1
K -0
/
✗ -
-
✗

Ya ✗
=k ✗ =/ -1k
Ya
,

i
sx ' >
✗
, Hk

✗ = 'k
y  ln( x  k ) y  ln( x 2 ) , x > 0

Ya Ya
,

I
' 1 >
1 I >
, ✗
✗ ,
,
Hk

: ✗ =o
✗ =k
 y  kx 3 y  x3  k

Ya

Y
Ya Ya

>
✗

b b
y y k
x x

b>0 b<0 b>0 b<0

Ya Ya Ya
Ya

-4¥
T
.

b b
y y k
xa xa

b>0 b<0 b>0 b<0

Ya Ya Ya
Ya , \ ,
,

I
1
I \ I

T l
Y
1
I
1

a x=a
✗ =

✗ : a ✗ = ,
 y xa y  xa
Ya Ya

0
a
is .
0
✗ x

y  sec x y  cos ec x

ya
Yo I 1

I
, 1

i.tv
I
,

ill ,
,
i

÷
t I >
al ¥
'
l
Fa
✗
1
o l
-
, ' ' ' >
' ✗
g-
*
'
,

A
-

Tin . in

y  tan x y  cot x

% %
-
I 1 , ,
I '

YY:X µ
l

I 1
,

. " .
"
IT 1 R ¥
,
!
, '

!
1
1
,
   1
y  k sec 2 x ;  x y  k sec x ;   x  
2 2 2

1% Ya

iv.
i

'
K '
1k I
' > >

0--1<1
✗
ai it x
-42 -1%2
-
o
,

y
I

1
1
i 1

  1
y  k cos ec 2 x ;  x y  k cos ec x;   x  
2 2 2

% i
%

✓
, ,

KI
,
1
I /
K -

l l
l
> I >
%
l
ityz ✗ ✗
'

tyz I
"' k
t
-

1mi
-

i ,
l l
Chapter 8: Vector

8.1 Vector equation of a line

r  a   (b a) a- Et > LIK )

~ ~ ~ ~
T ↑
direction
point
1
 
Vector direction parallel to the x-axis =  0  i :-. a- + >
( lg )
 0
 

 0
  i =
-

≤
t >
(%
Vector direction parallel to the y-axis =  1 
_

 0
 

 0
  i I ai -1×18 )
Vector direction parallel to the z-axis =  0 
-
-

1
 

A line passes through the origin in the direction of point P (4, 3, 1)

✗ . "
I
:( %)
-1 >
({ 1 a ±
:( § )+ > ( & )
7

☐
:-. >
4.) r
8.2 Parallel, Intersecting and Skew lines

Let the 2 lines be r = a + tb and r = c + sd.

If the two lines are parallel, then b = kd where k is a scalar.

 a1   b1   c1   d1 
       
 a2   t  b2    c2   s d 2 
a  b  c  d 
 3  3  3  3

+ sd -
@
G) + tb , = C
, ,

Az t tb , = Cst sdz -

-1
a } lb, =
↳ tsd} -
③

use ① and ② to solve £ and s

use ③ to check

If the two lines intersect, then at the point of intersection the position vector is equal
LHS = RHS
,
sub s or t to find the POI

If the two lines are skew, then

LHS ≠ RHS
 Example 1

±
:|
;)+×(.
4
:
-1%1+4%1
5 +
I -127
=
at
in
-

f ?;) (G)
a
-

, :
.
=o

3- >
= 4 tbr -
@
j
:

=
4- ✗ 3 -1m -

@ za -
b -
1=0
ki
Za - I =
b -
@

① 2> = 6 t
air
2b - a =
4 -

@ → = It bn ① → @
2(2a - l ) -
a =
4
③ -
7 = -
it 4
Ga
=
Z a
-

@ -
③ 3 a
=
6
0 = 2 +
( b- 1) ~

0=2
(b -17in I -2
-
④
I
(2)
-

↳= 2
@ →@
2C - l -

but = Gt am

=3
- 2- 2bar = Gt ar

f- 2b -

at = 8 -5C
e) ⑥ (3-1), = -2
④
=
-

I
⑦ -2s - a 4 on
=
-
/
2b +
Gb -4
= a

5 -12M
p=( /
2s -
a -4
-

4 tin
3 -1m

5-121-11

( 4 -13C -11 /
3 4- C -
H

=p;)
 8.3 Angle
8.3.1 Angle between two vectors
The angle between two vectors is defined as the angle between their directions when the lines
representing them both converge or both diverge.
The angle between two vectors can be found using scalar product
a  b  a b cos 
~ ~

