ICTCM21 Proceedings Aslam Villanueva
ICTCM21 Proceedings Aslam Villanueva
Nadeem Aslam
Mathematics Department
Florida International University
11200 SW 8th Street
Miami, FL 33199
aslamn@fiu.edu
Jay Villanueva
Mathematics Department
Miami Dade College
11011 SW 104th Street
Miami, FL 33176
jvillanu@mdc.edu
" + ! " + !
$/ - / $/ - /
𝑧" = P ! + D@+A + @!A , 𝑧! = P ! − D@+A + @!A ,
Examples:
Discriminant delta
Del 69696
x1 5
x2 -6
x3 2
Conclusions:
A cubic is a polynomial equation with real coefficients of the form:
(1) 𝑎𝑥 + + 𝑏𝑥 ! + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 𝑑 are real.
%
There is a solution when we transform the equation by 𝑥 = 𝑦 − +) and we get a
reduced form:
%! %* !%"
(2) 𝑦 + + 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑞 = 0, where 𝑝 = 𝑐 − + , 𝑞 = 𝑑 − +
+ !,
.
And we get Cardan’s solutions for three cases.
Defining the discriminant △= −4𝑝+ − 27𝑞! , we have:
(i) △< 0, there are two complex roots;
" + ! " + !
$/ - / $/ - /
𝑧" = P ! + D@+A + @!A , 𝑧! = P ! − D@+A + @!A ,
References:
• Beachy, J & Blair, W, 1996. Abstract Algebra. Il: Waveland Press Inc.
• Cox, D, 2004. Galois Theory. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
• Rotman, J, 2000. A First Course in Abstract Algebra. NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Stewart, J, Redline, L & Watson, S, 2004. College Algebra. Ca:
Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning.
• Sullivan, M, 2012. Algebra and Trigonometry. Ma: Prentice Hall.