ALLEN

® Fundamentals of Algebra

4+3 5
Illustration 13 : Find rational numbers a and b, such that =a+b 5
4 -3 5

4+3 5 4+3 5
Solution. ´ =a+b 5
4-3 5 4+3 5

61 + 24 5
=a+b 5
-29

61 24
a=- ,b = -
29 29

®
Do yourself-1 :
Only One Option is Correct for Q.1 to Q.5
2
æ
( ) ö
–1
–1 4
1. ç (625)
2
÷ =
è ø
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 2 (D) 3
1
æ
( 1 3ö
)
4
1
2. ç 5 8 3 +27 3
÷ =
è ø
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 4
–2/3
ì –12 ü
3. ï4 æ 1 ö ï =
í ç ÷ ý
ïî è x ø ïþ

1 1 1 1
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D)
x x x x

3
x3 × x5 30 77
4. × x =
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

5 3
x
(A) x76/15 (B) x78/15 (C) x79/15 (D) x77/15
k
5. If 43 2
x = x , then k =
2 1
(A) (B) 6 (C) (D) 7
6 6
6. Simplify :

(i)
(5 3 + 50 5 - 24 )( ) (ii)
3 2
-
4 3
+
6
( 75 - 5 2 ) 6+ 3 6+ 2 3+ 2

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é ù
ë6 + 2 3 + 2 2 + 2 6 û - 1 2.3n +1 - 7.3n -1
(iii) (iv) 1- n
5+2 6 n +1 æ1ö
3 + 2ç ÷
è3ø
-10 -4 -3
æ1ö æ1ö æ -1 ö
.27 + ç ÷ . ( 25 ) + ç 64 9 ÷
-3 -2
(v) ç ÷
è3ø è5ø è ø

( 2 ) (2 ) 2
m
n +1 2n n

7. If = 1 , then find the value of m

(2 ) (2 )
n
m +1 2m n

2+3 5
8. Find rational numbers a and b, such that =a+b 5

®
1- 3 5

9. The square root of 11 + 112 is a + b , a,b Î ¥ then b – a is

a c
10. 11 + 21 = + , where a, b, c and d are natural numbers with gcd(a, b) = gcd(c, d) = 1.
b d
Find a + b + c + d.
l 2 + lm + m 2 m 2 + mn + n 2 n 2 + nl + l2
æ xl ö æ xm ö æ xn ö
11. For x ¹ 0 find the value of ç m ÷ .ç n ÷ .ç l ÷
èx ø èx ø èx ø
12. For ax = (x + y + z)y, ay = (x + y + z)z, az = (x + y + z)x, then find the values of x,y and z.
Where a > 0 and a ¹ 1.

2. FACTORIZATIONS

2.1 a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)

Illustration-14 : (3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2 node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

Solution : Use a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)

(3x – y)2 – (2x – 3y)2 = (3x – y + 2x – 3y) (3x – y – 2x + 3y) = (5x – 4y) (x + 2y)

2.2 Factorising the Quadratic expression

Illustration-15 : x2 + 6x – 187

Solution : x2 + 6x – 187 = x2 + 17x – 11x – 187

= x(x + 17) – 11(x + 17)

= (x + 17) (x – 11)

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Each of these systems of equations gives us a solution (m, n). Adding the equations in
the first case gives us 2m = 106, so m = 53. Substitution then gives n = 52. Similarly,
we can work through each of the other three cases to find the four solutions
(m, n) = (53, 52); (19, 16); (13, 8); (11, 4).

Illustration-25 : The number 7,999,999,999 has two prime factors. Find them.

Solution : Let 7,999,999,999 = 8,000,000,000 – 1

= (2000)3 – 13 = (2000 – 1) (20002 + 2000 + 1)

= (1999) (4002001)

®
According to question, 7,999,999,999 has two prime factors, they must be 1999 and
4002001.

Illustration-26 : Factor x4 + 4y4.

Solution : x4 + 4y4 = (x2)2 + (2y2)2 – 2(x2)(2y2) + (2xy)2

= (x2 + 2y2)2 – (2xy)2

= (x2 + 2y2 – 2xy) (x2 + 2y2 + 2xy)

Do yourself-2 :

1. Factorize following expressions

(i) x4 – y4 (ii) 9a2 – (2x – y)2 (iii) 4x2 – 9y2 – 6x – 9y

2. Factorize following expressions

node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

(i) 8x3 – 27y3 (ii) 8x3 – 125y3 + 2x – 5y

3. Factorize following expressions

(i) x2 + 3x – 40 (ii) x2 – 3x – 40 (iii) x2 + 5x – 14

(iv) x2 – 3x – 4 (v) x2 – 2x – 3 (vi) 3x2 – 10x + 8

(vii) 12x2 + x – 35 (viii) 3x2 – 5x + 2 (ix) 3x2 – 7x + 4

(x) 7x2 – 8x + 1 (xi) 2x2 – 17x + 26 (xii) 3a2 – 7a – 6

(xiii) 14a2 + a – 3

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4. Factorize following expressions

(i) a2 – 4a + 3 + 2b – b2 (ii) x4 + 324 (iii) x4 – y2 + 2x2 + 1

(iv) 4a4 – 5a2 + 1 (v) 4x4 + 81 (vi) 1 + x4 + x8

5. Factorize following expressions

(i) x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 (ii) 2x3 + 9x2 + 10x + 3

(iii) 2x3 – 9x2 + 13x – 6 (iv) x6 – 7x2 – 6

(v) (x + y + z)3 – x3 – y3 – z3

®
6. (i) Factorize the expressions 8a6 + 5a3 + 1

(ii) Show that (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3 = 3(x – y) (y – z) (z – x).

