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MEM-22443 Winter 2023

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MEM-22443 Winter 2023

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guruchavan2006
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23124 22443 3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No [| TELE Instructions: (1) Marks 1. Attempt any FIVE of the following 10 (a) State different applications of orifice plate. (b) Define Gauge factor (c) Enlist different sources of error. (d) State law of intermediate temperature. (ce) State Seeback effect. (f) Enlist different types of load cell. (2) Explain function of Dynamometer. 2. Attempt any THREE of the following = PR (ay Differentiate between Active and Passive Transducer. (by What are different materials used for Strain Gauges ? (c) Explain Rotameter with neat sketch. (4) Lxplam Inductive pick up type transducer. + ne [1 of 2] PTO, All Questions are compulsory Answer each next main Question on a new page. IMlustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary. Figures to the right indicate full marks. Assume suitable data, if necessary. Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is permissible. Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication devices are not permissible in Examination Hall. 22443 of I 3 Attempt any THREE of the following Ga) Explain the working of LVDI {b) Explain the working and prineiple of Radiation Pyrometer (6) Differentiate between Diaphragm and Bellows, (Explain Hysteresis and Dead zone. Atiempt any THREE of the following : (a) Fyplain Photocleetric pressure transducer with neat sketch ) Explain Potentiometer for Displacement measurement with neat sketch. (ey Explain Ultrasonic flow meter with neat sketch, Attempt any TWO of the following : (a) How speed measurement is done by stroboscope ? (b) Explain Platinum resistance ‘Thermometer with its applications (©) Explain Shpping Clutch Tachometer. Also state its advantages and disadvantages. 12 12 MAIARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION _ (Autonomous) (ASOMEC = 27001 - 2013 Certified) __—_— ~~ WINTER ~ 23 EXAMINATION [= — subject Name: Mechanical Engineering Measurement Model Answer Subject Code: | 22443 Important instructions to examiners: fe answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the mode! answer heme The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the understanding level of the candidate The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skil. While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn 5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate's answers and model answer. In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based on candidate's understanding, For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept 5) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022 Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer Q Sub Answer SSSsStS~S~SS«S Marking No. QN. Scheme Qu "Attempt any FIVE (05 x 02 0) a) | State different applications of orifice plate. | 02 marks Orifice plates are commonly used to measure flow rates in pipes. b) | Define Gauge factor. ) fine Gauge fact | 02 marks Gauge factor is the ratio of fractional change in electrical resistance R, 10 the fractional change in length (mechanical strain) ¢ . Gp = ARAR . ARR MUL Te ©) | Enlist different Sources of error. 7 1) Defect in instrument ear 2) Loading and unloading waa 3) Environmental elfecis like humidity. temperature, pressure ect. we 4) Wrong handling of instrument. 5) Observational error 6) Size and form of component whose measurement to be done d) State Law of intermediate temperature. TO? marks 02 sone 2001 2013 Cente) ; T2. Meta B is described as negative with respect to a metal A if current flows into ; it atthe cold junction Output signal produces from the signal to be measured No additional py source required Metal A(+) eas Temp = ——— { Temp % 1 toe Nos | Junction etal B(-) Function | ist different Types of Load Cells. ~ — - —_ | Ot mark 1) Strain Gauge Load Cells | each Any 2) Hydraulic Load Cells y™e 3) Pneumatic Load Cells 4) Capacitive Load Cells Explain function of dynamometer. - | 02 marks Dynamometer is the device used to measure the torque and power transmitted by rotating members. It helps to measure