FUNDAMENTALOF MATHEMATICS

1. NUMBER SYSTEM

Natural Numbers : (N) = {1, 2, 3.....}

Whole Numbers : (W) = {0, 1, 2, 3.....}
Integers : (I) = {..... –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.....}
Positive Integers : (I+) = {1, 2, 3.....}
Negative Integers : (I–) = {..... –3, –2, –1}
Non-Negative Integers : = {0, 1, 2, 3.....}
Non-Positive Integers : = {..... –3, –2, –1, 0}
Even Integers = {..... –6, –4, –2, 0, 2, 4, 6.....}
Odd Integers = {..... –5, –3, –1, 1, 3, 5.....}
Note :
(i) Zero is neither positive nor negative (ii) Zero is even number
(iii) Positive means > 0 (iv) Non-negative means  0

2. FRACTION :
3 5
(a) Proper Fraction = : Nr < Dr (b) Improper Equation = : Nr > Dr
5 3

2
3
(c) Mixed Fraction : 2 + (d) Compound Fraction : 3
5 5
6

1 2
(e) Complex Fraction : 2 (f) Continued Fraction : 2 +
3 2
2
.....

3. RATIONAL NUMBERS (Q) :

All the numbers that can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q  0, are called
rational numbers. Integers,Fractions,Terminatingdecimal numbers, Non-terminatingbut repeatingdecimal
p 
numbers are all rational numbers. Q =  : p, q  I and q  0 
q 

Note :
(i) Integers are rational numbers, but converse need not be true.
(ii)Arational number always exists between two distinct rational numbers, hence infinite rational numbers
exist between two rational numbers.
4. IRRATIONAL NUMBERS (QC) :
There are real numbers which can not be expressed in p/q form. Non-Terminating non repeating decimal
numbers are irrational number e.g. 2, 5, 3, 3 10 ; e, .
e  2.71 is called Napier's constant and   3.14
Note :
(i) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number e.g. 2 + 3
(ii) If a  Q and b  Q, then ab = rational number, only if a = 0
(iii) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not be an irrational number
or we can say, result may be a rational number also.

5. REAL NUMBERS (R) :

The complete set of rational and irrational number is the set of real numbers, R = Q  QC. The real
numbers can be represented as a position of a point on the real number line.

6. COMPLEX NUMBERS (C) :

Anumber of the form a + ib, where a, b  R and i = 1 is called complex number. Complex number
is usually denoted by z and the set of all complex numbers is represented by
C = {(x + iy) : x, y  R, i = 1 }
[N  W  I  Q  R  C]

7. EVEN NUMBERS :
Number divisible by 2, unit's digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & represented by 2n.

8. ODD NUMBERS :
Not divisible by 2, last digit 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represented by (2n ± 1)
(a) even ± even = even
(b) even ± odd = odd
(c) odd ± odd = even
(d) even × odd = even
(e) even × even = even
(f) odd × odd = odd

9. PRIME NUMBERS :
Let 'p' be a natural number, 'p' is said to be prime if it has exactly two distinct positive integral factors,
namely 1 and itself. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 .....

10. COMPOSITE NUMBERS :

A number that has more than two divisors
(i) '1' is neither prime nor composite.
(ii) '2' is the only even prime number.
(iii) '4' is the smallest composite number.
(iv) Natural numbers which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1)
11. LCM AND HCF
(a) HCF is the highest common factor between any two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
When dealing only with numbers, it is also called "Greatest common divisor" (GCD)
(b) LCM is the lowest common multiple of two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
(c) The product of HCF and LCM of two numbers (or expressions) is equal to the product of the
number.

12. CO-PRIME NUMBERS/RELATIVELY PRIME NUMBERS :

Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are coprime, if their H.C.F. is one
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), (5, 6) etc.
Note :
(i) Two distinct prime number(s) are always co-prime but converse need not be true.
(ii) Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime numbers.

13. TWIN PRIME NUMBERS :

If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are twin prime numbers.
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13} etc.