7. Factorize following expressions

(i) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) – 15

(ii) 4x(2x + 3) (2x – 1) (x + 1) – 54

(iii) (x – 3) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 8) + 56

8. Factorize the following expressions :

(i) (x – y) (x – y – 1) – 20 (ii) (x + 2y) (x + 2y + 2) – 8
2 1
(iii) 3(4x + 5)2 – 2(4x + 5) – 1 (iv) x 3 + x 3 - 2
(v) x6 – 7x3 – 8 (vi) x4 + 15x2 – 16
(vii) (x2 – x – 3) (x2 – x – 5) – 3 (viii) (x2 + 5x + 6)(x2 + 5x + 4) – 120
(ix) (a2 + 1)2 + (a2 + 5)2 – 4(a2 + 3)2
(x) (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 + (z – 1)2 + 2(x – 1)(y – 1) + 2(y – 1) (z – 1) + 2 (z – 1) (x – 1)
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

(xi) 2x4 – x3 – 6x2 – x + 2 (xii) (x4 + x2 – 4) (x4 + x2 + 3) + 10

2.9 Miscellaneous Algebraic Manipulations

1 1 1
Illustration-27 : Suppose x + = 5 find (i) x 2 + 2 4
(ii) x -
x x x4

1
Solution : (i) Given : x + =5
x

2
æ 1 ö ( )2 Þ x 2 + 1 + 2 = 25 Þ x 2 + 1 = 23
By squaring both sides ç x + ÷ = 5
è xø x2 x2
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3- 2 3+ 2
Illustration-30 : If x = and y = , then find x3 + y3.
3+ 2 3- 2

3- 2
( )
2
Solution : x= = 3- 2 =5-2 6
3+ 2

y =5+2 6
x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
= (x + y) [(x + y)2 – 3xy] = 10 × [100 – 3] = 970

Do yourself-3 :
1

®
1. Suppose a + =3:
a
1 1 1
(a) Find a2 + (b) Find a4 + (c) Find a3 +
a2 a4 a3
1 1 1 1
2. If x + = 2 , then prove that : x 2 + 2 = x 4 + 4 = x8 + 8 .
x x x x
3. If 2x + 3y + 4z = 0, then prove that 8x3 + 27y3 + 64z3 = 72xyz.
4. I'm thinking of two numbers. The sum of my numbers is 14 and the product of my numbers
is 46. What is the sum of the squares of my numbers ?
5. Simplify 7 - 13 - 7 + 13 .
6. Simplify the expression 3
2+ 5 + 3 2- 5 .
7. If x, y, z are all different real numbers, then prove that
2
1 1 1 æ 1 1 1 ö
+ + =ç + + ÷ .
( x - y )2 ( y - z ) 2 (z - x) 2
èx-y y-z z-xø
8. Solve for x : node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

(a) 2x + 1 = x + 1 (b) x2 -1 = x - 3 (c) x + 1 + 2 2x - 3 = -3

3. POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE

An algebraic expression of the form p(x) = anxn + an–1xn–1 + ... + a1x + a0 is called a polynomial
function in 'x' where ai(i = 0, 1, 2, ..., n) is a constant which belongs to the set of real numbers and
sometimes to the set of complex numbers and n is a whole number.

• ai is the coefficient of xi for i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n and a0 is constant term of p(x).

• If an ¹ 0, then anxn is called leading term and an is called leading co-efficient.

• If an = 1, then polynomial is called monic polynomial.

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Do yourself-4 :
1. Determine the remainder when the polynomial P(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 1 is divided by (x – 1)
2. Find the remainder when f(x) = 3x3 + 6x2 – 4x – 5 is divided by (x + 3).
3. Determine the value of k for which x3 – 6x + k may be divisible by (x – 2).
4. Find the value of a, if (x – a) is a factor of x3 – a2x + x + 2.
5. Find remainder when ƒ(x) = x5 – x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 is divided by (x2 – 1).
6. Find the value of l and m if 8x3 + lx2 – 27x + m is divisible by 2x2 – x – 6.
7. Find l and m if 2x3 – (2l + 1)x2 + (l + m)x + m may be exactly divisible by 2x2 – x – 3.
8. f(x) when divided by x2 – 3x + 2 leaves the remainder ax + b. If f(l) = 4 and f(2) = 7, determine

®
a and b.
9. A polynomial in x of the third degree which will vanish when x = 1 & x = – 2 and will have
the values 4 & 28 when x = –1 and x = 2 respectively. Find the polynomial
10. If ƒ(x) is polynomial of degree 4 such that ƒ(1) = 1, ƒ(2) = 2, ƒ(3) = 3, ƒ(4) = 4 & ƒ(0) = 1
find ƒ(5).
11. Suppose a and b are constants such that
(x3 + bx2 – 7x + 9)(x2 + ax + 5) = x5 + 13x4 + 38x3 – 22x2 + 37x + 45 " x Î ¡. Find a and b.
12. If P(x) is a cubic polynomial such that P(1) = 1; P(2) = 2; P(3) = 3 with leading coefficient
3 then find the value of P(4).

4. EQUATIONS REDUCIABLE TO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

There are certain equations which can be reduced to ax2 + bx + c = 0 by some proper substitution.

4.1 a(ƒ(x))2 + b(ƒ(x)) + c = 0, where ƒ(x) is expression of x

Method of solving : Put ƒ(x) = y
2
æ x ö æ x ö
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

Illustration-44 : (a) Solve 2x+3 + 2–x – 6 = 0 (b) Solve ç ÷ + 6 - 5ç ÷=0

è x +1ø è x +1 ø

Solution : (a) Put 2x = y

1
8y + -6 = 0
y
8y2 – 6y + 1 = 0
(4y – 1) (2y – 1) = 0
1 1
y= ,
4 2
\ 2x = 2–2 and 2x = 2–1 \ x = –2, x = –1

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1 æ 1ö
Þ x2 + 2
- 2çx + ÷ + 3 = 0
x è xø

1
Let x + =t
x
Above equation become
t2 – 2 – 2t + 3 = 0
Þ t2 – 2t + 1 = 0 Þ (t – 1)2 = 0

1 1± 3 i
Þt=1 Þx+ = 1 Þ x2 – x + 1 = 0 Þ x =
x 2

®
1± 3 i
Roots are
2

4.8 By Guessing Rational Roots of Polynomial.

Illustration-52 : Solve : x4 + x3 – 2x2 – x + 1 = 0

Solution : Let P(x) = x4 + x3 – 2x2 – x + 1
P(1) = 0 and P(–1) = 0
Þ (x – 1) (x + 1) factor of P(x)
We can find other factor of P(x) by dividing x2 – 1 from P(x).
P(x) = (x2 – 1) (x2 + x – 1) = 0
Þ x = ±1 or x2 + x – 1 = 0

-1 ± 5
Þ x = ±1 or x =
2

-1 ± 5
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

solution of P(x) = 0 are x = ±1 or .