the torque and power transmitted by rotating members like engine. pump. rotating shaft ete. ~ Attempt any Three (03 x04=12) ‘Active Transducer Passive Transducer O1 Mark — _ 4 tor each Draw energy from measure and source Take power Irom external source which point changes physical properties of transducer Any 4 Output obtains by receiving the signal trom | point external power souree Additional eueryy source required e ArQHEQR ASHLEE SEN EE aw (atenneus aout 2018 Cer ay Self-Generatin Txternally powered 1 Thermocouple, Photovoltaie cell, Pesto 1, Thermister. Differential transformer. electric ete Strain Gauge ele What are different materials used for Strain Gauge, Falling are sone ofthe popstar metal alloys used For strain BauBe clement 4) Constantan ~ Nickel 45% . Chromium 55% vi) Adwance- Copper $78 . Nickel 43 % + acltie~ tran $2.% . Nickel 36% . Chromium 8 % Molybdinum 0.5% Ww) Nichrome - Nickel 80 % |Chromium 20 % Explain rotameter with neat sketch. Vins satameter consists of three basic elements: 1) A uniformly tapered flow tube 2) a float aoaaneyrwurement seale, A control valve may be added if flow control is also desired. In operation. the rotameter is positioned vertically in the fuid system with the smallest ramrater end of the tapered flow tube at the bottom. This is the fluid inlet The float. Tspieally spherical. is located inside the flow tube, and is engineered so that ts diameter is nearly identical to the flow tube’s inlet diameter. When fluid like gas or liquid is introduced into the tube, the float is lifted from its initial position atthe int, allowing the fluid to pass between it and the tube wall. AS the float ies. more and more Muid flows by the float because the tapered tubes diameter is inereasing, Ultimately, a point is reached where the drag force exerted by the fluid is balance by weight of float and gravitational force. The float is now stationary at that level ‘vithin the tube as its weight is being supported by the fluid forces which caused it to rise. ‘This position corresponds to a point on the tube's measurement scale and provides an indication of the fluid’s flow rate Explain Induetive pick up type of tra salu When a single coil ts used as a transduce , element, the mechanical ten single ci wo a nent, the mechanical input changes the p flux path generated by the coil, thereby changing its inductance. This change can be measured by a suitabl it y # suitable circuit, indicating the value of the i in fig below. the fu Theaiteas “me fig below, the flux path may be changed by a change in the air gap. fap XS stown “1 mark each any four 2 marks for Explanatio n2 marks for sketch 2 marks for Explana on2 marks for sketch a) HEDLCATION vy ATU EASTIIR STATE BOARD OF FECIINICM ti {ona (ISOEC 27001 201 Certified) x wen SiS dame aang The working prineipfe of an induetive 4s lke the electrical conductors resistance, ‘matenal’s induction can depend on di ‘material, the magnetic material's size, transducer is the magnetic material's it depends on various factors, The fferent variables like the twists of the inductiy, magne, Coll over the these transducers, itis manly usd t Attempt any Three (03 x 04= 12) "Explain the working of LVDT: Construction: EVDT is a transforme winding S) & S- mounte umber of tums figure below. ske A movable soft iron core is placed inside the Former. Actually the movable core is made | Of nickel iron with hydrogen annealed Hydrogen annealing is done to harmonics, residual voltage af core and thys provide «also is laminated in order to reduce eeldy current toss. The assembly of laminated core is laced in a eylindrical see! housing and end Ide are provided for electromaznetic and clectrostatic shielding. The displacement to be measured is attached to this movable soft iron core = fo P and two secondary | Ey 1 consisting of one primary winding “on a cylindrical former. The two second and placed identically on ether side of the lary winding ave equal | on primary windin Is shown in| ma eliminate | #s high sensitivity. The movabie care | Working of an LVDT. the working of the LVDY circuit diagram ean be sition of the iron core in the insulated fanmer tn Gavel: Wher the ore of the LVDI-is at the null cation, thon both the mina Pindings Hae will equal, so the induced emf is similis in the windings, Se ten wel 6 are