Development Studies

Paper One & Two

MODULE 7: POLITICS & DEVELOPMENT
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL - The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The rulers are for life in a monarchy.

Module 7: Politics & Development - The monarch is a ceremonial figure.

Paper 1 - In a constitutional monarchy, there is a Prime Minister who is the head of the government.

1(a) Define government. - The King or Queen makes laws in a monarchy

- Government is group of people who control a country. - The ruler has absolute power in a monarchy

- Government is group of people who control a make decisions and distribute country’s 3(a) Define the term politics.
resources.
- Politics involves decision making and distributing resources, it is about dealing with
- Government is all the departments/machinery which operate/execute the decisions made conflict and disagreements.
by the people who control the country
(b) State three advantages of a monarchy.
(b)Give three reasons why it is important to involve all the people in governing a country.
- The advantage of a monarchy is that of maintaining tradition-that is, in a monarchy culture
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is to get different ideas. is maintained, kept and followed.

- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is ownership of projects since - The advantage of a monarchy is that of creating an unchanging and stabilising influence.
they had input/to ensure acceptance of what is happening.
- Monarchy is not as easily corrupted as political Heads of States
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is accountability/ checks and
balances.
4(a) Define the term state.
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is for transparency/encourages
peace and harmony. - State is an organised political community controlled by one government

- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is to address needs of the (b) Describe three disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.
community/accurate/relevant needs identified and addressed.
- The disadvantage of a monarchy form of government is that been undemocratic/the
- The reason of involving all people in governing a country is to empower people/capacity King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen
building.
- The disadvantage of a monarchy form of government is possibility of getting an
2(a) What is a monarchy? incompetent successor since it is hereditary

- Monarch is a system in which the country is ruled by a King, Queen and Emperor. - There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made in a monarchy

(b) Describe three characteristics of a monarchy - King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation

- The characteristic of monarchy is that a king/Queen is the ruler/ The leader is a king or - The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power
queen
- The disadvantage of a monarchy form of government is fights for succession within the
- The position of King/Queen is hereditary in a monarchy royal family/ succession disputes

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
5(a) What is ‘representative democracy’? Section B

- Representative democracy is a system of government in which political authority lies with 6. Study Fig. 1 which shows the 2016/17 budget allocation for various ministries in Botswana.
people

(b) Give three characteristics of a multi-party democracy.

- The characteristic of a multi-party democracy is that people are free to form different
political parties and identify candidates of their choice for office.

- The multi-party democracy allow people to have freedom of speech and freedom to discuss
political choices.

- There is freedom of the press in multi-party democracy.

- There is freedom to campaign for different political parties.

- The multi-party democracy allow all citizens who are 18 years or older have a right to vote.
This is called universal adult suffrage.

- There is a system of one person one vote. This means that everyone has a right to vote once
during the election time.
Fig. 1

- The elections are held at regular intervals. For instance in Botswana elections are held every
5 years.
-
- There is a secret ballot voting system so that no one is afraid that other people will find out
who they voted for.
(a)(i) Which named ministry has the largest share of the budget?
- There are independent bodies set up to oversee the smooth running of elections, for
instance, to avoid rigging of elections or intimidation during election time. - Education and Skills Development

(ii) What is the percentage share of the budget for the Ministry of Defence, Justice and Security?

- There is free, fair and controlled election in multi-party democracy. - 9% - 12%

(b) Name two ministries which are included under “other ministries”.

- Ministry of Minerals Energy and Water Resources

- Ministry of lands and housing
- Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture
- Ministry of Transport and Communications

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 - Ministry of Agriculture
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation - The government of Botswana raise revenue to meet budget through advertising charges in
- Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism state media, for example, Daily News and Botswana Television
- Ministry of Infrastructure, Science and Technology
- Ministry of Finance and Development Planning - The government of Botswana raise revenue to meet budget through privatisation of
- Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs parastatals/ sale of shares in parastatal organisations
- Ministry of Trade and Industry
- The government of Botswana raise revenue to meet budget through foreign investment
NEW MINISTRIES

- Ministry of Agricultural Development and Food Security (d) Describe three tasks that the government of Botswana does to promote development.
- Ministry of Infrastructure and housing development
- Ministry of Environment, natural resources, conservation and tourism - The task government of Botswana promote development is to stimulate economic growth
- Ministry of Finance and economic development through developing infrastructure such as roads, railways and telecommunications.
- Ministry of international affairs and co-operation
- Ministry of Employment, labour production and skills development - The government of Botswana promote development through provision of social welfare
- Ministry of Land management, water and sanitation services services, for example, Government can give people access to health and education, building
- Ministry of Mineral resources, green technology and energy security health centres such as hospitals, clinics, building schools, paying doctors, nurses, and
- Ministry of investment, trade and industry teachers
- Ministry of Youth empowerment, sports and culture development
- Ministry of Nationality, immigration and gender affairs - The government of Botswana promote development by keeping peace in the country, for
example, the government must avoid the use of force.

(c) Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana raises revenue to meet the budget. - The government of Botswana promote development by planning for development, for
example, Government must try to draw up national development plans, usually for a period
- The government can generate revenue through taxes, for example, income tax paid by of 5 years.
employees to the government and Value Added Tax paid by consumers.
- The government is responsible for Nation Building, for example, Government must try to
- Another way of raising revenue or income by the government is through licensing, for create a feeling of national unity and belonging among all citizens
example, business and hunting licences.
- The role of government is to represent people abroad, for example, ambassadors, joining
- The government of Botswana raise revenue to meet budget through penalties which are United Nations and SADC.
paid by wrong doers are often charged and their money put in the government revenue. For
example, Offenders here include careless drivers, those who fail to pay for licences in time - The role of government is caring for the environment through conservation.
and many others.
- The government role is to provide social justice, for example, magistrate courts and high
- The government borrows money from other countries both locally and overseas. The court.
international banks include the World Banks. This money is then used as part of the
government revenue

- The government also raises money through state owned companies (parastatals) such as
the railways, electricity and water supply networks.

- The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from partnership which are jointly
owned companies such as De Beers and others.

- The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign reserves which
generate a lot of interest. This income is used in times of emergencies such as famine,
drought and other incidents.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (b) Describe three disadvantages of multi-party democracy.