14. NUMBERS TO REMEMBER :

Number 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Square 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400
Cube 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000 1331 1728 2197 2744 3375 4096 4913 5832 6859 8000
Sq. Root 1.41 1.73 2 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3 3.16

Note :
(i) Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x2  0)
(ii) Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. 4 = 2

(iii) x 2 = |x|, x  R

15. DIVISIBILITY RULES :

Divisible by Remark
2 Last digit of number is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
3 Sum of digits of number divisible by3 (Remainder will be same when number is divided
by 3 or sum of digits is divided by 3).
4 Number formed by last two digits divisible by 4 (Remainder will be same whether we
divide the number or its last two digits)
5 Last digit 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3 simultaneously
8 Number formed by last three digits is divisible by 8 (Remainder will be same whether
we divide the number or its last three digits)
9 Sum of digits divisible by 9 (Remainder will be same when number is divided by 9 or
sum of digit is divided by 9)
10 Last digit 0
11 (Sum of digits at even places) – (sum of digits at odd places) = 0 or divisible by 11
FUNDAMENTALS OF ALGEBRA
Illustration 13 : Find rational numbers a and b, such that
4+3 ✓5
r;- = a+ hvr;-
5
4-3v5

4+3✓5 x 4+3✓5 = a+ b✓S

4-3✓5 4+3 ✓5
Solution.

61+ 24 ✓5 = S
a+ b ✓
-29

61 24
a=--' b=--
29 29

DPP-1 :
Only One Option is Correct for Q.1 to Q.5

1. [( (62si-½r ¾
r=
(A)4 (B)S (C) 2 (D) 3

2. (s(s +27 )'f =

½ ½

(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D)4

1 1 1 1
(A)-
x2
(B)-
x4
(C)-
x3
(D) -
X

4. ..Pxv � X
3cyX77 =

76/15 78/15 79/15 77/15

(A) x (B) x (C) x (D) x
If �� = x , then k =
k
5.

2
(A) -
6 (B) 6 (C) -
6 (D) 7
6. Simplify:
6
( 5 ✓3+ Jso) ( 5-"'24) 3 ✓2 4✓3
6 +
✓
+ ✓3 ✓ + ✓2 ✓3+ ✓2
(i ) ( ✓6
ii ) -
( ✓75 -5 ✓2 )
 Each of these systems of equations gives us a solution (m, n). Adding the equations in
the first case gives us 2m = 106, so m = 53. Substitution then gives n = 52.
Similarly, we can work through each of the other three cases to find the four

solutions (m, n) = (53, 52); (19, 16); (13, 8); (11, 4).

Illustration-25: The number 7,999,999,999 has two prime factors. Find them.

Solution: Let 7,999,999,999 = 8,000,000,000 -1

= (2000)3 - 1 3 = (2000 - 1) (20002 + 2000 + 1)

= (1999) (4002001)

According to question, 7,999,999,999 has two prime factors, they must be 1999 and
4002001.

Illustration-26 : Factor x4 +4y4.

2
Solution: x4 + 4y4 = (x2 )2 + (2y2 )2 -2(x2 )(2y2 ) +(2xy)

= (x2 + 2y2 )2 -(2xy)2

= (x2 + 2y2 - 2xy) (x2 + 2y2 + 2xy)

DPP-2 :

1. Factorize following expressions

(i) x4-y4 (ii) 9a2 - (2x-y) 2 (iii) 4x2 - 9y2 - 6x-9y

2. Factorize following expressions

(i) 8x3 - 27y3 (ii) 8x3 - 125y3 +2x -Sy

3. Factorize following expressions

(i) x2 +3x-40 (ii) x2 - 3x-40 (iii) x2 +5x-14

(iv) x2-3x- 4 (v) x2-2x- 3 (vi) 3x2 - lOx + 8

(vii) 12x2 +x-35 (viii) 3x2-5x +2 (ix) 3x2-7x +4

(x) 7x2 - 8x +1 (xi) 2x2 - 17x +26 (xii) 3a 2 - 7a -6

(xiii) 14a2 +a-3

 ✓3-✓2 ✓3+✓2
Illustration-30 : If x= r,; r,; and Y= r,; r,; , then find x3 + y3 .
"3 +"2 "3-"2