cule Hus, livid into three cyes based the dislocation, the vulput value (eau) is sew because bath th 1 lustre ha 1 dislocation ook place 4m Cased: When the core af the LVDIL i site up 49 the null pitt this cas, ty Arn asttT te STATE BOARD OF TECINIENE EDLC TION i SOULE 2701 OL Ceriedd a camtrasted to Hay connecting with th Tring minor wining SEs auklitional > Due to this cout (output Tas inv a Sohtage) is pestne Tn Cased When the Fre amaunt ob? asl be added ay that of el Fro dows on the location port Gane atthe EVIE ts shitled doar to the null port In this cave Fue to this cout autpat vette wel Bs stave pls a llustiates the & TVD For linear variable differential anstormer ation & 0" others ise Ire ouupat ot the measating dev tee Tike deo eave through aphtuele that is proportional to off-center loc Sit pase fost the focated side a the cate sy aplain working principle of radiation pyromete 2 marks or The radiation pyrometers are intended to measure the total energy of radiation Lape n2 marks from a heated body The radiation pyrometer is designed to collect the radiations one rediing |oaeeean ‘object and focus it by means ‘of mirrors or lens on toa detector. The pyrometer head consist of a metal housing containing 2 fused silica lens and a There e: The lens end is inserted into a small opening in the side Of furnace inermapie- Tom hot body enter the lens and are focused on thermopite Thermopile develops an exm.f which defleets a mili voltmeter. It is calibrated in | terms of temperature. |AB: Hot body , CD : Apparatus, F: fused siliea lense ,E: Thermopile M: Temp indicator G: sighting Arrangement Or | ‘note | Fig, Radiation Pyrometer Working Principal: {he emf output of which is fed to a millivolt-meter or potentiometer for measurement purposes. The pyometer consists of blackened tube T open at one end to receive fans from the temperature i desired. The other end of the tube carties the sighting Pees lly an adjustable eye piece The mirror is centrally fixed to allow wht wo reach the eyepiece. There are two small semicircular flat mirrors provided which ae inclined ‘ata slight anple from the vertical plane, The resulting hole is smaller than the ee and through deter ) a) SESOTEC «27001. 2018 Certien® in ol ci, mination al Ii ring instriney HW aceey accepts a controlled oe a “ample of total radiation ei aie ; mca mean of Femperature. Fempetarare 16) eae UL wavelengths and therefore aperate 1 Steten fpotzman la we 0s total radiation pyrometers ifferenti i forentiate between Diaphragm and Bellows. sr | Parameter ‘ er Diaphragm | Bellows 1 | Working oflec' Working Deflection is proportional 0 | It pnd and contracts aene principle applied pressure | the axis when pressure | | applied. 2 eonstructio | A thin member of sheet | Bellows are made of brass. | stainless steel. phosphor n metal made to precise dimension in shape of | bronze. beryllium coprer membrane or circular dise. | pressure | Membrane type 0 10 6.7 kpa | Typically vaccum '0 210 kpa range | | | | Dise type 010 350 kpa. | Applicatio | ‘Automotive pressure | Low pressure me: | " | nh sensing like manifold air | €85, slurries, liquids. | chemicals. | | pressure, o measure draft in | chimneys of boilers. Brass, beryllium. copper ete —- | ess material | phosphor bronze, stainless | _ | ——_ : Explain hysteresis and dead zone (ami for explan vos differen Output (020 each) quality of an ale and Hysteresis sasuring instrument sho} resis is a phenomenon luring loading and un I is the under which the me: loading. Hysteresis res maximum difference between correspo hat is, the maximum differen in the specified range whe? appros input Its from the inelastic nding upse ice in ouput a ching: Hystet effects di or device. clement le outputs for any sin gle test cycle, th red variable will then d downscal jecreasing the i wn value of the meast! first with increasing any give! that point he input and t! a) Input and output hysterests F ounput or input values. Fe sum nec! directly from the subtracting the _ o toad andl the seat cycles. Hysteresis alue of hysteresis pl The numeral val ateresis is determ! is determined by tus dead hand for a giver fot the twee effects OF Ue deviation values of a member of t Cale of dead fan fren ANE corresponding ¥ put Deal Zone: ‘ch there is no autput ab ThE for wh e sulficient (0 input