a
a ~
~

 

b b
~
~

Note:
a b  0 : acute angle
~ ~

a b  0 : obtuse angle
~ ~

a b  0 : perpendicular
~ ~

b
← →

Angle AOB => ja ,

or Ño ,
BT
→ ←

← →

Angle PQR => CÉP ,QÉ or PÉ ,

ÑÉ
→ ←

8.3.2 Angle between two vector lines

r = a + tb
} only
use direction vector

r = c + sd
Acute angle between the two vector lines are defined as
-
b- -1>0 b.d
cos  
| b || d |

Perpendicular: K -

d- = 0
8.4 Equal vector and midpoint
If vector a is parallel to vector b then a = kb, where k is a scalar constant.

 a1   b1   a1   b1  a1  kb1 191 = KIKI

        a  kb2
Example:  a 2  is parallel to  b2  then  a2   k  b2  where 2
1-

a  b  a  b  a3  kb3
 3  3  3  3
1  
The midpoint of a line segment AB has position vector (OA  OB ) .
2

 1   1 
If M is the midpoint of AB, then OM  (OA  OB ) and not AB .
2 2

 a1  b1 
 2 
 a1   b1   
     a2  b2 
Example: Midpoint of  a 2  and  b2  is  
a  b   2 
 3  3
 a3  b3 
 2 
8.5 Unit vector

a
Unit vector is a vector which has magnitude 1 unit; aˆ  and aˆ  1
~

a
A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of one unit. We can find the unit vector in the
direction of any vector by dividing the original vector by its magnitude.

 AB 
If AB is a non-zero vector, then 
is the unit vector in the direction of AB .
AB

If ai + bj +ck is a unit vector, then a 2  b2  c 2  1

8.6 The perpendicular distance from a point to a line

Let the equation of the line be r = a + tb and the point P has position vector p.

If the foot of the perpendicular is Q, then 𝑶𝑸⃗ = a + tb since Q lies on the line.

PQ is perpendicular to the line implies that 𝑷𝑸⃗ is perpendicular to b.

Hence vector 𝑷𝑸⃗.b = 0 and the value of t can be obtained from this equation.

Substitute the value of t found into 𝑶𝑸⃗ to find the position vector of Q and

sub in to find the perpendicular distance = |𝑷𝑸⃗|.

I ˢ

P ×
P
I ant -1k
-
-

' 1=2-1--11
'

th
ie
a

0% -
_

a- + the

Poi = a -
p

POT .

b- = 0 to solve e

sub t to ÉÉ to find
point Q

IF'Q / to find the perpendicular distance

f point P
'

being reflected
'
is the Q is the midpoint of p and its P
,
image

Pt
'

. Q
I aft ?
¥
,

:p '
 Example 2

9709/31 May/June 2022

520
2

3 1

a, Jai = 0% + ÉD 1-
{ DI b, Ñn

(!
'
2kt I -1%4%-211 I
:( z ) )
=
-17
2
-

=
It 21 1-
2k

5in =
E'a + A-b c)

2 It
& ( Gj)
=
ZI +
3¢ t

-1%1-1 ( H
r
.
>

""

I ;) I ;)
'