2
Do yourself-5 :
Solve the following equations for x :
2 1
1. x2/3 + x1/3 – 2 = 0 2. x 5 - 3x 5 + 2 = 0
3. 3x4 – 8x2 + 4 = 0 4. 4x – 3.2x+3 + 128 = 0

1 æ 1ö æ 1 ö æ 1ö
5. x2 + 2
- 5ç x + ÷ + 8 = 0 6. 2 ç x2 + 2 ÷ - 3 ç x - ÷ - 4 = 0
x è xø è x ø è xø

7. 22x + 1 – 7 × 10x + 52x + 1 = 0 8. (x – 1)4 + (x – 5)4 = 82

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9. ( 3 + 2) + ( 3 - 2) -2 3 = 0
x x
10. (3 + 2 2 )
x/2
+ (3 - 2 2 )
x/2
- 34 = 0
11. x(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) = 24 12. (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) = 120
13. (x + 1) (x + 2)2 (x + 4) – 2x2 = 0 14. x4 – 2x3 – 2x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
15. Match the values of x given in Column-II satisfying the exponential equation in Column-I
(Do not verify). Remember that for a > 0, the term ax is always greater than zero " x Î R.
Column-I Column-II

25
(A) 5x - 24 = (P) –3
5x
(B) (2x + 1) (5x) = 200 (Q) –2

®
(C) 42/x – 5(41/x) + 4 = 0 (R) –1
2 x-1.4x +1
(D) = 16 (S) 0
8x -1

(E) 4x
2
+2
(
- 9 2x
2
+2
)+8 = 0 (T) 1

(F) 52x – 7x – 52x(35) + 7x(35) = 0 (U) 2

(V) 3
(W) None

5. SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS
Observe the following Illustrations :
1 1
Illustrations-53 : If x – y = 2 and xy = 24, find the value of + .
x y
Solution : (x + y)2 = (x – y)2 + 4xy = 4 + 4(24)
Þ (x + y)2 = 100
Þ x + y = 10, –10
x + y 10 5 x + y 10 5
\ = = ; =- =-
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

xy 24 12 xy 24 12
x 2 + 3xy
Illustrations-54 : If 2x – 3y – z = 0 and x + 3y – 14z = 0, then find 2 2 .
y +z
2x 3y x 3y
Solution : - =1 & + = 14
z z z z
x y
Solving = 5; = 3
z z
2
æ x ö 3x y
ç ÷ + .
èzø z z 25 + 3 ( 5 )( 3 ) 70
Þ = = =7
( 3) + 1
2 2
æyö 10
ç z ÷ +1
è ø

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Solution : x2 + y2 + 2z2 – 4x + 2z – 2yz + 5 = 0
Þ x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 + z2 – 2yz + z2 + 2z + 1 = 0
Þ (x – 2)2 + (y – z)2 + (z + 1)2 = 0
Þ x = 2, y = z, z = –1
\x–y–z=2+1+1=4

Illustrations-59 : xy = 12 , yz = 15, zx = 20 find x + y + z ; x,y,z Î ¡+

Solution : (xyz)2 = (3 × 4 × 5)2
Þ xy z = 3 × 4 × 5
Þ z = 5, y = 3, x = 4

®
Þ x + y + z = 5 + 3 + 4 = 12
Do yourself-6 :
Solve the following systems of equations :

ìx + 2y = 7 ì3x - 2y = 13
1. í 2. í
î3x + 5y = 18 î4x + 5y = 25

ì x 2 - y 2 = 16, ì x - y = 1,
3. í 4. í 3 3
î x+ y =8 îx - y = 7
5. x + y = 2 and x3 + y3 = 56; x, y Î ¡, then find x and y.

ìx y 5
ì x 2 + y 2 + 6x + 2y = 0, ïy - x = 6,
6. í 7. í
îx + y + 8 = 0 ïx2 - y 2 = 5
î
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

ì 1 1 1
ì x + y x - y 13 ïx +1 + y = 3,
ï + = , ï
íx - y x + y 6 í
8. 9. ï 1 1 1
ï xy = 5 - 2=
î ïî ( x + 1) 2
y 4

ì 1 1 1
ïì x + y = 25 - 2xy
2 2 ïy -1 - y +1 = x ,
10. í 11. í
ïî y ( x + y ) = 10 ïy2 - x - 5 = 0
î

ìï 2xy + y 2 - 4x - 3y + 2 = 0, ìï x 3 + y 3 = 7, ì x 4 + y 4 = 82,
12. í 13. í 14. í
2
ïî xy + 3y - 2x - 14y + 16 = 0 ïî xy ( x + y ) = -2 î xy = 3
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4
(iv) £2
x +1

4 4 4
Þ -¥ < < 0 or 0 < £2 ( = 0 is not possible)
x +1 x +1 x +1

x +1 x +1 1
Þ 0> > -¥ or ¥ > ³
4 4 2

Þ x + 1 < 0 or 2 £ x + 1
Þ x < –1 or 1 £ x Þ x Î (–¥, –1) È [1, ¥)
Do yourself : 7

®
1. Determine which of the following statements is true or false. If it is false, provide an example
that shows the statement is false. Assume a, b, c, x and y are real numbers.
(a) If a £ b and b £ c, then a < c. (b) If a ³ b ³ a, then a = b.
(c) If a > b, then ac > bc. (d) If a > b and c £ 0, then ac £ bc.
(e) If x + a ³ y + a, then x ³ y. (f) If x + a ³ y + b, then x ³ y and a ³ b.
2. Which fraction is larger ?

13 17 31 37
(a) or (b) or
17 21 35 41

3. Which of the following numbers is largest : 236, 330, 518, 612, 78, 84 ? (No calculators!)
4. What values of x satisfy the inequality, 7 – 3x < x – 1 £ 2x + 9 ?

5. Which of the following is greater 5 + 3,3 + 14 ? (Without calculating the values of 3, 14 )

6.2 Trivial and Sum of squares (SOS) Inequality

node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

The square of any real number is non-negative. So if x is real, then x2 > 0. This is known as Trivial
inequality. Equality holds only if x = 0.
Sum of squares (SOS) of real numbers is non negative. That is Sxi2 > 0. This is know as SOS inequality.
Equality holds if xi = 0 " i
Ex. x, y, z Î ¡ and x2 + y2 + z2 = 0 Þ x = y = z = 0.
Note :
• ƒ(x) = [g(x)]2n where n Î ¥ Þ ƒ(x) ³ 0
• ƒ(x) = [g(x)]1/2n, n Î ¥, g(x) > 0 Þ ƒ(x) ³ 0

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Do yourself : 8

x4 + 8
1. Find the minimum value of .
x2

3x 2 + 12
2. For x < 0, find the maximum value of .
x

If a, b Î ¡+, find minimum possible value of ( a + b ) æç + ö÷ .