✓3 -
✓2 =
Solution:
✓+✓2
x = ��
3
( ✓3-✓2)2 = 5-2 ✓6
y =5+2 ✓6
x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2)
= (x + y) [(x + y) 2 - 3xy] = 10 x [100 - 3] = 970

DPP-3 :
1
1. Suppose a +- = 3 :
a
1 1 1
(a) Find a2 + - (b) Find a4 + - (c) Find a 3 + -
a2 a4 a3
1 2 1 = 4 1 = s 1
2. If X+-= 2 , then prove that : x +- 2
x +- 4
x +- 8
x x x x •
3. If 2x + 3y + 4z= 0, then prove that 8x + 27y + 64z = 72xyz.
3 3 3

4. I'm thinking of two numbers. The sum of my numbers is 14 and the product of my numbers
is 46. What is the sum of the squares of my numbers ?
5. Simplify ✓7-✓13 - ✓7+✓13.
Simplify the expression �2+..Js +�2-✓ .
5
6.
7. If x, y, z are all different real numbers, then prove that
2
1 1 1
-1- _1_ _1_
2
+ 2
+ 2
=( + + )
(x-y ) (y-z) (z-x) x-y y-z z-x
8. Solve for x :
(a ) ✓2x+l = ✓x+l (b ) ✓x -l= x-3
2 (c) .Jx+1+2✓2x-3=-3

3. POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE

An algebraic expression of the form p(x) = a11x11 + a 11
_
1x -
11 1 + ... + a 1 x + a0 is called a polynomial
function in 'x' where ai(i = 0, 1, 2, ..., n) is a constant which belongs to the set of real numbers and
sometimes to the set of complex numbers and n is a whole number.
• a is the coefficient of xi for i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n and a0 is constant term of p(x).
i

• If a
11 * 0, then a xll
11 is called leading term and all is called leading co-efficient.
• If all= 1, then polynomial is called monic polynomial.
 DPP-4:
1. Determine the remainder when the polynomial P(x) = x4 - 3x2 +2x + 1 is divided by (x - 1)
2. Find the remainder when f(x) = 3x3 +6x2 - 4x - 5 is divided by (x + 3).
3. Determine the value of k for which x3 -6x +k may be divisible by (x- 2).
4. Find the value of a, if (x - a) is a factor of x3 - a2 x +x +2.
5. Find remainder when f(x) = x5 - x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by (x2 - 1).
6. Find the value of e and m if 8x3 + ex2 - 27x +m is divisible by 2x2 - x-6.

7. Find e and m if 2x3 - (2/!, +l)x2 +(/!, +m)x +m may be exactly divisible by 2x2 - x- 3.
8. f(x) when divided by x2 - 3x+2 leaves the remainder ax+b. If f(l) = 4 and f(2) = 7, detennine
a and b.
9. A polynomial in x of the third degree which will vanish when x = 1 & x = - 2 and will have
the values 4 & 28 when x = -1 and x = 2 respectively. Find the polynomial
10. If f(x) is polynomial of degree 4 such that f(l) = 1, f(2) = 2, f(3) = 3, f(4) = 4 & f(O) = 1
find f(5).
11. Suppose a and b are constants such that
(x3 +bx2 - 7x+9)(x 2 +ax+5) = x5 +13x4 +38x3 - 22x2 +37x +45 V x E JR. Find a and b.
12. If P(x) is a cubic polynomial such that P(l) = 1; P(2) = 2; P(3) = 3 with leading coefficient
3 then find the value of P(4).

4. EQUATIONS REDUCIABLE TO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

There are certain equations which can be reduced to ax2 +bx +c = 0 by some proper substitution.