-
a

672 I

✗ =
E.
(3) til :)
oñ

ii. I
-

-2

(E.)
*

It 7

(2-+7) / ¥ / .
= o 513
a- ↳

4 -1 9> = u
¥1 -
-

| "T+C
2 -17
YI
It ✗ -1
-

=
Example 3

9709/33 May/June 2022

b'
A<
=/ ¥1.1 § )
A
a) e ✗
-

=
-
I -110 -118
Ee
-

-
at
EÉ=( g)
"
+
"
F;)
1071
=Jl2y52-#
in?
Ña=a -

-152

)
×

=/
3-

j-iit.rs#2-- 514 -5+27

-

5 +37

ÑÉ
0=÷= -1%1=0
co >

) %)
×

f-
=
30.99° 3- - = 0
5+2 ,
-

5 +37

15 -197, = 0
1- 4 >
-

- 3-17-10

147=28
7=-2

a=(
3-2
-

-
5-12121

5+3121
)
it
Chapter 9: Complex number

9.1 Division

9.2 Complex number and equation

9.2.1 Quadratics Equation

az 2  bz  c  0

 b  b 2  4ac ⇐ must show

steps
z
2a

9.2.2 Equation with conjugates

az * bz  c  id

Let z = x + iy, hence a ( x  iy )  b ( x  iy )  c  id .

00
Solving ax  bx  c ,  ay  by  d to find the value of x and y.
Retz ) Imlz )

9.2.3 Equation with two complex numbers

z  (1  i ) w  i and (1  i ) z  iw  1

Solve simultaneously to find the complex numbers z and w.

↳ will lead to rationalised

9.2.4 Polynomial with n > 2

A polynomial equation of degree n has n roots (both real & complex)
Complex roots occur in pairs, if a + ib is a root then a – ib also a root.
/ divisor
)
Hence z2 – 2az + a2 + b2 or z2 – (Sum of roots) z + (Product of roots) is a factor of the
polynomial and subsequently the polynomial can be factorised thru long division.
A- -1
cubic : real 2
complex
"
X -1 . .
.
: 2 real
-1 2
complex
4
complex
 9.3 Square root of Complex number
9.3.1 To find the square roots of a complex number ( < Hs and KHS )
at ib
comparing
Assume answer is

Let

comparisons
By
,

Therefore ↑ ↑
the Im

Solve these two equations to find the values of a and b.

9.3.2 To find the square roots of a complex exponential

1 
i  
1 
i     b. 0
iθ 2  2 
If z = r.e then square root of z are r .e and r .e θ lies in the 1st or 3rd
if I
quadrant, "
JÉ Keio /
2

1  to
-
-

i    
£0 )
= Feil ,
= r .e 2 
θ lies in the 2nd or 4th
if ✗
quadrant.

5z=Jre÷° ¥0
• -
TT 1-

Felt /

'zÑ
"

- To .
p
0

IF
+
¥0
'
-

-20
7-1-20
Tre
OF
Jr
Jz =Fe
'
F- so
,

so ,M
D'
d- go
-20

Sei 13¥ )
2-
G.
=

Jzei / ¥4 Beit
:#
IF =
,

ÉÉ
 2- = at :b

9.4 Modulus – argument form (polar form) r(cos Otis - no ,

Z =

z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) also known as polar form r -12-1

-

, O=ayZ ,
- To <
gz
a- ≤ I

=JaF5 + obtuse + acute

obtuse acute
r = |z| = √(x2 + y2)
-
-

𝜃 = arg(𝑧) = tan where 𝜃 is measured anti-clockwise from the positive Re-axis, and
-π < 𝜃 < 𝜋. - (
always
check the
position of z )

t obtuse + acute

Positive obtuse Positive acute

Negative obtuse Negative acute

→¥g÷¥gÉ
acute
obtuse
É
-

" →
-

"
-

2-
=

ay
-

9.4.1 Multiplication & Division of 2 complex numbers in polar form

⇒ |𝑧 𝑧 | = |𝑧 ||𝑧 |
arg(𝑧 𝑧 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 + 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 (± 2π if necessary, to give the principal argument)
| |
⇒ =| |

arg = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 − 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 (± 2π if necessary, to give the principal argument)

§ ,
AOB t-a-gu-azw-a-g.tw )
n1m
① At
( v)
¢AoB =

argu
-

ayu
* B. ( w )

↑ =arg( %)
are
0

e
IN A £90B =

any
u 1-
arglw )
°
190 Te
I-2

=a-gu
C- ayw )
-

( w) B

44013
Ali,
=

agent
=
ay
u -

argot ✗ AOB
argu tag ( ut )
=

=
O -
C- 01 10
I -0
=
20
0 = O -
C -
O )
B. H*) =
20
g. tut =Ñ

ay
u =

4- IT

14 = R

0
ayw
=

scalar ( length / "

"

[
write v in aR.fr Oti - no ) form where a is

that V = 2. un
,

given + does not affect the constant to be found

argv

1244 aglow )
-

u
/ v1 ay
_

&
>
=
2 / ullwl =

argutargw
I 252.12
txt 0
=

: v = 25212 / cos
t.tt/tisin(&F -101 ] ✓

1- i Gin ¥
Coo t
cost -601^0 ) )
252121 O
¥5 Sino
.