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - There might be a problem of bureaucracy/ delay in decision making

Module 7: Politics & Development - The multi-party democracy is very expensive to implement, that is, they are time
consuming and financially waste.
Paper 1
- The multi-party democracy can lead to tribal or religious conflicts as political parties may
1.(a) Define the term government. be formed along tribal or religious lines.

- Government is group of people who control a country and distribute country’s resources. - The disadvantages of multi-party democracy is that some government officials are corrupt,
they accept bribes to make decisions that favours certain people
- Government is group of people who make decisions and distribute country’s resources .
- Sometimes government officials run unfair elections, and pretend they have won many
- Government is all the departments which execute the decisions made by the people who votes when they actually lost the elections and this may lead to political turmoil or crisis.
control the country
- The disadvantages of multi-party democracy is that some people may abuse freedom of
- Government is administrative group of people with authority to rule a country within a speech into character assassination and mud slugging.
clearly defined territory
- The disadvantages of multi-party democracy is that consultation of people at grassroots
- Government is a system of controlling a country. level is a delay and a financial waste.
(b) State three advantages of multi-party democracy.
- The disadvantages of multi-party democracy is that development projects become election
- There is joint decision making as everyone has a say in making decisions. baits than genuine people wants.

- The people elect representatives to represent them in parliament.

3(a) Define the term state.
- There is transparency regarding decision making because everyone is involved or
consulted. - State is an organised political community controlled by one government

- Generally there is peace and stability which can lead to economic prosperity.
(b) State three characteristics of multi-party democracy / representative democracy.
- The people can elect a different government into power if they are not satisfied with the
current one. - The multi-party democracy is a system where political authority lies with the
people/government of the people by the people
- The people are free to form different political parties.
- There is voting for parliamentary representatives in free elections / universal adult suffrage
- There is usually social justice and equity as everyone is treated equally.
- The political party with largest number of votes forms government.

2(a) Define the term democracy. - The ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes.

- The parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the judiciary
- Democracy is a system of government where people elect representatives or councillors to
represent them in parliament.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
4(a) What is meant by one-party state? MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

- One-party state is when there is only single recognised political organisation in some DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
countries.
Module 7: Politics & Development
(b) Describe three advantages of one-party state.
Paper 1
- There is less argument in the country.
- There is usually a resemblance of unity in the country 1(a) What is meant by a dictatorship?
- One-party state leads to prevention of social class formation because parties are believed to
divide people into social classes. - A dictatorship comes about when one person or small group of people control the
- One-party state prevents tribal conflict because in countries where there are many different government
tribes parties are formed along tribal lines.
- A dictatorship is a form of government which is even less democratic
- One-party state is cheap as costly elections are avoided.
- There is continuity as the ruling party can plan for longer period for it is guaranteed a (b) Describe three ways in which dictatorship can be changed to democracy.
continuous reign or rule
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by increasing number of political parties or
5(a) What is a coup d’état? offer money for new political parties to be formed or promote formation of political parties.
- Coup d’états means to take over power by force and rule by an “iron fist”.
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by consulting people or get people’s
opinions before decisions are made.
- Coup d’états means to overthrow government by force and rule by an “iron fist”.
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by holding regular free and fair elections

- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by persuading people or negotiate with

(b) Give three characteristics of a dictatorship. people to comply on issues rather than apply force.

- The characteristic of dictatorship is that are normally set up by military leaders through a - The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by respecting the rule of law
coup d’états.
- The dictatorship can be changed to democracy by upholding human rights or giving people
- The characteristic of dictatorship is that power is in the hands of a few individuals. their freedoms, for example, freedom of speech
- The characteristic of dictatorship is that political parties are not allowed. 2(a) Define top down approach (Centralised) decision making.
- The characteristic of dictatorship is that dictators make their own laws called decrees and - Top down approach decision making is when the national government makes all the
have them carried out as they wish. decisions, here decisions are made at the top and passed down to the people who are
- The characteristic of dictatorship is that dictators control courts of laws. expected to carry them out.

- The characteristic of dictatorship is that murders, asylums, exiles and mysterious - Top down approach decision making is when the central government makes all the
disappearances are common in such countries especially to people who pose as threats or decisions, here decisions are made at the top and passed down to the people who are
who are seen an ‘enemies of the state’. expected to carry them out.

- The characteristic of dictatorship is that opposition is ruthlessly or brutally suppressed or

forbidden.

- The characteristic of dictatorship is that elections are never held.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
(b) Describe any three roles of the government of Botswana in the economy. For example, Offenders here include careless drivers, those who fail to pay for licences in
time and many others.
- The government role is to stimulate economic growth through developing infrastructure
such as roads, railways and telecommunications. - The government of Botswana can borrow money from other countries both locally and
overseas. The international banks include the World Banks. This money is then used as part
- The government role in the economy is to provide social welfare services, for example, of the government revenue.
Government can give people access to health and education, building health centres such as
hospitals, clinics, building schools, paying doctors, nurses, and teachers - The government of Botswana also raises money through state owned companies
(parastatals) such as the railways, electricity and water supply networks.
- The role of the government is to keep peace in the country, for example, the government
must avoid the use of force. - The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from partnership which are jointly
owned companies such as De Beers and others.
- The government role is to plan for development, for example, Government must try to
draw up national development plans, usually for a period of 5 years. - The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign reserves which
generate a lot of interest. This income is used in times of emergencies such as famine,
- The government is responsible for Nation Building, for example, Government must try to drought and other incidents.
create a feeling of national unity and belonging among all citizens
4 (a) What is a Non-Governmental Organization?
- The role of government is to represent people abroad, for example, ambassadors, joining
United Nations and SADC. - Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent body of people/ institution helping in
development without the aim of making profit
- The role of government is caring for the environment through conservation.
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent institution helping in development
without the aim of making profit
- The government role is to provide social justice, for example, magistrate courts and high
court. - Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making independent institution

3(a) What is meant by bottom-up (Decentralisation) decision making process? (b) Describe three ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to
solve their problems.
- Bottom-up decision making process means planning which involves sharing and transfer
of decision making power from the top to the middle and lowest levels - The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to solve their
problems by creating employment for local people

- Non-Governmental Organisations help in the management and utilisation of a country’s