1 1
3.
èa bø

7. RATIO AND PROPORTION

®
If a and b be two quantities of the same kind, then their ratio is a : b; which may be denoted by the
a
fraction (This may be an integer or fraction)
b
In the ratio a : b, a is the first term (Antecedent) and b is the second term (Consequent)
a ma na
A ratio may represented in a number of ways e.g. = = = ... where m, n, ... are non-zero
b mb nb
numbers.
Let a, b, c, d be positive integers now to compare two ratios a : b and c : d we use following :
· (a : b) > (c : d) if ad > bc
· (a : b) = (c : d) if ad = bc
· (a : b) < (c : d) if ad < bc
To compare two or more ratio, reduce them to common denominator.
Note :

a a+x 41 45
· If a > b > 0 and x > 0, then > , e.g. >
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

b b+x 40 44

a a+x
· If 0 < a < b and x > 0, then <
b b+x

Illustration-66 : What term must be added to each term of the ratio 5 : 37 to make it equal to 1 : 3 ?
Solution : Let x be added to each term of the ratio 5 : 37.

x+5 1
Then = Þ 3x + 15 = x + 37 i.e. x = 11
x + 37 3

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Do yourself : 9

a 2 b 4 a+b
1. If = and = , then find value of
b 3 c 5 b+c

a 3 b 7
2. If = and = , then find the value of a : b : c
b 5 c 13

p
3. If sum of two numbers is s and their quotient is . Find number.
q

a c e 2a 4 b 2 + 3a 2 c 2 - 5e 4 f

®
4. If = = , then find the value of in terms of a and b.
b d f 2b6 + 3b 2d 2 - 5f 5

5. If x : a = y : b = z : c, then show that (a2 + b2 + c2) (x2 + y2 + z2) = (ax + by + cz)2.

8. SIGN-SCHEME (WAVY CURVE) METHOD

Given ƒ(x) and g(x) are polynomials.

f (x)
To solve the inequalities of the type * 0 , where '*' can be >, ³, < or £, we take the following
g ( x)
steps :
(i) Find all the roots of f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0
(ii) Write all these roots on the real line in increasing order of values.
f (x)
(iii) Check the sign of the expression at some x greater than the largest root. If it is positive,
g ( x)
put + sign in rightmost interval. In case of negative, put -ve sign in rightmost interval and while
moving from right to left change sign in accordance with step (iv).
(iv) If a root occurs even number of times, then sign of expression will be same on both sides of
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

the root and if a root occurs odd number of times, then sign of the expression will be different
on both sides of the root.
(v) Write the answer according to need of the question.
Note :
· We don't give equality sign on '±¥' in the solution as they are two improper points of number line.
· We can't take zeroes of denominator in the final answer as at these points expression is not defined
(because division by '0' is not defined).
· In case of ³ 0 or £ 0, zeroes of numerator will be part of the answer provided they are not
appearing in denominator also.
· Do not cross multiply the terms in the inequalities
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Do yourself-10 :
Solve following inequalities over the set of real numbers :
6x - 5
1. (x – 1)2 (x + 1)3 (x – 4) < 0 2. <0
4x + 1

( x - 1)( x + 2 )2 ( 2x - 1) ( x - 1)2 ( x - 2 )3
3. <0 4. >0
-1 - x ( x - 4 )4

( x - 1) 2 ( x + 1 ) 3 ( x - 2 )2 (1 - x ) ( x - 3 )3 ( x - 4 )2
5. £0 6. £0
x4 ( x - 2 ) ( x + 1)

x2 + 4x + 4 x3 ( x - 2 ) ( 5 - x )
7. <0 8. >0
( x 2 - 4 ) ( x + 1)

®
2x 2 - x - 1

( 2 - x 2 ) ( x - 3 )3
9. ³0 10. x4 – 5x2 + 4 < 0
( x + 1) ( x 2 - 3x - 4 )

15 - 4x x2 + 1
11. 2
<4 12. >2
x - x - 12 4x - 3
1 1 1
13. + > 14. (x – 2)(x + 3) ³ 0
x - 2 x -1 x
x 3x - 1
15 >2 16. £0
x +1 4x + 1
17. Solve following Inequalities over the set of real numbers -
(i) x2 + 2x – 3 < 0 (ii) x2 + 6x – 7 < 0
x +1
(iii) x4 – 2x2 – 63 £ 0 (iv) <1
(x - 1) 2
x 2 - 7x + 12 (x - 1)(x + 2)2
(v) >0 (vi) <0
2x 2 + 4x + 5 -1 - x
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

x4 + x2 +1 x + 7 3x + 1
(vii) <0 (viii) + ³0
x 2 - 4x - 5 x -5 2
1 3 14x 9x - 30
(ix) < (x) - <0
x +2 x -3 x +1 x - 4
x2 + 2 5 - 4x
(xi) < -2 (xii) <4
x2 -1 3x 2 - x - 4
(x + 2)(x 2 - 2x + 1) x 4 - 3x 3 + 2x 2
(xiii) ³0 (xiv) >0
4 + 3x - x 2 x 2 - x - 30
2x 1 20 10
(xv) £ (xvi) + +1 > 0
x -9 x + 2
2
(x - 3)(x - 4) x - 4

E 83
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

ì 2 ( x - 2 ) - ( x + 1) , x³2
ï
(iv) y = 2|x – 2|– |x + 1| = í2 ( - x + 2 ) - ( x + 1) , x Î [ -1, 2 ]
ï 2 ( - x + 2 ) + ( x + 1) , x < -1
î

10
y = –x + 5 9

8
7

®
4
3
y = –3x + 3
2
1 y=x–5

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–1
–2
–3
Range = [–3,¥)

Illustration-79 : If |x – 1||x – 2| = –(x2 – 3x + 2), then find the interval in which x lies ?
Solution : |(x – 1)(x – 2)| = –(x – 2)(x – 1)
+ – +
Þ (x – 1)(x – 2) £ 0 –¥ ¥
1 2
Þ1£x£2

Do yourself-11
(1) Sketch the graph of following
(i) y = |x – 2| (ii) y = |x| – 2 (iii) y = 5 – |x|
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