=
cost ,
Tecos
-
sin

=
252K
-1¥ Goo -

¥2s.no tig-z.co
> 0 1-
fzsino ) )
-

0 snot -1 212 ( cos 0 -1 since / i

= 2 R ( co >
-

=
2 R / ( cud -
snot -1 [ ¢00 -1 Sino )
)
 9.5 Locus of points in Argand diagram
Let P represents a variable complex number z and A represents a fixed complex number w.

|z – w| = r is a circle with centre A and radius r.

|z –00
w| = |w| is a circle with centre A and radius |w| passes thru the origin.

|z – z1| = |z – z2| is a perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points representing z1, z2.
1 I both side
↳ must
'

both side
must have 2- on
and

Arg(z – w) = α is a line segment drawn from A and makes an angle α with the horizontal line
through A and in the positive direction of the real axis. Eto
I -0
-
-

to -
to

Note: If the above equations are replaced by inequalities, then each locus will be represented
by a region.

|z – w| < a : shade inside the circle

|z – z1| i< |z – z2| : shade towards z1
poi 2- \

O
argcz -2,7<0 arglz
-

-2 ) C -

<
-

◦ ,

/ Z Z ) C O
Es
ay
- -

↳ -

✗
-14 -
- -

-
_

€ X-p
-

Z ' Te -
-

) & Z, ) ≤ I
( Z
-
Z >
OC (z -

org ↳
arg
,

- -
- x -
XE .

Z,
9.6 Geometrical effect of conjugating, adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing
complex numbers

Let A, B, C, D, E, F, and G and represent the complex numbers z, w, z*, z + w, z – w, zw and

z
w respectively.

Conjugating

OA = OC, C is the reflection of A in the real axis, arg z = - arg z*, triangle OAC is an isosceles
triangle.

A
if AC = 171 then Aoc is
equilateral
12-1
"
1
1-
where z
= E

yargᵗ I ay 6

1-
o
argz \
" I
171 C
 Adding
OADB is a parallelogram

Subtracting
OE = AB, OE is parallel to AB, |z – w| = AB, arg(z – w) = angle between AB and the horizontal

D
A
✗

A
F- ^ £
B
pz
- w

ztw
F
B
0
>w
<
-
w

=
◦ A- DB
OEAB

Right-angled
z
Let P, Q and R represent the complex numbers z, w and w respectively such that angle POR
is right angled and |w| = k|z|.
z 1
 i
w k

12-1=1 / wt
k
> w,
2- r

2- i

F. ? =

t
I
E
= El I
ratio of
length
µ,
 D

A
76

i ¥
is
>

iii. % -155
=
µ the

A
u

F-
7
• ~
B
☒ >

0
( U -
V
=
u -1
C- V1

parallelogram
- V =
OEAB
 A-Level 9709/3 (P3)
Prepared by, LPY

9709/31 May/June 2014

is z = 953 -19 i 153 til :JÑ

-

=
2
53 -
i

/¥)
"
2- = ton
ay
=
9153 til
=

¥:
53 ti =
Ze

Iet " "

t.in
z =
9 ( ) ,

1-1-67
Hi
✗ e-

get
" -1%+4 i

2
=

9eÉ⇐i

iii JI =( gets

t.ec/--3eEi
=
Jq @

7 EE

%¥n

11
 A-Level 9709/3 (P3)
Prepared by, LPY

9709/32 May/June 2014

a) -
1-1-55 i other root is -
I -
J5i
,

-1+55 :) -11--1-55 )i
SOR = -2 ( Za ) ; sup =L
= -
2

-55--1=6
POR =
( -
1) 2-1-15512 ; pop :(
t-55-il.lt
-

"
rout :
tip
± 6 ( a -15) a) ex > =°
ex p
- -

-13×-14,3=0
~
✗
-
ax

divisor : 72 @ OR _

2) + POR ✗
2-
catpx -1-43=0

I -2 In For

z2t2z + 6) z3 -10=5-127 ta

"?;¥¥a
-
ez

-
e
-
22-2-47 - 12 )