quantity vest change of" Midd to the instrument may no Ps tr as dotined as the lary Voy example, the input app instrument aye vill, in that case, ve the frietion not move at all or for which there is no output of input quantity ero. Dead zone as the largest change falue for which output is 7 basically range of input ¥ se aluo known as Dead band or dead space oF neutral zone. Dead zone is defined fof the instrument, 18 ~ Attempt any Three (03 x 04= 12) Explain Photoelectr < pressure transducer with neat sketch. marks for Input pressure Explanatio n2marks for sketch it consist of port for input pressure Pressure sensing member like diaphragm light source + small window. a photo tube with output circuit. The function of pressure sensing element isto Control the aperture of small window. The SS CL light falling on phototube. - ee ee g member. it changes the position of window. AS the light source ‘ane! phototube are separated by a wind it changes the amount of light falling on phototube, causing change in the current hs ehange ete is approximately linear with displacement of window ie applied prema ne current in phototube is amplified by a suitable output citcutt meter connected across output let al cad ectly calil Aime Cane PA termi al can directly calibrate in terms of pressure vdulated light or stable source of Tight can be used for incident soul DT Explain working of imidity, evice used for measuring ait hu \ psyehnometer is a device t id form orking ple srcentage. can be determine, oe uit which is calculated as a percentage. er be determi Fa , a seer Tes eafeated by muitilying the amount oF MOAT fh ee ver iemperature by the maximum amount of moisture (he air uld Hold a on apenstare. aividing by. 100. and-multiplying the quotient by we “vs thermometer and a dry-bulb thermometer are kept in a sling psychrometer. Using rey oe lables and maps, a sling psyehrometer may be used to calculate the physical and therm, oe properties of moist air. I's usually used fo figure out relative humidity. The wet buly covered in muslin, whieh is soaked in water and acts as a wick. When the web bulb i, removed from the bath. it cools due to evaporation. A sling psychrometer is one that has the bulb whirled around to speed up evaporation. The amount of evaporative cooling on | the psychrometer’s wet bulb is proportional to the amount of moisture in the air. Drier air absorbs more moisture from the bulb, which causes it to cool down faster. The | temperature does not change as much because the warmer air cannot retain as much water from the bulb. In other words. the more humid the air is, the greater the change in the wet bulb temperature _— | —- i oo What is transducer? State its advantages and disady: antages, 1M for definition " a physical force into an electrical sig , se that it can be easily handled and transmitted for measurement eee Ne ¢ A transducer is an electronic device that converts for The advantages of Transducers are as s: advantage follows: tage . . sandi& I converts one form of energy to the other % M for © Simple circuit. disadvanta © Easy 10 operate. ges (any * Lasy noise detection and removal wee & Disady) * Low power consumption Hy suitable for any deview or system a) e) b (Autonomous) disadvantages of Transducers a sony 27001 - 2018 Gertie) Tris asedt For the process of measurement, © Low friction effets. wre as follows: + Sensitive to temperature changes al noise © Prone to electri # Require external power source © Can be expensive PN Ghlmtaeniennge “Explain block diagram of FFT Analyser. 2 : cara Explanatio n2marks m for sketch BO =I {sees} senor fs | “The Fast Fourier transform can be used to determine the frequency domain representation (spectrum) of atime domain signal. The signal must be digitized in the time domain: then the FFT algorithm is executed to find the spectrum, Figure shows the FFT spectrum analyzer. The input signal is first passed through a variable attenuator to provide various measurement ranges. Then the signal is low-pass filtered to remove undesirable high frequency content which is beyond the frequency range of the sampler circuit and the | analog to digital converter. The microprocessor receives the sampled waveform, computes the spectrum of the waveform using FFT, and writes the results on the display. The FFT | analyzer accomplishes