4.1 a(f(x))2 + b(f(x)) + c = 0, where f(x) is expression of x

Method of solving : Put f(x) = y
2

(b) Solve (- ) +6- 5(- )=o

x x
Illustration-44: (a) Solve 2x+3 + 2-x- 6 = 0
x+l x+l

Solution: (a) Put 2x = y

1
8y+--6=0

8y2 - 6y + 1 = 0
(4y - 1) (2y - 1) = 0
1 1
y=-,-
4 2
:. 2x = 2-2 and 2x = 2- 1 .". X = -2, X = -1
 ⇒x +--2
2 1
x+- +3=0
( 1)
x2 X

1
Let x+-=t

Above equation become

t2 - 2 - 2t + 3= 0
⇒ t2 -2t + 1=0 ⇒(t-1)2 =0

1 1± ✓3 i
⇒ t=1 ⇒X + - =1 ⇒x2 - X + 1=0 ⇒ X=---
X 2

1± ✓3 i
Roots are ---
2

4.8 By Guessing Rational Roots of Polynomial.

Illustration-52 : Solve : x4 + x3 - 2x2 -x + 1 = 0

Solution: Let P(x)=x4 + x3 - 2x2 - x + 1
P(l)=0 and P(-1)=0
⇒(x-l)(x + 1)factor of P(x)
We can find other factor of P(x) by dividing x2 - 1 from P(x).
P(x)=(x2 - 1) (x2 + x - 1)=0

⇒x=±1 or x2 + x - 1 = 0

-1± ✓5
⇒x=±l or x=---

+ ✓5
-1-
solution of P(x)=0 are x=±1 or
2
DPP-5 :
Solve the following equations for x
2 I
1. x2!3 + xl/3 - 2 =0 2. X
5 -3x 5 +2=0
3. 3x4 - 8x2 + 4 = 0 4.

1 ( 1
J
2
5. x + -5 x+ +8=0 6.
x 2 �

7. 22x + 1 - 7 X 10x + 5 2x + 1 = 0 8. (x - 1) 4 + (x - 5)4 = 82

Solution: x2 + y2 + 2z 2 - 4x + 2z - 2yz + 5=0
⇒ x2 - 4x + 4 + y2 + z2 - 2yz + z2 + 2z + 1= 0
⇒ (x - 2) 2 + (y - z) 2 + (z + 1) 2 = 0
⇒ X = 2, y = Z, Z = -1
.'. X - y- Z = 2 + 1 + 1= 4

Illustrations-59 : xy = 12 , yz = 15, zx = 20 find x + y + z ; x,y,z E JR +

Solution: (xyz) 2 = (3 x 4 x 5) 2
⇒ xy Z =3X 4X 5

⇒ Z = 5, y = 3, X = 4
⇒ X + y + Z = 5 + 3 + 4 = 12

DPP-6 :
Solve the following systems of equations :

x+2y=7 3x-2y=13
1. { 2. {
3x+5y=18 4x+5y=25

x 2 -y2 =16, x-y = 1,

3. { 4. {
x+y=8 X
3
-y 3 =7
5. x + y=2 and x3 + y3 = 56; x, y E JR, then find x and y.

x 2 +y 2 +6x+2y=0,
6. { 7.
x+y+8=0

1 1 1
x+y x-y � --+-=-
+ = , x+l y 3'
8.
{x-y x+y 6 9. 1
-----=-
1 1
xy= 5 2 2
4
Cx+1) y