(b) Describe three ways in which the government of Botswana can raise revenue for development. resources / encourage environmental conservation

- The government can generate revenue through taxes, for example, income tax paid by - The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to solve their
employees to the government and Value Added Tax paid by consumers. problems by financing development/supplement/complement government (Allow specific
examples such as projects development)
- Another way of raising capital or income by the government is through licensing, for
- The Non-Governmental Organisations identify themselves with the disadvantaged/local
example, business and hunting licences. communities

- The government of Botswana can raise revenue for development through penalties which - The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to solve their
are paid by wrong doers are often charged and their money put in the government revenue. problems by emphasising development of skills

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 - The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to solve their MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
problems by offering training to farmers
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to solve their
problems by introducing/offering extension services Module 7: Politics & Development

- The ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to solve their Paper 1
problems by buying veld products from rural people / promoting commercialisation of veld
products 1(a) Define the term private sector.
5(a) What is meant by a Community Based Organisation? - Private sector refers to businesses that are owned by individuals and by a group of
individuals.
- Community Based Organisation is a group of people that help to improve the living
standards of people in their area.
(b) State three benefits of having the private sector in Botswana.
(b) Describe three functions of Community Based Organisations.
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is technological development
- The functions of Community Based Organisations is that of promoting community
participation through cultural preservation, environmental education and waste management - The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is employment creation

- The functions of Community Based Organisations is provision of Technical skill, for

example, bee keeping and brick laying - The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is acquisition of skills
- The functions of Community Based Organisations is administrative skill dispensation, for
example, keeping proper records, conducting meetings and time management - The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is development of infrastructure, for
example, tarred roads
- The functions of Community Based Organisations is teaching and learning to resolve - The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is empowerment of local entrepreneurs
conflicts and solve problems together who own businesses

- The functions of Community Based Organisations is provision of primary action in - The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is growth of GDP/GNP/economic
community growth/GNP per capita

- The functions of Community Based Organisations is improvement of standard of living

- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is earning of foreign exchange through
exportation of goods

- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is availability of quality of goods and
services/variety of goods/ services are provided by locals

- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is that government get revenue from
taxes
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is social responsibility such as
sponsorship of football and donates to orphans.

- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is that of attracting Foreign Direct
Investment [FDI]/ Multi-National Companies
- The benefit of having the private sector in Botswana is helping with economic
diversification

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
2(a) What are multi-national companies? (b) Give three advantage of a sole trader.

- Multi-National Companies are enterprises that operate in several countries - This type of ownership is advantageous because the owner is usually self- motivated and
has every reason to make the business become as efficient as possible.
- Multi-National companies are businesses with branches all over the world - The individual owner is in full charge and can devote as much of his time and energy to the
business as he or she wishes.
- Multi-National Companies are businesses that operate in several countries - The owner has no need to consult or involve anyone when making a new policy for the
business. This allows the owner to put decisions into effect without having to convince
(b) Give three problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana. others.
- Sole trader or sole proprietors are usually small and this allows the owner to have more
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is retrenchments/loss of closer and personal contact with both the employees and customers.
jobs - In most cases, it requires small amount of capital to start.
- Sole trader pays tax for development of the country.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is provision of irrelevant - Sole trader creates jobs.
services
4(a) Define the term partnership.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is exploitation of human
labour / pay low wages - Partnership is a relationship that exists between two to twenty people who have come
together with the view of making profit.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is depletion of natural
resources because of fashion/competition - Partnership is a relationship that exists between two to twenty people who have come
together with the intention of making profit.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is that of been profit
driven than socially inclined - Partnership is a relationship between two or more people who have put their resources
together to make money
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is that they may bring
foreign expertise than hiring locals (b) State three characteristics of partnership.

- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is Pollution / harm to the - Partnership is owned by many people between 2 and 20 people.
environment
- Partnership is controlled by partners.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is greed by big investors
- Partnership has unlimited liabilities.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is that of Multi-National
Corporations profit repatriation/Multi-National Companies taking profit back to their countries
of origin 5(a) Define co-operatives.

- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is brain drain from - Co-operatives are enterprises formed by people with a common goal who bring together
government to private companies some of their resources such as money, tools, labour and equipment in order to reduce
production costs.
- The problems caused by the growth of the private sector in Botswana is closing down of
private companies / liquidation of companies (b) Describe three benefits of being a member of co-operatives.
3(a) Define sole trader. - The benefit of being a member of a farming co-operative is that of skills sharing/ members
learn new skills
- Sole proprietor is a person who owns and runs a business
- The farming co-operative makes it easy for members to raise a high amount of
- Sole proprietor is an individual who owns and runs a business capital/group investment

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 - The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative creates opportunity for division of MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
labour/sharing of tasks
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The members of a farming co-operative share ideas
Module 7: Politics & Development
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of collective decision
making/ good decisions are made Paper 2
- The farming co-operative improves marketing of products 1 Study Fig. 1 which shows different type of governments
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of easy access to financial
assistance from financial institutions

- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of sharing of a common

market to reduced competition

- The members of a farming co-operative benefit from collective saving which gives them
opportunity for bigger interest rates

- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of cost sharing, for example,
transport is shared so the cost is shared
Fig.1
- The members of farming co-operative benefit from bulk buying of raw materials which
inputs makes them cheaper (a)(i) With the aid of Fig. 1, describe the characteristics of representative democracy.
- The benefit of being a member farming co-operative is that of poverty alleviation
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that people are free to form different
political parties/multi-partism
- The benefit of being a member of farming co-operative is that of employment creation
- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there is freedom/human rights are
guaranteed, for example, freedom of speech

- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there is universal adult

suffrage/people of age are allowed to vote

- The characteristics of representative democracy is that elections are held at regular

intervals, for example, election are held every five years in Botswana

- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there is secret ballot voting system

- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there is free and fair elections

- The characteristics of representative democracy is that there are independent bodies set up
to oversee the smooth running of elections, for example, Independent Elections
Commission (IEC)

- The characteristics of representative democracy is that decision making is consultative

- The characteristics of representative democracy is that of collective interest as things are
done for the good of people