#2 ⇐ must be 022-102--1-0

a -112=0

a _= -12

2-31-27 -12 IO
"

( E -122+6/(7-2)=0
2

z + 22--16=0 2--2=0
,

-155 i -55C 7=2

'

2- = -
I - I
,

12
 A-Level 9709/3 (P3)
Prepared by, LPY

9709/32 May/June 2014

b) w = 1 e2Oi
"
> Oi
- I - I ÷ e
w

¥.+
=

¥, , Ioi
Oi
= efi -
e-
•
e. it e- Oi
( Ceos C- d) t isinl -01 )
=
¢0s Ot is in 0) -

isinl -01 )
(cos 0 1- is in 0) 1- ( Ceos C- d) t

cos ( -01 =
cost

sin 1- 07 = - sino

= Coo Ot is.no
-
cos 0 + is in 0

Coo 0 -1 is .no t co> 0 -

is in 0

( Isin d)
=

=
i taro

12
 A-Level 9709/3 (P3)
Prepared by, LPY

9709/33 May/June 2014

b) Fi
conjugate of
3-
←
" " =
× denominator
I -14 i "
"

t2 ¥
→ °
' ✗
*
= _

3 - 12 i -
5 i _

,
* > Re

7+7
u 2

"

-1¥
=

= -
I - i

13
 A-Level 9709/3 (P3)
Prepared by, LPY

9709/31 May/June 2015

ii.
¥
≤
argiwtp
> ≤
¥
.

??¥÷+
" =
w

, aim
'

-14

;:÷×
= * 2 .

i -11 > it
1 Gi '

g
= 661-88
> Fe
5+42 0

50
aryl
+
P' {
=
-
) a

¥.=ay( wtp
=

=
2-14 i

12+4 itp )
ay
=

/ ¥p)=
"

± tan
= tan "( ZIP )
ton 'zñ
= 4-
¥p =
ton }
2tp

I 4-
¥p= -1
=

Hp
Ztp 4 4 z p
-
-
= =

2 -6
p
=

p
:

2
-

G≤p≤

14
 A-Level 9709/3 (P3)
Prepared by, LPY

9709/31 May/June 2015

Iz - al = K

w
)
: k = a
( 2,4
t

÷
I l

o a a
(a) 07
(,2+y2 he
1
=

¥ K -
_ a

w*
2-1 42 at
② a) -
=

[ + 16 = a2
4- 4 at

20 =
4 a

5- -
a

-
:/ 2--51--5

14
 A-Level 9709/3 (P3)
Prepared by, LPY

9709/32 May/June 2015

①
a2 -32 I
= - -

is JJ =
(at ib )

Zab = 453
u =
(at ibi 253
b = -
@

=
a2 -1 Zabi
1- b'it a-
u

Zabi
u
=
(a2 -32 ) + ⑦ →
①

-12%5=-1
'

'

¥
-
= -1
a

64 - 12
=
É
62-12
" -
= 0
a

Cit 3) ( a2 -41=0
2-4--0
a.
a' 1=-3,
a- .
-12

@ a=2 , b =
253
2-
=
Is

b=23
a = -2
,

=
-53

Ju = 2-153 ,
-2-53

( 2,537
✗

C- 2 ,
-
B)

15
 A-Level 9709/3 (P3)
Prepared by, LPY

9709/32 May/June 2015

0
last contact point ↑
In
from origin
^

- -
Iaii
"

µ ,
→

7 01
1

7 o
o
-

,
It >
Re
¥
0
sin D=

(¥ )
- '

D= sin

¥+2 "(¥ )
greatest z sin
=

ay
=
1.86

15