x 2 +y 2 = 25-2xy
{ 11.
y(x+y)=lO

2xy+y 2 -4x-3y+2=0, x 4 +y 4 =82,

12. { 13. 14. {
xy+3y2 -2x-14y+16 =0 xy=3
 4
(iv)- - ::; 2
x+l

4 4 4
⇒ -oo < -- < 0 or 0 < -- ::; 2 (-- = 0 is not possible)
x+l x+l x+1

x+l x+l 1
⇒ 0>-->-oo or oo>--�-
4 4 2

⇒ x + 1 < 0 or 2::; x + 1
⇒ x < -1 or 1 ::; x ⇒ x e (---00, -1) u [1, oo)
DPP: 7
1. Detennine which of the following statements is true or false. If it is false, provide an example
that shows the statement is false. Assume a, b, e, x and y are real numbers.
(a) If a :s; band b :s; e, then a< e. (b) If a � b � a, then a = b.
(c) If a> b, then ae > be. (d) If a> band e :s; 0, then ae :s; be.
(e) If x + a � y + a, then x � y. (f) If x + a � y + b, then x � y and a � b.
2. Which fraction is larger ?

13 17 31 37
(a) - or - (b)- or -
17 21 35 41

3. Which of the following numbers is largest: 236, 3 30, 5 1 8 , 6 12 , 7 8 , 8 4 ? (No calculators!)

4. What values of x satisfy the inequality, 7 - 3x < x - 1::; 2x + 9 ?

5. Which of the following is greater 5+ ✓3 , 3+ ✓14 ? (Without calculating the values of ✓3, ✓14 )
6.2 Trivial and Sum of squares (SOS) Inequality
The square of any real number is non-negative. So if x is real, then x2 2'.. 0. This is known as Trivial
inequality. Equality holds only if x = 0.
Sum of squares (SOS) of real numbers is non negative. That is �x/ 2:. 0. This is know as SOS inequality.
Equality holds if xi = 0 V i
Ex. X, y, z e and x- + y- + z- = 0 ⇒ x = y = z = 0.
? ? ?
m
JN..

Note:
• f(x) = [g(x)] 2n where n E N ⇒ f(x) � 0
• f(x) = [g(x)] 11211, n e N, g(x) 2".. 0 ⇒ f(x) � 0
 DPP - 8 :

x 4 +8
1. Find the minimum value of -2- - .
X

3x 2 +12
2. For x <0, find the maximum value of - - -

3. Ifa, b E JR+ , find minimum possible value of (a+ b)

( l !}
+

7. RATIO AND PROPORTION

Ifa and b be two quantities ofthe same kind, then their ratio is a:b; which may be denoted by the
a
fraction (This may be an integer or fraction)
b
In the ratio a:b, a is the first term (Antecedent)and b is the second term (Consequent)
a ma na
A ratio may represented in a number ofways e.g. - = =-b =... where 111, n, ... are non-zero
b - 111 b 11
numbers.
Let a, b, c, d be positive integers now to compare two ratios a:b and c:d we use following:
• (a:b)>(c:d)ifad >bc
• (a:b)=(c:d)ifad =bc
• (a:b)<(c:d)ifad<bc
To compare two or more ratio, reduce them to common denominator.
Note:

a a+x 41 45
• Ifa >b >0 and x >0, then e.g.->-
b b+x ,
> 40 44

a a+x
• IfO<a<b and x >0, then
b < b+x

Illustration-66 : What tenn must be added to each tenn ofthe ratio 5:37 to make it equal to 1:3 ?
Solution: Let x be added to each tenn ofthe ratio 5:37.

x+5 1
Then = ⇒ 3x + 15 = x + 37 i.e. x = 11
x+37 3
 DPP-9 :

a 2 b 4 a+b
1. If = and �= , then find value of
b 3 5 b+c

a 3 b 7
2. If = and �= , then find the value of a : b : c
b 5 13

3. If sum of two numbers is s and their quotient is p . Find number.

q

a c e 2a 4 b 2 + 3a 2 c2 -5e 4 f
4. If = =-f , then find the value of in tenns of a and b.
b d 2b6 + 3b 2d 2 -5f 5

5. If x : a=y : b =z : c, then show that (a2 + b2 + c2 ) (x2 + y2 + z2 ) =(ax+ by+ cz)2.

8. SIGN-SCHEME (WAVY CURVE) METHOD

Given f(x) and g(x) are polynomials.