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
(ii) Describe the benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
diverse political paths/ideologies/bad foreign relations.
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that there is joint decision
making/good decision making as everyone has a say in making decisions The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
dominance by some member states
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that people elect
representatives of their choice - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
political instability in some countries or member states
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that there is transparency
regarding decision making as there is consultation/reduced corruption
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that generally there is overlap of production of goods and services, for example, Beef production by Botswana
peace/stability which can lead to economic prosperity and Namibia

- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that people can elect a - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
different government if they are not satisfied with the current one huge external debts by member states

- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that people are free to form - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
different political parties/stand for elections insufficient funds to carry out some projects
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that there is generally social
justice/equity/equal sharing of resources as everyone is treated equally. - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
rapid growing populations of some member states
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that the elected represent the
interests of the people/they are accountable to the people. - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
loss of human resources/brain drain to developed countries
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that of minimal use of force
on people who the break law. - The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
persistent drought/recurrence of drought
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that constitution is upheld/no
one is above the law
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
- The benefit of using representative democracy in Botswana is that of protection of human spread of communicable diseases, for example, covid-19 and ebola
rights
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
(b)(i) Describe the challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their language barrier
member states.
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is poor infrastructure in some areas, for example, roads and telecommunication networks.
lack of common document, for example, passport.
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is failure to enforce regional agreements.
lack of common currency.

- The challenges faced by regional communities in the development of their member states is
lack of common development strategy.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
(ii) Suggest ways in which regional communities can address these challenges. MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

- The regional communities can address these challenge by members adopting a policy to DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
adopt a common currency for ease of trading between member states
Module 7: Politics & Development
- The regional communities can address these challenge by members adopting a policy to
give priority to member states in trade/other activities/free flow of goods/free trade between Paper 2
members
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows levels of government and ways of decision-making in a
- The regional communities can address these challenge by student exchange democratic country.
programmes/research

- The regional communities can address these challenge when each member should have a
voting right on every important issue affecting the region/levelling the playing
ground/reducing dominance by certain members

- The regional communities can address these challenge by serious monitoring of the
implementation of agreed policies/agreements to avoid overlap of production.

- The regional communities can address these challenge by generating savings from the
region to avoid too much borrowing

- The regional communities can address these challenge by establishment of a regional centre
for diseases/diseases prevention unit for the region to monitor the fights against the disease
Fig.1
- The regional communities can address these challenge by establishment of industries in less
industrialised countries of the region
(a)(i) Describe two functions of each of the three levels of government shown in Fig.1.
- The regional communities can address these challenge by creating a common storage
facility for excess produce to help member states during times of need, for example, during National government
droughts
- The function of national government is to plan/ implement development of the
- The regional communities can address these challenge by humanitarian/joint relief country/budgeting for the country
programmes
- The function of national government is to formulate government policies
- The regional communities can address these challenge by establishment of regional armed
forces to restore peace/order/democracy within member states - The function of national government is to make decisions in the national interest/make
priorities to benefit the country/nation building
- The regional communities can address these challenge by creating good foreign relations
- The function of national government is to make laws
- The regional communities can address these challenge by adopting one common language
- The function of national government is to promote social justice/ reduces inequalities
- The regional communities can address these challenge by collective funding of between people
infrastructure, for example, Kazungula Bridge
- The function of national government is to provide social welfare services, for example,
- The regional communities can address these challenge by establishment of common schools and clinics
document, for example, passport
- The function of national government is to develop the infrastructure, for example, tarred
roads and telecommunication networks

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
Provincial/Regional government - The national government of Botswana generates revenue through production and sale of
goods and services/ parastatals/ export of goods and services/ joint venture
- The function of provincial/regional government is to implement government policies
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through tourism fees, for
- The function of provincial/regional government is to carry out tasks allocated to them by example, when entering a game reserve and parks.
the national government, for example, run schools and hospitals
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through auctions, for example,
- The function of provincial/regional government is to makes regional development plans selling of government property and goods no longer in use.

- The function of provincial/regional government is to pass suggestions from local - The national government of Botswana generates revenue through advertising charges in
government to national government state media, for example, Daily News and Botswana Television

- The function of provincial/regional government is to develop and maintain infrastructure in - The national government of Botswana generates revenue through privatisation of
the region/ public works parastatals/ sale of shares in parastatal organisations

Local government - The national government of Botswana generates revenue through foreign investment

- The function of local government is to implement government policies (b)(i) Describe the main features of the following forms of government.

- The function of local government is to planning for local services Dictatorship

- The function of local government is to provision of local/social services - The main feature of dictatorship is that decisions are made by one person/the ruler/a small
group of people
- The function of local government is to collect local taxes/rates
- The main feature of dictatorship is that elections are ignored/ elections are irregular
- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national/regional government
- The main feature of dictatorship is that the leader is above the law
- The function of local government is to support community-based organisations/projects
- The main feature of dictatorship is that force is used to silence opposition
- The function of local government is to consult the people/Needs assessment
Democracy
- The function of local government is to pass suggestions of the community to
regional/national government - The main feature of democracy is that elections are regular

- The function of local government is to develop and maintain infrastructure - The main feature of democracy is that many political parties exist

- The main feature of democracy is that there is rule of law/ the law applies to everyone
(ii) Describe the ways by which the national government of Botswana generates revenue.
- The main feature of democracy is that people are consulted before decisions are made/ there
- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through taxation, for example, is consultation
income tax paid by workers and value added tax paid by consumers

- The national government of Botswana generates revenue through licensing, for example,
business and drivers’ licenses.

- The national government of Botswana generates revenue by fines, for example, traffic
offenders such as over speeding and driving without licence.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
Monarchy MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

- The main feature of a monarchy is that king/Queen is the ruler DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

- The main feature of a monarchy is that position of King/Queen is hereditary Module 7: Politics & Development
- The main feature of a monarchy is that King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have
divine powers Paper 2

- The main feature of a monarchy is that rulers are for life. 1. Study Fig. 1, which shows a kgotla meeting in Botswana, and use it to answer questions (a) (i) and
(ii)
[RULE: 2 characteristics for each form of government at 1 mark each]

(ii) Describe the disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.

- The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is that of been undemocratic/the

King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen.

- The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is possibility of getting an

incompetent successor since it is hereditary.

- The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is that there is very little

consultation/ poor decisions are made.

- The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is that King’s/Queen’s household

becomes a financial burden to the nation.

- The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power.