Solve for x
(2) |2x + 5| = 2 (3) |2x – 5| = 7 (4) |x – 3| = –1

3x + 4
(5) |2x – 3| + 4 = 2 (6) =7 (7) |x2 – 3x + 2| = 2
3
(8) |2x – 3| = |3x + 5| (9) 2|x + 3| = 3|x – 4| (10) |x2 + x + 1| = |x2 + x + 2|
(11) |x2 – 4x + 3| = |x2 – 5x + 4| (12) |x – 6| + |x – 3| = 1 (13) |2x – 1| + |2x + 3| = 6
(14) |3x + 5| + |4x + 7| = 12 (15) |x| + |x + 1| + |x + 2| = 3
(16) |2x – 3| + |2x + 1| + |2x + 5| = 12 (17) |x| – 2|x + 1| + 3|x + 2| = 0
(18) |x| – x = 0 (19) |x2 + 3x + 2| + x + 1 = 0
(20) x2 + 3|x| + 2 = 0 (21) |x2 + 1| – x2 – 1 = 0
86 E
mathematics
JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)
NURTURE COURSE

Exercise

Fundamental of Algebra
(English Medium)
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

EXERCISE (O-1)
Straight Objective Type

1. 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + ... =
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) ±3
FM0008
1é 2 ù
2. If x = 8 - 60 , then ê x+ ú =
2ë xû

(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 2 5 (D) 2 3

FM0009

®
4+3 5
3. If = a+b 5 , a, b are rational numbers, then (a, b) =
4-3 5

æ 61 -24 ö æ -61 24ö æ 61 24 ö æ -61 -24 ö

(A) ç 29 , 29 ÷ (B) ç 29 , 29 ÷ (C) ç 29 , 29 ÷ (D) ç 29 , 29 ÷
è ø è ø è ø è ø
FM0010
4. The square root 5 + 2 6 is :
(A) 3 + 2 (B) 3 - 2 (C) 2 - 3 (D) 3 + 2
FM0011
4
5. If = a + b - c , then which of the following can be true -
2+ 3 + 7
(A) a = 1, b = 4/3, c = 7/3 (B) a = 1, b = 2/3, c = 7/9
(C) a = 2/3, b = 1, c = 7/3 (D) a = 7/9, b = 4/3, c = 1
FM0012
1 1 1
The numerical value of æç x a – b ö÷ æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
1 a –c b–a c– b
6. ´ ç x b–c ÷ ´ ç x c–a ÷ is (a, b, c are distinct real numbers)
è ø è ø è ø node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

(A) 1 (B) 8 (C) 0 (D) None

FM0013
3 3 3 3 –3/2
7. (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) =
(A) 10–3 (B) 10–2 (C) 10–4 (D) 10–1
FM0014

2
æ æ–1ö ö
8. ç 7çè 2 ÷ø × 52 ÷ ÷ 253 =
ç ÷
ç ÷
è ø

5 7 5
(A) (B) (C) 35 (D) –
7 5 7
FM0015
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 ALLEN
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–2
æ 3ö
(2d e ) × ç d ÷
2 –1 3
9. =
è eø

(A) 8e–2 (B) 8e–3 (C) 8e–1 (D) 8e–4

FM0016
y x
10. If x = y and x = 2y, then the values of x and y are (x, y > 0)
(A) x = 4, y = 2 (B) x = 3, y = 2 (C) x = 1, y = 1 (D) None of these
FM0017
m n mn
11. If (a ) = a , then express 'm' in the terms of n is (a > 0, a ¹ 1, m > 1, n > 1)
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ1ö
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
(A) nè n -1 ø (B) nè n +1 ø (C) nè n ø (D) None

®
FM0018
1
12. If a = x + , then x3 + x–3 =
x
(A) a3 + 3a (B) a3 – 3a (C) a3 + 3 (D) a3 – 3
FM0019
1
( 4) 1 , then x =
2x+
13. If 3 2 =
32
(A) –2 (B) 4 (C) –6 (D) –4
FM0020
2 2
-3 -3
14. If (5 + 2 6 ) x + (5 - 2 6 ) x = 10 , then all possible values of x are

(A) –2, 2 (B) 2 , - 2 (C) 2, + 2 (D) 2, –2, 2 , - 2

FM0021
2 2
+ x +6
15. If 32x - 2.3x + 32(x + 6) = 0 then the value of x is
(A) – 2 (B) 3 (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
FM0022
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

16. How many integers in between 100 to 1500 (both inclusive) are multiples of 5 or 11 ?
(A) 408 (B) 26 (C) 382 (D) 380
FM0023

17. Square root of 4 + 15 is equal to

3+ 5 3 5 5 3
(A) (B) + (C) - (D) None of these
2 2 2 2 2
FM0024
18. If A = {(x, y) | xy = 8 and x, y Î ¢}, then n(A) =
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 16
FM0025
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JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

x - 2 2x - 3
19. The set of all real numbers x that satisfy >
x + 2 4x - 1

æ1 3ö æ 1ö æ3 ö
(A) ( -¥, -2 ) È ç , ÷ È ( 2, ¥ ) (B) ç -2, ÷ È ç ,2 ÷
è4 2ø è 4ø è2 ø

æ1 ö æ 1ö
(C) ( -¥, -2 ) È ç ,1 ÷ È ( 4, ¥ ) (D) ç -2, ÷ È (1, 4 )
è4 ø è 4ø

FM0026

x2 - 4
20. The set of all real numbers x that satisfy £0
x 2 - 5x + 6

®
(A) [–2, 3] (B) [–2, 3)
(C) (–¥, –2] È (3, ¥) (D) None of these
FM0027

(x + 3)2 (x - 1)9 (x + 1)5

21. If £ 0 , then number of possible integral values of x is -
(x - 3)(x - 5)4 (x - 6)5

(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

FM0028

( 2 + 1) + ( 2 - 1) - 2 2 = 0 , then sum of all possible values of x is

x x
22. If

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

FM0029
23. If x2 + y2 + 4z2 – 6x – 2y – 4z + 11 = 0, then xyz is equal to
(A) 3/2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 3
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

FM0030

3+4 2 a+b 6
24. If = , then the value of a + b + c (where a, b, c Î N and are relatively prime)
4 2- 3 c

(A) 70 (B) 72 (C) 50 (D) 40

FM0034
25. If x2 + 4y2 + z2 – 2xy – 2yz – zx = 0 then x : y : z equals
(A) 1 : 2 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 2 : 3 (D) 1 : 1 : 2
FM0035
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® Fundamentals of Algebra

EXERCISE (O-2)
More than one correct

1. If x = 7 7 7 7... where x, y > 0

y = 20 + 20 + 20 + ... then which of the following is/are correct.