the same thing that the bank of filters analyzer does, but without the need for many bandpass filters. Instead the FFT analyzer uses digital signal processing | to implement the equivalent of many individual filters. thus, when considering the operation of the FFT analyzer, it is appropriate to think in terms of a bank of parallel _ filters. each filtering a portion of them frequency spectrum. Basis For . Ta marks dom Error ‘Systematic Error Comparison m _ 7 — foreach Definition The random error occurs in [itis constant error which remains same point any 4 points the experiment because of the [for all the measurements. uncertain changes in the 1s ronment J nvironment, limitation of the Incorrect calibration and incorrectly Cause using the apparatus instrument, ete Minimize By repeatedly taking the By improving the design of the apparatus, Ee nous), ry {Natonom i asec 27001 2018 Certified) [Constant Magnitiale Vary Presi scar ly aoe etn é Direetion of Occur in both the direction, Occu ly 4 ise h Three (Instrument, Environment & a " é , (Any one fig) | Principle: ihe rate of cooling of wire depends upon the - = Dimension and physical properties of wire Z Diff. of the temp. between wire and the fluid — Physical properties of the fluid — Stream velocit; under measurement First three conditions are effectively constant and the instrument response is then a direct measurement of the velocity change. Depending on the electronic eq = Constant current mode: — Constant temperature mode: Mipment, ht wire may be operated in two ways: | Working: Hot wire anemometer measure the mean and fluctuating flow of gases, The sensor is a 5 micron diameter Platinum-tungsten wire welded between the two prongs. (iis Wite heated electrically as part oF wheat-stone br idge cireuie When the probe is introduced int the Mowing Maid, i tends ‘mstantancous velocity. So, tendency for the 0 be cooled by electrical resistance to diminish (Any one) 4) Constant current mode: he heating Curent ie valtape acvoys thy brid adjusted such that the a Site Lies in stationaty ai © 1s hopL constant Inwvally the Gireuit is anomieter reads cero when the heated \ i palva cler | Thon the ait flows. the hot wire cools and existance changes and the galvanometer Setlects . “velo The galvanometer detteetion are amplified, measured and correlated with air velocity by calibration by Constant temperatire mode: Vemperature of filament is kept constant Trance Toxee heat (deeteases temperate) by the flowing Hurd The extemal bridge voltage is applied to the wire fo maintain a sensibly constant temp. The bridge voltage is varied so as to bring the galvanometer needle to Zero. Vine reagan the voltmeter is recorded and correlated with air velocity Explain Potentiometer for displacement measurement with neat sketch. 2M Fig aM Worting slider a — crcurt ‘Shder arm Displacement sme AN B € To output nit ~ Poténtiometer Force summing member Linear Potentiometer «A linear potentiometer transducer consists of a potentiometer, which is short circuited by a slider. «The other end of the slider is connected to a slider arm. «The force summing device on the slider arm causes linear displacement of the slider causing the short circuit of a certain portion of the resistance in the potentiometer. «Let the whole resistance positions on the potentiometer be ABC. © Let the resistance position caused by the slider movement be BC. As the movement of the slider moves further to the right, the amount of resistance increases. © This increase in resistance value can be noted according to the corresponding change in the linear displacement of the slider. Iculated with the help of a Wheatstone bridge, The change in resistance ean be «nee elements in this Wire-Wound Potentiometer ~ ‘The most commonly used resis potentiometer are nickel, chromium or nickel copper. They are also very cost e The winding of the resistance wire will depend on the different types of resistance due t the slider motion like linear, arithmetic, logarithmic and so on. fective reno gen or EISELE ED. HON FRCL ison ana nn Ceri ©) Explain Ultrasonic Flow meter with neat sketch 71) Ultrasonic Flow measurement the transit time of ultrasonic pulses This time difference is a measure for the th of the ultrasonic beam. By using the absolute and the speed of sound can be