- The disadvantages of a monarchy form of government is fights for succession within the
royal family/ succession disputes

Fig.1

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
(a)(i) What are the characteristics of representative democracy? (b)(i) What are the benefits of the private sector in Botswana?

- The characteristic of representative democracy is that people can choose their leaders - The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is technological development

- The characteristic of representative democracy is universal adult suffrage as all citizens - The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is employment creation
who are 18 years or older have a right to vote.
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is acquisition of skills.
- The characteristic of representative democracy is basic freedom, for example, freedom of
speech - The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is development of infrastructure

- The characteristic of representative democracy is equality before the law - The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is empowerment of local entrepreneurs who
own businesses.
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that more than a single political party
exist - The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is the growth of GDP/GNP/economic
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that regular elections held, for example, growth/GNP per capita
Elections are held every five years in Botswana
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is foreign exchange generation/exportation of
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that party with the majority forms goods
government
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that consultation before decisions are - The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is availability of Quality of goods and
made services/variety of goods/ services are provided by locals
- The characteristic of representative democracy is that leaders are accountable to the people
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is that government get revenue from taxes
(ii) Describe the disadvantages of representative democracy.
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is Social responsibility such as sponsorship
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that elections are costly because a lot of football and donates to orphans
money is used during campaigns and to prepare materials.
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is attracting Foreign Direct Investment
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that development projects become election [FDI]/ Multi-National Companies
baits/use of natural resources to canvass for support
- The benefits of the private sector in Botswana is to help with economic diversification
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that parties formed along tribal, ethnic,
religious, racial and other divisive tendencies (ii) Why would the government take over some businesses?

- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that consultation of the people at - The government take over some businesses for strategic reasons.
grassroots is time consuming/ little consultation at grassroots
- The government take over some businesses to sustain non-profit making businesses thereby
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is the abuse of freedom of speech into avoiding mass layoffs or retrenchments.
character assassination
- The government take over some businesses for provision of affordable goods and services.
- The disadvantage of representative democracy is that majority can be wrong/irresponsible
leaders can be chosen looking at their riches - The government take over some businesses for political reasons.

- The disadvantage of representative democracy is changing of governments disrupts - The government take over some businesses to generate income.
development plans

- The disadvantage of representative democracy is possibility of dominance by one party/ - The government take over some businesses compete against each other than rather than
give unfair advantage to the ruling party working together.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL - The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that leaders claim monopoly of
wisdom
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that of irrelevant development to
Module 7: Politics & Development the people/wrong decision making since there is lack of collective /consultative decision
making.
Paper 2
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that corruption is widespread due
1. Study Fig.1, and answer question 1(a) to lack of accountability and transparency/ leaders are self- seeking and generally greedy/
nepotism
In a dictatorship, the people have no power over the government. The government simply tells the
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that the word of the leader is
people what to do. Hastings Banda in Malawi was a dictator who even dictated what clothes people
supreme/ opposition is silenced.
should wear.
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that rulers can stay in office
Adapted from: Development Studies 1 by Mweti and Van Wyk indefinitely- no room for change of government

Fig. 1 - The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that dictatorship are usually
sustained at the expense of human life
(a)(i) Describe the characteristics of a dictatorship.
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that people are deprived of
- The characteristics of a dictatorship is that of use of armed forces/secret police freedom/ the right to express their opinion/ freedom is curtailed, for example, freedom of
worship, freedom of speech and freedom of association
- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that of irregular elections/ elections prohibited/illegal/
never held - The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is political instability/ wars are
common
- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that leaders make laws alone/consultation is
minimal/lack of consultation - The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that of bad international relations/
bad publicity/ sanctions/ low scores under human rights rating
- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that leaders are above the law/ leaders lack
accountability (b)(i) Describe three types of community based organisations.

- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that people can be imprisoned without trial - Developmental community based organisations are those that focus on improving the
infrastructure of the community/ promote the use of appropriate technology.
- The characteristic of a dictatorship is that of opposition is prohibited/ group of few people/
individual rules - Conservationist/Environmental are those that focus on caring for the environment, for
example, clean up campaigns or protecting nature resources.
(ii) Describe the disadvantages of a dictatorship form of government.
- Welfarist /charities are those that focus on improving living conditions of people such as
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that power is in the hands of one giving food, shelter to the destitute/ orphans/ disaster victims
person/few people/people are powerless
- Economic are those that focus on income generating activities for profit making.
- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that government rules without the
mandate/ consent of the people - Educational are those that focus on disseminating information on various societal issues.

- The disadvantage of a dictatorship form of government is that of abuse of power which is RULE (Award 1 mark for type and 1 mark for description: award a mark even when type is
rife/rampant/ it is oppressive in nature/ there is no regard for the rule of law given without description or vice-versa: NB marks should be given for type of CBOs not their
names)

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
(ii) Describe common weaknesses of community based organisations in Botswana. MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is shortage of DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
funds.
Module 7: Politics & Development
- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is lack of support
from people. Paper 2

- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is lack of skills. 1. Study Fig. 1 which is an extra on politics.
- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is that sometimes
Politics is about making decisions and distributing resources. It is also about dealing with conflict. We
CBOs are politicised. usually think that politics is the concern of only the government and the political parties. In fact, small
scale political processes happen around us all the time in families, school, churches, clubs and
- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is that CBOs are
associations.
usually personalised by leaders or founders.

- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is misuse of funds Source: Development in Context Book 2
by leadership. Fig.1
(a)(i)Describe resources that the government of Botswana distributes among the people in the
- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is lack of shelter for country.
operation.
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is that labour is land for settlement or production.
provided by volunteers who may quit anytime.
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is use of poor provision of health services/medication/Anti Retro Viral drugs (ARVs)/Clinics.
technology/lack of tool/ equipment
- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
education service/schools books/schools.

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
service workers, for example, teachers, nurses, doctors, engineers.

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
animal control disease control medication.

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
provision of Old age pensions.

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
transport infrastructure, for example, tarred roads.

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
communication, for example, television, radio and internet

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is
water

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 - The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is (b)(i) Describe actions that the government takes to promote economic development in
electricity Botswana.