(A) x + y = 12 (B) x – y = 3 (C) x2 + y2 = 74 (D) x2 – y2 = 24
FM0037
2. If 8x3 + 27x2 – 9x – 50 is divided by (x + 2) then remainder is l then
3l + 4
(A) is equal to 4
10

®
p
(B) If l = then (p + q) is divisible by 13 (where p & q are coprime)
q
(C) l is a natural number
(D) (l – 2) is divisible by 3
FM0039
3. If ƒ(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a, b, c, d Î ¡, a ¹ 0 then which of the following option(s) is(are)
correct ?
(A) if a + b + c + d = 0 then x – 1 is factor of ƒ(x).
(B) if a + b = c + d then x + 1 is factor of ƒ(x).
(C) if a + c = b + d then x + 1 is factor of ƒ(x).
(D) none of these
FM0040
4. x
If x = a and x = b are the two roots of the equation 9 – 4 × 3 x + 1 + 27 = 0 then
a b 5
(A) a + b = 3 (B) (a – b)2 = 1 (C) + = (D) a + b = 4
b a 2
FM0041
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

x2 - x -1 x2 - x -1
5. The real values of 'x' satisfying the equation ( 4 + 15 ) + ( 4 - 15 ) = 8 is/are :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) –2
FM0042
1 2l
6. The value of (4 + 1)(42 + 1)(44 + 1)(48 + 1) + = where l Î ¥ then the factor(s) of 'l' is/are
3 3
FM0075
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 32
6mn æ x + 3m x + 3n ö
7. If x = , then value of ç + ÷ , (where m ¹ n ¹ 0) is less than or equal to
m+n è x - 3m x - 3n ø
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
FM0128
E 91
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

8. If x = 6 + 6 + 6 + ...¥ and y = 6 6 6...¥ , then

(A) x = 2y (B) x + y = 9 (C) x2 – y = 3 (D) x is a prime number

FM0129
6
æ 23 - 12 -2 ö
ç x y ¸ xy ÷
9. Value of ç - 2 yx -1 ÷ is not equal to
ç yx 3 ÷
è ø

(A) x2 (B) x (C) x3 (D) x4

FM0130

1 1 5
10. If - + = a + b 2 ; where a,b Î Q then

®
2- 3 3+ 2 3- 2

(Note : Q denotes set of rational numbers)

41 39 a a 29
(A) a + b = (B) a + b = (C) =5 (D) =
7 7 b b 12
FM0131

æ 1 öæ 1 öæ 1 ö æ 1 ö 1 æ 3a - 1 ö
11. If ç1 + 3 ÷ ç1 + 32 ÷ ç1 + 34 ÷ ... ç1 + 3512 ÷ = 18 ç 31021 ÷ , then
è øè øè ø è ø è ø
(A) sum of the digits of number 'a' is 5. (B) sum of the digits of number 'a' is 7.
(C) last digit of number 'a' is 3. (D) 'a' is divisible by 8.
FM0132
12. If x(y + z) = 16; y(z + x) = 66; z(x + y) = 70 and x,y,z > 0, then (x + y + z) is less than
(A) 16 (B) 17 (C) 26 (D) 27
FM0133
2 3 2
13. If x – 1 is a factor of 8x + qx + px + 2, then (p +4q) is less than
(A) –8 (B) –2 (C) –10 (D) –16
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

FM0134
14. Which of the following option(s) is(are) true
(A) sum of all roots of the equation |9 – x| = 5 is 4
(B) sum of all roots of the equation |9 – x| = 5 is 18
(C) sum of all roots of the eqaution |x – 9| = 5 is 18
(D) sum of all roots of the eqaution |x – 9| = 5 is 14
FM0135
15. If ƒ(x) is monic polynomial of degree 3 such that ƒ(0) = 0, ƒ(1) = 1, ƒ(2) = 2 then which of the
following option(s) is/are true ?
(A) ƒ(4) = 4 (B) |ƒ(–1)| = 1 (C) ƒ(–1) = –7 (D) ƒ(–2) = –26
FM0136
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® Fundamentals of Algebra

EXERCISE (O-3)
Paragraph for question no. 1 to 3
2 2
If (5 + 2 6) x -8
+ (5 - 2 6) x -8
= 10,x Î ¡

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. Number of solution(s) of the given equation is/are-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) infinite
FM0043
2. Sum of positive solutions is

(A) 3 (B) 3 + 7 (C) 2 + 5 (D) 2

FM0043

®
3. If x Î (–3,5], then number of possible values of x, is-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
FM0043
Paragraph for question no. 4 to 6
A polynomial p(x) when divided by (x – 1), (x + 1) and (x + 2) gives remainder 5, 7 and 2 respectively.
If p(x) is divided by (x2 – 1) and (x – 1) (x + 2) gives remainder as another polynomial R(x) and
r(x) respectively. Then
4. The value of R(50) is :
(A) 34 (B) –44 (C) 44 (D) 104
FM0044
5. The value of r(100) is :
(A) 34 (B) 44 (C) 54 (D) 104
FM0044
6. The value of r(10) is :
(A) 4 (B) 14 (C) 24 (D) 35
FM0137
Matching list type
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

7. Match the list

List-I List-II
7 10
(P) The units digit of 2 × 3 is (1) 1 FM0045
100 200
(Q) The number of prime factors of 6 × 15 is (2) 2 FM0046
(R) Number of solutions of xy = 35 in natural (3) 3
numbers with x > y > 1 is FM0047
100 99 98
(S) Remainder when x – 3x + 2x + 3x – 2 (4) 4
is divided by x – 2 is equal to FM0048
Codes :
(A) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 (B) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4
(C) P-2, Q-3, R-2, S-3 (D) P-1, Q-4, R-1, S-2

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JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

8. Match the list

List-I List-II
(P) If x = 5 - 2 then value of 2x3 + 11x2 + 10x + 4 (1) 8
is equal to
FM0049
(Q) If x = 5 + 2 then value of 2x3 – 7x2 – 6x + 7 (2) 7
FM0050

(( 30 ) + ( 6 ))
2
(R) If 11 + 2 10 + 4 = p+ q + r + s (3) 161

where p, q, r, s are integers & q, r, s are not perfect

®
squares the p + q + r + s is equal to
FM0051

(( ) ( ))
2
(S) If 11 + 2 30 - 10 + 4 6 = a- b (4) 977

where a, b are integers & b is not a perfect square then

a2 + b is equal to
FM0052
Codes :
(A) P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 (B) P-2, Q-3, R-1, S-4
(C) P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4 (D) P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3
Answer the question question 9 and 10 by appropriately matching the lists based on the infor-
mation given
List-I List-II
(I) If 2 x + 5 = x + 2 , then integral value of x (P) 3
(II) The number of real solution of the equation (Q) –4
x2 + 5|x| + 4 = 0, is
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