f(x)
To solve the inequalities of the type ( ) ""0 , where '*' can be>, �, < or ::5:, we take the following
g x
steps
(i) Find all the roots of f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0
(ii) Write all these roots on the real line in increasing order of values.
f(x)
(iii) Check the sign of the expression at some x greater than the largest root. If it is positive,
g(x)
put+ sign in rightmost interval. In case of negative, put-ve sign in rightmost interval and while
moving from right to left change sign in accordance with step (iv).
(iv) If a root occurs even number of times, then sign of expression will be same on both sides of
the root and if a root occurs odd number of times, then sign of the expression will be different
on both sides of the root.
(v) Write the answer according to need of the question.
Note:
• We don't give equality sign on '±oo' in the solution as they are two improper points of number line.
• We can't take zeroes of denominator in the final answer as at these points expression is not defined
(because division by 'O' is not defined).
• In case of � 0 or ::5: 0, zeroes of numerator will be part of the answer provided they are not
appearing in denominator also.
• Do not cross multiply the terms in the inequalities
DPP -IO:
Solve following inequalities over the set of real numbers
6x-5 <
-
1. (x - 1 )2 (x + 1 )3 (x - 4) < 0 2. - 0
4x+l
2
(x-l)(x+2) <
3. 0 4.
-1-x
2 3 2 3 2
(x-1) (x+1) < (x-2) Cl-x)(x-3) (x-4) < O
5. -0 6. -
x4 (x-2) (x+ 1)

x2 +4x+4 < x3 (x-2)(5-x)>

7. 0 8. 0
2x2 -x-1 (x2 -4)(x+l)
3
(2-x2 )(x-3) O
9. >
- 10. x4 - 5x2 + 4 < 0
2
(x+l)(x -3x-4)

15-4x
11. 2
<4 12.
X -x-12

1 1 1
13. --+-->­ 14. (x - 2)(x + 3) � 0
x-2 x-1 x

-X->2 3x-1 �
15 16. 0
x+l 4x+l
17. Solve following Inequalities over the set of real num hers -
(i) x2 + 2x - 3 ::; 0 (ii) x2 + 6x - 7 ::; 0
x+l <
(iii) x4 - 2x2 - 63 � 0 (iv) 2
l
(x-1)
x 2 -7x+12 2
(x-l)(x+2) <O
(v) >0 (vi)
2x2 +4x+5 -1-x
x 4 +x 2 +1 < X +7 3x +1 O
�
(vii) 0 (viii) +
x 2 -4x-5 x-5 2
1 < 3 14x 9x-30 <
(ix) -- -- (x) 0
---
x+2 x-3 x+l x-4
x 2 +2 <
- 5-4x <
(xi) - -2 (xii) 4
x 2 -l 3x 2 -x-4
... (x+2)( x -2x+l)>
2
O x 4 -3x3 +2x 2
(xm) , - (xiv) >0
4+3x-x - x 2 -x-30
� _1_ 20 10
(xv) �
2 9 (xvi) +--+1>0
x - x+2 (x-3)(x-4) x-4
 2(x- 2
)-(x+l) , x� 2
l + 11 = {2(-x+2 )-(x+l) , xe[-1, 2 ]
(iv) y= 2 lx- 21- x
2( -x +2 )+(x+l) x<-1

10
9

8
7

-5 ----4 -3 -2 -1 0 6 7 8
-1
-2
-3
Range = [-3,oo)

l - 21= -(x2 - 3x + 2), then find the interval in which x lies ?