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is - The action that government take to promote economic development in Botswana is to keep
scholarships/bursaries among students peace and security

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is - The government of Botswana promote economic development through provision of
paid jobs in the government/civil service infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land

- The resource that government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country is - The government of Botswana promote economic development through skills development
security services or imparting of entrepreneurial skills

(ii) Suggest two political activities that are done by members of the following institutions: - The government of Botswana promote economic development through provision of
financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants, young farmer’s grant
The family
- The government of Botswana promote economic development by marketing of locally
- The family members make decision/debate on how family income should be used/ made goods
allocation to members
- The family members make decision on how family assets, for example, cars, houses should - The government of Botswana promote economic development through invitation of
be used foreign investors
- The family members make decision on where to go for holidays
- The family members make decisions on which school children should attend - The government of Botswana promote economic development through policies to relax
registration/licensing of businesses
The school
- The government of Botswana promote economic development through relaxed foreign
- The school is settling quarrels/disputes between parents, teachers, children/students etc exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials.
- The school is involved in prefect selection/selection of class monitors/Student
Representative Council (ii)Suggest ways by which income generating projects can help people to achieve social
- The school is involved in choosing of various committees development.
- The school is involved in making decision of school menu
- The school is involved in making decision of school curriculum/subjects offered - People use income gained to buy food or increased calorie intake
- The school is involved in making decision of number of students per class
- People can use income gained to pay for health services/ increase life expectancy through
The church better health

- The church makes decision on how money/offerings/tithes are used - Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate
- The church hold election of church officers
- The church makes decision on times for meetings - Increased self- reliance/ reduced dependency ratio
- The church makes decision on how church assets, for example, cars, buildings and other
equipment are used - Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve health/reduced Death Rate
- The church is settling disputes between church members.
- Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase literacy rate/education

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (a)(i) Describe each social division shown in Fig.1.

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - Ethnicity is the situation where people of the same tribe or customs or traditions are
grouped together.
Module 7: Politics & Development
- Profession /Trade is the situation where people of the qualification or training separate
themselves, for example, lawyers, teachers, accountants and engineers.
Paper 2
- Social status is the respect that people demand or are given based on their possessions
1. Study Fig.1 which shows social divisions among people in Botswana. /wealth, for example, people are divided into high status and low status.

- Social class is the grouping that society allocates people based on their income or wealth.

(ii)Suggest how each of the following aspects of a person’s life may be related to his or her social
class.

- School attended: Children of people in high class attend expensive private schools whilst
people in low class can only afford cheap public schools.

- Residential area: People in high class stay in high residential areas or suburbs whereas
people in low class stay in low cost residential areas/ high density areas/ shanty towns.

- Hospital attended: High class people go to expensive private hospitals whilst low class
people go to government or public hospitals when ill.

- Holiday: High class people go on expensive holidays, for example, Sun City, Durban but
low class people rarely go on holiday because they cannot afford/ they just visit the village
or cattle post.

- Food consumption: High class people eat more food because they have money to buy but
low class people eat less food because they produce less/are many/they lack money to buy
food.

- Means of transport: High class people own private cars but low class people use public
transport/ walk very long distances

(b)(i) Describe the steps involved in each of the following processes in nation building:

Fig.1  Conflict resolution

There is tension between high class and low class/ the high class promotes its interests creating
unhappiness for the low class, for example, religion and tribal

The low class rebels against the high class through strikes/ other social upheavals

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
A resolution takes place to bring some equality among the people. MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

The society is united DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

Module 7: Politics & Development

 Consensus
Paper 2
Society develop a set of shared values.
1. Study Fig. 1 which shows social structures among people of Botswana
In a traditional/primitive society, the group is more important than the individual so the common set of
values is respected.

In a complex society, division of labour promotes interdependence.

The society is united.

Or
The ruling class imposes its rules on the rest of the society.

The low class and their children accept their position and the rules.

The society is united.

(ii) Suggest ways by which the government helps to promote nation building in Botswana.

- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through adoption of

Setswana as an official or national language. Fig. 1

- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through introduction of the (a)(i)Describe each of the social structures shown in Fig. 1.
topic of Nation Building in the school’s curriculum
- Status is the position one holds in the society/level of respect people within the society give
- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through promotion of the to an individual
national flag, national colours and symbols.
- Profession/Trade is the division or classification according to job one is doing/ People
- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through celebration of who have been trained in the same field or area grouped together according to their field.
various cultures for understanding or cultural festivals such as Domboshaba.

- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through Nationa Anthem is - Class is the division of people according to their wealth or the amount of property one has
sung at important occasions in his or her possession

- The government helps to promote nation building in Botswana through the use of one - Ethnicity is the division or classification of people according to the tribes/ethnic group they
currency belong to

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
(ii) Suggest ways by which the government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance (nation - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is past conflicts
building). between tribes

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by allocation of land to anyone - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is religious
anywhere in the country differences/internal conflicts/civil wars or strife

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by encouraging/allowing inter- - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is
marriages amongst Batswana corruption/nepotism/misappropriation of funds for nation building activities

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by using indigenous languages - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is unbalanced
in schools/mother tongue/national anthem/community radio stations development between regions in the country/people may be uncooperative

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by romoting/ celebrating - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is increasing
indigenous cultures, for example, Domboshaba, Dithubaruba/attires/food/festivals number of political parties/discrimination along party lines

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance through the use of literature in - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is failure to
schools written in indigenous languages relinquish power by leaders

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance through cultural competitions - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is lack of funds
during president’s day celebrations. for initiatives

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by government officers posted - The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is Increasing
anywhere in the country/ policies that all organizations post officer anywhere population/high population involved- not easy to manage large numbers

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by students admitted for studies (ii) Suggest problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in
across the country the country and build the nation.

- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by teaching tolerance through - The problem government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in the country
the media, for example, television/radio/newspapers/billboards and build the nation is high population/ increasing population

- The government of Botswana face problem of having many different tribes involved/
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by infusion of cultural studies in diversity/ multiplicity of languages in trying to unite people and nation building.
the school curriculum
- The government of Botswana face problem of past conflicts between tribes in trying to
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by removal of ethnic/tribal unite people and nation building
names, for example, tribal barricades such as Bangwato and Bamalete
- The problem government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in the country
- The government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance by having all tribes represented and build the nation is exploitation of ethnic differences, for example, formation of cultural
in parliament and house of chiefs groups

- The problem government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in the country
(b)(i) State problems faced by developing countries in promoting nation building. and build the nation is unbalanced development between regions in the country/ people in
the areas that are neglected feel betrayed by the government/ may be un cooperative
- The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is lack of
tolerance/many different ethnic groups or tribes involved

- The problem faced by developing countries in promoting nation building is Influx of

migrants from other countries

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (ii) Suggest problems that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply.