(III) The real solution of the equation (R) –1

(x – 2)2 + |x – 2| – 2 = 0, is
(IV) The number of real solution(s) (S) 0
|x + 2| = 2(3 – x), is (T) 4
(U) 1
9. Which of the following is only CORRECT option ?
(A) I ® R, U (B) II ® S, T (C) I ® Q, S (D) II ® S
FM0053
10. Which of the following is only INCORRECT option ?
(A) III ® P, U (B) IV ® U (C) III ® Q, T (D) III ® P
FM0053
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EXERCISE (O-4)
Numerical Grid Type

1 1 æ 4ö
1. If a - = then ç 4a 2 + 2 ÷ is equal to
a 2 è a ø
FM0054
2. If polynomial Ax3 + 4x2 + Bx + 5 leaves same remainder, when divided by x – 1 and x + 2 respectively
then value of 3A + B is equal to
FM0055

x3 + 64
3. If 9x + 6x = 2.4x then the value of
5
FM0056

®
æ1 1 1ö
4. If a + b + c = 6 & a2 + b2 + c2 = 14 and a3 + b3 + c3 = 36 then the value of 3 ç + + ÷
èa b cø
FM0057

1 1 1 x 3 + y 3 + z3
5. If x + y + z = 12 & x2 + y2 + z2 = 96 and + + = 36 . Find the value of
x y z 4
FM0104

( 5x - 3y ) is equal to ( a - b c ) where
2
6. If x = 4 - 2 3 and y = 9 - 4 5 then the value of
a, b, c are coprime numbers then a + b + c is equal to (where 'c' is an odd integer)
FM0105
7. If x, y, z Î R and 121x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 22x + 4y + 6z + 3 = 0 then value of x–1 – y–1 – z–1 is equal to
FM0106

p x+2 p2 - q 2 x 2 + 4
8. If = , then find the value of 2 ´ . (x ¹ 0)
q x-2 p + q2 x
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

FM0108

3x + 9x 2 - 5
9. = 5 find 'x'
3x - 9x 2 - 5
FM0110

2
æ 6 ö
ç ÷
ç 3- 2+ 6 ÷
10. Value of ç 6 ÷ is
ç 3- 2+ ÷
ç ( 3 - 2)+ ÷
ç O÷
è ø

FM0111
E 95
JEE-Mathematics ALLEN
®

JEE-MAINS/ JEE-ADVANCE

12
1. The expression is equal to
3+ 5 +2 2

(a) 1 - 5 + 2 + 10 (b) 1 + 5 + 2 - 10
(c) 1 + 5 - 2 + 10 (d) 1 - 5 - 2 + 10
FM0117
x 1 x 1
2. If x < 0, y < 0, x + y + = and (x + y) = - , then x = ..... and y = .....
y 2 y 2
FM0118

®
2 2
3. The equation x - =1- has
x -1 x -1
(A) no root (B) one root (C) two equal roots (D) infinitely many roots
FM0119
4. Find all real values of x which satisfy x2 – 3x + 2 > 0 and x2 – 2x – 4 £ 0.
FM0123

2x 1
5. Find the set of all x for which > .
( 2x 2
+ 5x + 2 ) ( x + 1)

FM0124
6. The sum of all real roots of the equation |x – 2|2 + |x – 2| – 2 = 0 is ...
FM0125
7. The number of real solutions of the equation |x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
FM0126

2x - 1
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

8. If S is the set of all real x such that is positive, then S contains

2x + 3x 2 + x
3

æ 3ö æ 3 1ö æ 1 1ö æ1 ö
(A) ç -¥, - ÷ (B) ç - , - ÷ (C) ç - , ÷ (D) ç , 3 ÷
è 2ø è 2 4ø è 4 2ø è2 ø
(E) None of these
FM0127

( x + 1) ( x - 3)
9. Let y = ( x - 2)

Find all the real values of x for which y takes real values.
FM0128
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® Fundamentals of Algebra

ANSWER KEY

Do yourself-1

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C
6. (i) 1 (ii) 0 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 8

47 9
7. 2 8. (a) - , (b) - 9. 5 10. 26
44 44

a
11. 1 12. x = y = z = and if a is integral multiple of 6 then x = y = z = ± a/3
3

®
Do yourself-2

1. (i) (x – y) (x + y) (x2 + y2) (ii) (3a – 2x + y) (3a + 2x – y)

(iii) (2x + 3y) (2x – 3y – 3)
2. (i) (2x – 3y) (4x2 + 6xy + 9y2) (ii) (2x – 5y) [4x2 + 10xy + 25y2 + 1]
3. (i) (x + 8) (x – 5) (ii) (x – 8) (x + 5) (iii) (x + 7) (x – 2)
(iv) (x – 4) (x + 1) (v) (x – 3) (x + 1) (vi) (3x – 4) (x – 2)
(vii) (4x + 7)(3x – 5) (viii) (3x – 2) (x – 1) (ix) (x – 1) (3x – 4)
(x) (7x – 1)(x – 1) (xi) (x – 2)(2x – 13) (xii) (a – 3) (3a + 2)
(xiii) (2a + 1) (7a – 3)
4. (i) (a – b – 1) (a + b–3) (ii) (x2 – 6x + 18) (x2 + 6x + 18)
(iii) (x2 – y + 1) (x2 + y + 1) (iv) (2a2 – a – 1)(2a2 + a – 1)
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

(v) (2x2 – 6x + 9) (2x2 + 6x + 9) (vi) (x4 – x2 + 1) (x4 + x2 + 1)

5. (i) (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (ii) (x + 1) (x + 3) (2x + 1)

(iii) (x – 1) (x – 2) (2x – 3) (
(iv) (x2 + 2) (x2 + 1) x - 3 x + 3 )( )
(v) 3(x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
6. (i) (2a2 – a + 1) (4a4 + 2a3 – a2 + a + 1)
7. (i) (x2 + 5x + 1) (x2 + 5x + 9)
(ii) 2(2x2 + 2x + 3) (4x2 + 4x – 9)
(iii) (x2 + 5x – 22) (x + 1) (x + 4)

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8. (i) (x – y – 5) (x – y + 4). (ii) (x + 2y – 2) (x + 2y + 4).