Illustration-79: If Ix - ll x
Solution: l(x - l)(x - 2)1= -(x - 2)(x - 1)
+ - +
⇒ (x - l)(x - 2) �0 .. + + �00
-00
1 2
⇒l�x�2

DPP -11
(1) Sketch the graph of following
(i) y = Ix - 21 (ii) y = x
l l -2 (iii) y = s - x
l l
Solve for x
(2) j2x +SI= 2 (3) j2x -SI= 7 (4) Ix - 31= -1

3 +4
(5) 12x - 31 + 4 = 2 (6) 7 (7) jx2 - 3x + 21 = 2
1 \ 1=
(8) j2x - 31 = j3x +SI (9) 2jx + 31
= 3jx - 41 (10) jx2 + x + 11 = jx2 + x + 2 1
l 2 - 4x + 31 = x
(11) x l 2 - Sx + 41 (12) I x - 61 + Ix - 31 = 1 (13) 2 l x - 11 + 2l x + 31 = 6
(14) 3l x +SI + j4x + 71 = 12 (15) x l l + Ix + 11 + Ix + 21 = 3
(16) 2 l x - 31 + 2l x + 11 + 2l x +SI = 12 (17 ) x
l l -2xl + 11 + 3 xl + 21 = 0
(18) l l - x= 0
x (19) xl 2 + 3x + 21 + x + 1 = 0
(20) x2 + 3 x l l +2 = 0 (21) jx2 + 11 - x2 - 1 = 0
 ANSWER KEY

DPP-1

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C
6. (i) 1 (ii) 0 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 8

47 9
7. 2 8. (a)-- (b) -- 9. 5 10. 26
44' 44

11. 1 12. x = y = z =
3 and if a is integral multiple of 6 then x = y = z = ± a/3

DPP-2

1. (i) (x-y)(x+y)(x 2+y2) (ii) (3a-2x+y)(3a+2x-y)

(iii) (2x+3y)(2x-3y-3)

2. (i) (2x-3y)(4x 2+6xy+9y2) (ii) (2x-5y) [4x 2+lOxy+25y2+ 1]

3. (i) (x+8)(x-5) (ii) (x-8)(x +5) (iii) (x+ 7) (x - 2)

(iv) (x - 4) (x+ 1) (v) (x-3)(x+l) (vi) (3x-4)(x-2)

(vii) (4x+7)(3x-5) (viii) (3x-2)(x-1) (ix) (x-1)(3x-4)

(x) (7x -l)(x -1) (xi) (x-2)(2x -13) (xii) (a -3)(3a+2)

(xiii) (2a+1)(7a-3)

4. (i) (a-b -1) (a+b-3) (ii) (x2 - 6x+18) (x2+6x+18)

(iii) (x2-y+l)(x2+y+l) (iv) (2a2-a-1)(2a2+a-1)

(v) (2x 2 - 6x+ 9)(2x 2+6x+9) (vi) (x4 - x2 + 1)(x4+x2+ 1)

5. (i) (x-l)(x-2)(x-3) (ii) (x+1)(x +3)(2x+1)

3 3
(iii) (x-l)(x-2)(2x-3) (iv) (x2+2)(x 2+1) ( x-✓ )( x + ✓ )
(v) 3(x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
6. (i) (2a2-a+1)(4a4+2a3-a2+a+1)
7. (i) (x2 +5x +1)(x 2+5x+ 9)
(ii) 2(2x2+2x+3)(4x 2+4x-9)

(iii) (x2+5x -22)(x+1)(x+4)

8. (i) (x - y - 5) (x - y + 4). (ii) (x + 2y - 2) (x + 2y + 4).
I
- -I
(iii) 16(3x + 4) (x + 1). (iv) (x 3 +2)(x 3 -1).
(v) (x - 2) (x2 + 2x + 4) (x + 1) (x2 - x + 1).
(vi) (x2 + 16) (x - 1) (x + 1).
(vii) (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 3) (x + 2). (viii) (x2 + 5x + 16) (x + 6) (x - 1).
(ix) -2 (a2 + 1) (a2 + 5). (x) + y + z - 3)2 •
(x
2
(xi) (2x - 1) (x - 2) (x + 1)2. (xii) (x + 2) (x + 1) (x - 1) (x4 + x2 + 1).

