HV SIDE:

Current in phase Set value Calculated Operated Set trip time Operated trip
I /in diff >> value(amps) value(amps) (ms) time(ms)
R 2 2.08 2.10 0.0 30
Y 2 2.08 2.10 0.0 30
B 2 2.08 2.10 0.0 30

c) STABILITY TEST:
Apply the full load current on both terminal and neutral side with an angle of 180 degree phase shift
on any one side. (Angle will be vary depends on the vector group)
Dyn1 (-30° displacement between HV and LV)
Dyn11 (+30° displacement between HV and LV)
Dd0 (no phase displacement between HV and LV)
Dd6 (180° displacement between HV and LV)

2. DIFFERENTIAL BIAS TEST:

To avoid unwanted relays operation under the above two conditions a "Percentage Bias" differential relays is
used. This test will also get vary from relay to relay.

Simple Slope diagram:

Positive

Torque Region
I1-I2

Negative Torque Region

I1+I2/2 ----
The current flowing through the operating coil of the relay should be nearly zero during normal operating
conditions and when external short circuit occurs the relay should not operate. While setting the differential relay on
a transformer, the (mismatch) current through differential element at normal tap and positive and negative extreme
taps are to be computed. Differential element pickup setting and/or bias settings is adopted based on maximum
percentage mismatch adding some safety margin.

Differential Current = | I1-I2 |

|I1-I2 |
Bias Setting = -----------
(I1+I2)/2

DIFFERENTIAL BIAS TEST

Side 2 Current Is Increased & Slope Is Verified From Tripping Values Of Current.
Slope= (I1-I2)/(I1+I2/2)

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Setting:
Slope 1 =20%

Side 1 (Hv Side) Side 2 (Lv Side) Calculated Relay

3 Phase Current 3 Phase Current Slope (%) Condition
(Amps) (Amps)
Ir=4.4 0 Ir=0.94 150
Iy=4.4 -120 Iy=0.94 270 0.0 Stable
Ib=4.4 120 Ib=0.94 30
Ir=4.4 0 Ir=1.37 150
Iy=4.4 -120 Iy=1.37 270 18.6 Operated
Ib=4.4 120 Ib=1.37 30

Note: During bias test we have to put 180deg phase shift b/w both sides current. This angle may vary depends
upon the vector group of transformer. Here DYn1 i.e. -30deg displacement b/w HV and LV. So 180-
30=150degree balance angle.

2ND HARMONIC RESTRAINT TEST:

As second harmonic always present predominantly in the inrush currents, hence second harmonics is used as
a stabilizing bias against inrush effect. The differential current is passed through a filter which extracts the
second harmonics; this component is then applied to produce a restraining quantity sufficient to overcome
the operating tendency due to the whole of the inrush current which flows in the operating circuit. The relay will
restrain when the second harmonic component exceeds 20% of the current.

Inrush current characteristic:

Test:
1a Current Is Injected At 50 Hz Simultaneously In Each Phase & 100 Hz Current Is Reduced Till Relay Operates.

HV SIDE:
Current In 50Hz Current 100Hz Current 100Hz Current 2nd 2nd
Phase Injected (A) Injected (A) Optd Value (A) Harmonic Harmonic
Set Value Optd
(%) Value
(%)
R 0.947 0.80 0..171
Y 0.947 0.80 0..171 20 18.05
B 0.947 0.80 0..171

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LV SIDE:
Current In 50Hz Current 100Hz Current 100Hz Current 2nd 2nd
Phase Injected (A) Injected (A) Optd Value (A) Harmonic Harmonics
Set Value Optd
(%) Value (%)
R 4.40 2.0 0.80
Y 4.40 2.0 0.80 20 18.18
B 4.40 2.0 0.80

Remark: Class-A trip checked.

3. RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT:

This relay is operative only for the internal faults of the transformer and thus fast operating timer can be achieved.
An external fault on the star side will result in current flowing in the line CT of the affected phase
and a balancing current in the neutral CT and current in the relay is zero and hence relay is stable.

During an internal fault, the line current on the line CT gets reversed and hence relay operates.

The arrangement of residually connected CTs on the delta side of a transformer is only sensitive to earth faults
on the delta side because zero sequence currents are blocked by the delta winding. For external faults no
current flows through REF unless a CT gets saturated. Hence minimum pickup current setting is adopted (10% or
20% In) on REF relay. Based on this, through fault current, the stabilizing resistor is set such that the relay will not
operate for external fault when a CT gets saturated. This relay operates only for internal earth faults,
instantaneously.

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TEST:
Stage 1
Set value Optd value(amps) Set time Optd trip time
I (s)
0.1 0.1 0.0 20ms

Stage 2
Set value Optd value(amps) Set time Optd trip time
I (s)
1.5 1.5 0.0 20ms

Remarks: Class-a tripping checked ok.

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