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is lack of
entertainment/most televisions and radios are off due power cuts.
Module 7: Politics & Development
- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is failures
Paper 2 to do house chores which need power/disruption of life, for example, using washing
machine.
1 Study Fig. 1 which is an extract on provision of electricity by Botswana Power Corporation
(BPC) - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is poor
security due to lack of lights.

- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is lack of
cell phone/telephone network/lack of communication.

- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is that
shopping is disrupted/most of shops are closed.

- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is
disruption of study by students.

- The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is that
Fig.1 provision of health services is disrupted, for example, x-ray machines and theatre for
operations will not function without electricity.
(a)(i) Give reasons why in most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such as Botswana
Power Corporation (BPC). - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is easy
flow of traffic is disrupted/traffic lights stop working.
- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana Power
Corporation is to avoid exploitation of consumers/to offer electricity at affordable price - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is damage
to electrical appliances.
- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana Power
Corporation is to ensure continuous supply - The problem that people are likely to face as a result of shortage of power supply is that
production is disrupted/machines stop working.
- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana Power
Corporation is to achieve economies of scale

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana Power
Corporation is because electricity is strategic ,so it is better in the hands of the government
than of individuals/ electricity is an essential service

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana Power
Corporation is because government has sufficient or enough funds to carry out such a large
scale service

- The reason most countries electricity is supplied by parastatals such a Botswana Power
Corporation is to ensure provision of electricity to remote areas even when it is
uneconomic/to promote government policy of rural electrification

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 (b)(i) Describe the activities of Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana, which aim to MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
improve people’s health.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by providing
clean environment Module 7: Politics & Development

- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by providing Paper 2

health education/print posters with health messages
1 Study Fig. 1 which is an extract on Community Based Organisations (CBOs)
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by provision of
food for poor, old people and orphans

- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by providing

building better shelter for poor people and orphans, for example, Habitat for Humanity

- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by digging

boreholes to provide safe water

- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by carrying out Fig. 1
immunisation campaigns
(a)(i) Describe the activities of any one Community Based Organisation (CBO) which you have
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by providing studied.
provision of first aid at public events, for example, Red Cross
Village Development Committee
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by providing
caring for terminally-ill patients, for example, HIV and AIDS
- The Village Development Committee engages in fund raising activities to carry out projects
- The Non-Governmental Organisations in Botswana improve people’s health by providing
- The Village Development Committee is involved in conducting needs assessment
provision of testing of diseases and counselling
- The Village Development Committee give feedback to government on development matters
(ii) Suggest ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations differ from the government in
their efforts to improve people’s standard of living.
- The Village Development Committee makes important announcements
- Non-Governmental Organisations initiate small scale projects whilst governments usually
- The Village Development Committee represents people in official meetings/ speak on
support large scale projects
behalf of the people
- Non-Governmental Organisations involve the community people in running the projects but
- The Village Development Committee provides employment
governments sends government employees to manage projects.
- Non-Governmental Organisations listen to the people (bottom-up approach) but
- The Village Development Committee trains people in various skills/capacity building
government usually gives instructions to the people (top-down approach).
- The Village Development Committee provide accommodation
- Non-Governmental Organisations get funding from membership fees and donations whilst
governments usually government revenue such as taxes and income from parastatals.

- Non-Governmental Organisations are selective in location but the government covers the
whole country.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
Neighbourhood watch - The Conservation of natural resources helps with provision of scholarship for people in the
community
- The Neighbourhood watch controls crime
- The Conservation of natural resources helps to create employment
- The Neighbourhood watch conducts needs assessment
Burial Society
- The Neighbourhood watch give feedback to government on development matters
- The Burial Society provides transportation during funerals
- The Neighbourhood watch makes important announcements
- The Burial Society provides food during funerals
- The Neighbourhood watch represents people in official meetings/ speak on behalf of the
people - The Burial Society provides airtime during funerals

- The Neighbourhood watch provides employment - The Burial Society provides labour during funerals, for example, cooking

- The Neighbourhood watch trains people in various skills/capacity building - The Burial Society provides equipment during funerals, for example, plates and pots

- The Neighbourhood watch is involved in fund raising activities - The Burial Society provides coffins during funerals

Home Based Care - The Burial Society provide counselling and prayers during funerals

- The Home Based Care provide medicines for terminally ill patients [Rule: Accept any suitable CBO and its activities. Award 1mark for naming and 5 points at 1
mark each]
- The Home Based Care cleans up the terminally ill patients
(ii) Describe the challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to
- The Home Based Care provide counselling to patients/family members improve people’s lives in the community.

- The Home Based Care provides health education to people - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to improve
people’s lives in the community is lack of buildings for operations
- The Home Based Care provides food baskets for patients/prepare meals/grow vegetables
- The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to improve
- The Home Based Care provides protective materials to care givers, for example, gloves people’s lives in the community is shortage of funds for activities
- The Home Based Care helps with Community Based Natural Resource Management - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to improve
(CBNRM) people’s lives in the community is shortage of skills for smooth and effective
running/management skills
Conservation of natural resources
- The Conservation of natural resources deals with harvesting of natural resources - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to improve
people’s lives in the community is that CBOs are easily politicised
- The Conservation of natural resources provides environmental education
- The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to improve
- The Conservation of natural resources helps with domestication of veld products people’s lives in the community is that they may be dominated by some groups, for
example, old/elite people
- The Conservation of natural resources helps with setting up crafts projects
- The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to improve
- The Conservation of natural resources helps with sourcing funds for community projects on people’s lives in the community is misuse of funds by leadership
natural resources

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 - The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to improve MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
people’s lives in the community is that they are looked down upon by people/lack of
support DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