calculated. ing and transmitting Ultrasonic flow meters measure the difference o! propagating in and against ow direct velocity of the fluid along the pal ed fluid velocity sand the distance between receiv averag transit times bath the averag Using the two transit times wransducers. measures the velocity of sing ultrasonic transducers fh of an emitted beam of tween the pulses of flow meteris a type ofthat to calculate volume flow. Us An ultrasonic ‘ye velocity along the pal a fluid with ultrasonic flow meter the flow meter can measure the aver ultrasound, by averaging the difference measured transit time b or by measuring the “Ttrasound propagating into and against Re direction of the flow frequency shift from the Doppler effec. Ultrasonic flow meters are affected by the acoustic properties te impacted by temperature, density, ¥iSe0Si and of the fluid and can suspended particulat tes depending on the exact flow mete. ae ‘Attempt any Two (02 x 06= 2) How ‘speed meas sa 4M a working ' J manual PO adhere? Working: a «+ {he stroboscope iS # simple, portable manually operated device which may be Use «aie oF ory OHO : Me : ‘ns it ay ee of warble Fequerey sting bint ght meet, tbe wsramet se ney ing et OP —— me ei a i povided 90 thal the moving, object (ate) isin ay ik fae Tipit caused © nash on moving obIeCt ics i 0 OT re ons whose frequene ceanr be Natrted AIS re of flung felt ST f apse vm I Cuntiolled / {\atonemous) aasoaec 27000 AMY Certified) has source is called a strobotron The tube has eapacity to flash 300 flashes The flashing light is directed on rotating teeth or some other features, + The frequency of Lamp flashing is adjusted + Under this condition, speed is equal | tre calibrated to rend the speed directly + Wthere are several marks on shaft, various + Af dise has m number of mart m Number of Hashes per see. ‘The speed (n) Where l in = Number of marks on dise + Single line image is obtained by flashes. (0 Mashing frequency. The per second, ‘member, which usually has some spoke. gear until the target appears stationary scale of stroboscope ean errors in measurement arise xs. then disc will appear stationary, wae mashing rate is gradually reduced and flashing [reauencieS are noted for all single Tine image + ifsingle line image are obtained at m different flashing rates, say FI, F2. F3, Fm Then. Platinum wire Protective cement EE ee Terminals Where, Fi= 1 ‘lashing point Explain platin Cy = Number of : > (low resistance Protective cement _ 2M Fig 3 A Terminals, 5) ASIA > (low resistance 2M Construction: ¥ Platinum resistau protective eement Whole assembly placed in Poreel The ends of platinuin wire are welded The copper leads that are Som limes RTD sensor ts fabricated for copper on ceramie substrate, Figure: Platinum Resistat connected to one of Ul we Ww temperature el any Applications nice Thermometer (RTD) nce thermometer consist of pure, well annealed wite VY This wire wound on a hollow insula ting ceramic former and covered with jain sheath Jo long leads of low resistance copper Hes he arm of Whea stone bridge: bby depositing thin filmy of platinaun. meke! range 1s usally measured by 10s AIMIEVR ASHER Y SEVEE HO YR OF HECIMIC LEDUC ST AL {tenons} ison © 27001 2018-6 Wheatstone bridges which may he weed either in the null condition or in the | a5 detection condition ¥ When the RED is subjected to any change in temp. th gal anometer shows some deflection ¥- This galvanometer is calibrated in terms of temperature bridge get unbalanced and Application ; | Heating ovens. cold storage plant. Refrigeration & Air conditioning. plastic processing Txhaust gas temperature, ete | ) Explain Slipping Clutch Tachometer. Also state 2M Construct | Friction __ Slipping long material clutch Spiral | Working IM | Advant is | lam | anes Indicator shaft | Disadvant | ages used to coat ' ) (ie driv fag shafi with indicating shat 2. ‘The rotating shatt drives and indicating shafi iarough a slipping clutch. 3. A pointer attached to indicator shati mover over a calibrated Seale against the torque ' of spriny | The pointer position gives a measure of the shaft speed | Advantages: | | i) Itis simple in construction ji) Itis easy to operate ijMigh speed measurements are not possible | ii) Accuraey is tovally depending on spring

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