DPP-3

1. (a) 7 (b) 47 (c) 18 4. 104 5. -✓2 6. 1

8. ( a) 0, 4 ( b) no solution (c) no solution

DPP-4

1. 1 2. -20 3. 4 4. -2 5. 3x + 4
6. .e=2, m=-18 7. .e = -1, m = -3 8. a = 3, b = 1
9. 3x 3 + 4x 2 - 5x -2 10. 6 11. a=8 and b=5 12. 22

DPP-5

1. 1 or-8 2. 1,32 3. +✓2 , ±}¾

-
3

4. 3 or4 5. 3± ✓5 6.
1
X=±l, 2, --
X =1,X= 2 2
7. 0,-1 8. 2,4 9. ±1
10. -4,4 11. -4,1 12. -6,1
13. x=- 3± ✓5 14. ±1, 1± ✓2
15. (A)➔(U); (B)➔(U); (C)➔(T); (D)➔(P,Q,R,S,T,U,V);(E)➔(R,T); (F)➔(S)

DPP-6

1. x=l ,y=3 2. X=5,y=1

3. X=5, y=3 4. x=2, y=1 or x=-1, y=-2
5. x = 4,y = -2 or x = -2, y = 4 6. x = -6, y = -2 or x = -4, y = -4
7. x = 3, y = 2 or x = -3, y = -2 8. x = 5, y = 1 or x = -5, y = -1
11 24
9. X= , y= -- 10. x = 3, y=2 or x = -3, y = -2
13 5
11. X=4, y=±3 12. x=-1, y=3 or x E R y=2
13. x=2, y=-1 or x=-1, y=2 14. ( X, y) � (3,1), ( -3, -1), (1, 3), ( -1, -3)
 DPP-7

1. (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) T (f) F

17 37
2. (a) (b) 3. 330 4. (2, oo) 5. 3+ ✓14
21 41

DPP-8

1. 4 ✓2 2. -12 3. 4

DPP-9

20 sp sq a
4
1. 2. 21 : 35 : 65 3. ----
, 4.
27 p+q p+q b4

DPP-10

1. (-1,4) -{ 1 } 2.
(-_!_ �J
4'6

3. (-oo,-2)(-2,-l)u(l,oo ) 4. (-oo,½Ju(2, oo)-{4}

5. [-1,2) - {O} 6. (-1,1] u [3, oo) u {2}

7. ( -½ , 1 J 8. (-2,-1) u (0,5) - {2}

9. [-✓2, ✓2 ]u[3, 4)-{-1} 10. (-2,- l)u(l,2)

11.
( -✓63) ( ✓63)
-oo,- - u -3, - -
2 2
u(4, oo ) 12. (¾, 1 Ju(7, oo)

13. (-✓2 , 0 )u(1, ✓2 )u(2, oo ) 14. (-oo,-3]u[ 2,oo)

15 (-2,-1) 16.
(_ _!_ _!_]
4'3
17. (i ) [-3,1] (ii) [-7,1]
(iii) [-3, 3] (iv) (-oo, 0) u (3, +oo)
(v) (-oo, 3) u (4, + oo) (vi) (-oo, -2) u (-2, - 1 ) u (1, +oo)
(vii) (-1, 5) (viii) [1, 3] u (5, +oo)

(ix) (-%, -2Ju(3, oo) (x) (- 1 , 1) u (4, 6)

 (xi) (-1, 1) - { 0}

(xiii) (-oo, - 2] u (- 1, 4) (xiv) (-oo, -5) u (1, 2) u (6, +oo)

-oo, -3 u -2,3 (xvi) -oo, -2 u -1,3 u ( 4, oo

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )
(xv)

DPP-11

y
y
(0,5)

1. (i)
(2,0)
(0,-2)

2. {-%,-i} 3. {-1, 6} 4. <I> 5. <I> 6. {

2
- 5 �
3 ' 3}

7. {0,3} 8. {-s.-¾} 9. {%, 18} 10. <I>

2
1, {1 ,-2} 0-
11. { f} 12. <I> 13. 14. { . ;}

15. {-2,0} 16. {-%,%} 17. {-2} 18. [0,oo)

19. {-3,-1} 20. <I> 21. JR