- The challenges facing Community Based Organisation (CBOs) as they work to improve Module 7: Politics & Development
people’s lives in the community is dependence on volunteers (unreliable labour)
Paper 2
(b)(i) Describe the characteristics of a monarchy form of government.
1(a)(i) What is the importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development
- It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen of Botswana?
- Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary - The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
Botswana is dealing with social problems such as drought relief, HIV and AIDS /poverty
- There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
- King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation Botswana is promoting environmental conservation, for example, Kalahari Conservation
Society
- The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
- Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes Botswana is promoting proper disposal of obsolete pesticides/ used oils, for example,
Somarelang Tikologo
(ii) Suggest ways which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of government. - The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
Botswana is help market local products, for example, Thusano Lefatsheng market devil’s
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of government.is claw
by increasing political parties or offer money for new political parties to be formed or
promote formation of political parties. - The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
Botswana is funding development projects, for example, construction of dams/
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of government.is infrastructural development
by consulting people or get people’s opinions before decisions are made.
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of government.is Botswana is promoting good governance
by holding regular free and fair elections
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of government.is Botswana is encouraging the use of appropriate technology
by persuading people or negotiate with people to comply on issues rather than apply force.
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of government.is Botswana is improving the status of women by economically empowering them
by respecting the rule of law
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
Botswana is protecting women’s rights and discouraging violence against them/ equality in
- The way in which a dictatorship can be changed into a democratic form of government.is power sharing and decision making, for example, Emang Basadi
by upholding human rights or give people their freedoms, for example, freedom of speech
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of
Botswana is engaging women in education and training , for example, Botswana Council of
Women

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
 - The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of (b) (i) Describe the activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
Botswana is helping improve living standards of marginalised people, for example, The community.
First People of Kalahari and disabled people
- The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of community is encouraging local communities to come up with their needs and wants
Botswana is capacity building in communities/ leadership development (Bottom-up)/ identification of community needs

- The importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
Botswana is provision of employment community is that locals are given chance to plan and monitor their development
projects/capacity building
(ii) Describe the problems or challenges faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in
Botswana. - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
community is engaging in income generating activities to alleviate poverty, for example,
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is Growing of vegetables, keeping poultry, oil processing to ensure food security
leadership problems whereby NGO staff usually resent strong leadership
- The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is community is carrying out activities to enhance awareness in HIV/Aids/health issues
irreplaceability of charismatic guru-like leaders which leads to NGO collapse/ personalized
- The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is that community is information dissemination/ announcements
NGOs often criticize each other which foster isolationism/ lack of coordination
- The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is that community is opening up market centres for local produce
sometimes there is inter staff rivalry between local and foreigners
- The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is community is crime prevention/ neighbourhood watch
sometimes projects benefit the easiest to reach rather than the most deserving people
- The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is that
community is infrastructure development
usually the local elite dominate decision making

- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is limited - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
innovativeness/ resistant to change or new ideas community is utilization of local resources

- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is limited - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
funds to cover activities community is skills development

- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is - The activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the
duplication of activities community is creation of employment

- The problems faced by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana is high

staff turnover leading to poor continuity/ retaining workers very difficult

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
(ii) Suggest ways by which the challenges faced by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) can MASUNGA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
be addressed.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
- Limited funds to cover all projects/needs/ financial support from government and other
others/ private sector Module 7: Politics & Development

- People lack of interest on community mobilization- community to be mobilized through Paper 2

training, workshops and kgotla meetings
1. Study Fig. 1, which shows types of enterprises in the private sector.
- Lack of training- skills development should be carried out on COBs staff by stakeholders

- Lack of co-ordination of CBOs- CBOs should have a mother body and work together etc

- Dominance by the elderly should be discouraged by quota systems which creates room for
youth

- Alignment to political parties should be discouraged by the government or stakeholders.

For example, through workshops.

Fig.1

(a)(i) State the differences between a sole trader and a private limited company.

- Sole trader is owned by one person whilst a private limited company is owned by many
individuals/ shareholders

- In a sole trader funding is provided by one person(owner) whilst in a private limited

company funding is provided by shareholders

- A sole trader operates on a small scale whilst a private limited company operates on large
scale

- In a sole trader the owner manages the business whereas in a private limited company
shareholders choose a board of governors to manage the business

- In a sole trader, all profit belongs to the owner whereas in a private limited business, profit
is shared by shareholders.

- The sole trader has limited liability whist private limited company has unlimited liability

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7
(ii) Describe the importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana. (b)(i) Describe the sources of government revenue in Botswana.

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is employment - The government can generate revenue through taxes, for example, income tax paid by
creation employees to the government and Value Added Tax paid by consumers.

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is skills development - Another way of raising capital or income by the government is through licensing, for
through provision of training to employee. example, business and hunting licences.

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is technological - Penalties are paid by wrong doers are often charged and their money put in the government
advancement, for example, private sector bring advanced technology to a country. revenue. For example, Offenders here include careless drivers, those who fail to pay for
licences in time and many others.
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is helps with
infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads - The government borrows money from other countries both locally and overseas. The
international banks include the World Banks. This money is then used as part of the
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is by ensuring quality government revenue
production
- The government also raises money through state owned companies (parastatals) such as
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is by sponsorship of the railways, electricity and water supply networks.
community activities, for example, sports and social responsibility
- The Botswana government also gets a lot of income from partnership which are jointly
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is to relieve owned companies such as De Beers and others.
government of burdens of running the economy
- The Botswana government keeps part of its money overseas as foreign reserves which
- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is fast decision generate a lot of interest. This income is used in times of emergencies such as famine,
making drought and other incidents.

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is empowerment of (ii) Suggest problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in
the local entrepreneur the country and build the nation.

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is boosting foreign - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and nation
exchange/ foreign direct investment building is having high population/ increasing population

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is paying tax/ - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and nation
improve government revenue building is having many different tribes involved/ diversity/ multiplicity of languages

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is quick response to - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and nation
the demands of the market building is having past conflicts between tribes

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is availability of - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and nation
goods and services building is exploitation of ethnic differences, for example, formation of cultural groups

- The importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana is diversification of - The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and nation
the economy building is having unbalanced development between regions in the country/ people in the
areas that are neglected feel betrayed by the government/ may be un-cooperative

- The problem government of Botswana might face in trying to unite people and nation
building is having HIV and AIDS scourge depleting funds which are required to carry out
nation building activities, for example, national celebrations

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One & Two Revision Questions Module 7