1 1
(iii) 16(3x + 4) (x + 1). (iv) (x 3 + 2)(x 3 - 1).
(v) (x – 2) (x2 + 2x + 4) (x + 1) (x2 – x + 1).
(vi) (x2 + 16) (x – 1) (x + 1).
(vii) (x + 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x + 2). (viii) (x2 + 5x + 16) (x + 6) (x – 1).
(ix) –2 (a2 + 1) (a2 + 5). (x) (x + y + z – 3)2.
(xi) (2x – 1) (x – 2) (x + 1)2. (xii) (x2 + 2) (x + 1) (x – 1) (x4 + x2 + 1).

Do yourself-3

1. (a) 7 (b) 47 (c) 18 4. 104 5. - 2 6. 1

8. (a) 0, 4 (b) no solution (c) no solution

®
Do yourself-4

1. 1 2. –20 3. 4 4. –2 5. 3x + 4
6. l = 2, m = -18 7. l = –1, m = –3 8. a = 3, b = 1
9. 3x3 + 4x2 – 5x –2 10. 6 11. a = 8 and b = 5 12. 22

Do yourself-5

2
1. 1 or –8 2. 1,32 3. ± 2, ±
3

3± 5 1
4. 3 or 4 5. x = 1, x = 6. x = ±1, 2, –
2 2
7. 0,–1 8. 2,4 9. ±1
10. –4,4 11. –4,1 12. –6,1
13. x = -3 ± 5 14. ±1, 1 ± 2
15. (A)®(U); (B)®(U); (C)®(T); (D)®(P,Q,R,S,T,U,V);(E)®(R,T); (F)®(S) node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

Do yourself-6

1. x=1,y=3 2. x = 5, y = 1
3. x = 5, y = 3 4. x = 2, y = 1 or x = –1, y = –2
5. x = 4, y = –2 or x = –2, y = 4 6. x = –6, y = –2 or x = –4, y = –4
7. x = 3, y = 2 or x = –3, y = –2 8. x = 5, y = 1 or x = –5, y = –1
11 24
9. x= ,y= - 10. x = 3, y = 2 or x = –3, y = –2
13 5
11. x = 4, y = ±3 12. x = –1, y = 3 or x Î ¡, y = 2
13. x = 2, y = –1or x = –1, y = 2 14. ( x, y ) @ ( 3,1) , ( -3, -1) , (1,3 ) , ( -1, -3 )

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Do yourself-7

1. (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) T (f) F

17 37
2. (a) (b) 3. 3 30 4. (2,¥) 5. 3 + 14
21 41

Do yourself-8

1. 4 2 2. –12 3. 4

Do yourself-9

20 sp sq a4

®
1. 2. 21 : 35 : 65 3. , 4.
27 p+q p+q b4

Do yourself-10

æ 1 5ö
1. (–1,4) –{1} 2. ç- , ÷
è 4 6ø
æ 1ö
3. ( -¥, -2 )( -2, -1) È (1, ¥ ) 4. ç -¥, ÷ È ( 2, ¥ ) - {4}
è 2ø
5. [–1,2) – {0} 6. (–1,1] È [3,¥) È {2}
æ 1 ö
7. ç - ,1 ÷ 8. (–2,–1) È (0,5) – {2}
è 2 ø

9. é - 2, 2 ù È [3, 4 ) - {-1} 10. ( -2, -1) È (1, 2 )

ë û
æ - 63 ö æ 63 ö æ3 ö
11. çç -¥, 2 ÷÷ È çç -3, 2 ÷÷ È ( 4, ¥ ) 12. ç ,1 ÷ È ( 7, ¥ )
è ø è ø è4 ø

(- ) ( )
2, 0 È 1, 2 È ( 2, ¥ ) ( -¥, -3] È [ 2, ¥ )
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

13. 14.

æ 1 1ù
15 (–2,–1) 16. ç - , ú
è 4 3û
17. (i) [–3,1] (ii) [–7,1]
(iii) [–3, 3] (iv) (–¥, 0) È (3, +¥)
(v) (–¥, 3) È (4, + ¥) (vi) (–¥, –2) È (–2, –1) È (1, +¥)
(vii) (–1, 5) (viii) [1, 3] È (5, +¥)

æ 9 ö
(ix) ç - , -2 ÷ È ( 3, ¥ ) (x) (–1, 1) È (4, 6)
è 2 ø

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æ 7ö æ 7ö æ4 ö
(xi) (–1,1) – {0} ç
(xii) ç -¥ , - ÷ È ç -1, ÷Èç ,¥÷
è 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø è 3 ø

(xiii) ( -¥, - 2] È ( -1, 4) (xiv) (–¥, –5) È (1, 2) È (6, +¥)

(xv) ( -¥, -3) È ( -2,3) (xvi) ( -¥, -2 ) È ( -1,3 ) È ( 4, ¥ )

Do yourself-11

y
y

®
(0,5)

(0,2)
(–5,0) (5,0)
1. (i) (ii) (–2,0) (2,0)
x (iii)
x
(2,0)
(0,–2)

ì 3 7ü ì 25 17 ü
2. í- , - ý 3. {–1,6} 4. f 5. f 6. í- , ý
î 2 2þ î 3 3þ

ì 2ü ì6 ü
7. {0,3} 8. í-8, - ý 9. í ,18ý 10. f
î 5þ î5 þ
ì 7ü ì 24 ü
11. í1, ý 12. f 13. {1,–2} 14. í0, - ý
î 2þ î 7þ

ì 5 3ü
15. {–2,0} 16. í - , ý 17. {–2} 18. [0,¥)
î 2 2þ
19. {–3,–1} 20. f 21. ¡
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

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® Fundamentals of Algebra
EXERCISE # O-1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A A D D A A A A C A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A B D D C C B B C D
Que. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. D A A B B

EXERCISE # O-2
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A,C,D A,B,C A,C A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C,D B,C,D B,C,D B,C,D A,D

®
Que. 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B,D C,D A,B,C B,C C,D

EXERCISE # O-3
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. C B C B D B B D D C
EXERCISE # O-4
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. 9.00 4 12.80 5.5 216.50 36 16 4 x=1 2

EXERCISE # JEE-MAIN/ADVANCED

1. B 2.
1
x = - ,y = -
4
1
4
3. A 4. ) (
x Î éë1 - 5,1 È 2,1 + 5 ùû

( -2, -1) È æç -
2 1ö
5. ,- ÷ 6. 4 7. A
è 3 2ø
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\JEE(Advanced)\Nurture\Maths\Module\Sets, FOM & Q.Eq\Eng\04_Fundamental of Algebra.p65"

8. A,D 9. x Î [–1, 2) È [3, ¥)

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