Qachiles fF aves (ast Caper prachee for prelunZor Marks 30, A student investigates how ievadianee I varies with distance d from a small lamp. “The following apparatus is set up in a darkened laboratory. small amp Tight meter _il q Te results are sed to produce the folowing graph, metre stick irvaianee/W me fe z (©) Explain why this graph confirms the relationship =. 1 ae () The irradiance of light from the lamp ata distance of 1-6m is 4-0 Win Caleulate the iradiance of the light at a distance of 40m from the lam. 2 (©) ‘The experiment is repeated with the laboratory lights switched on, Copy the graph shown and, on the same axes, draw another line to show the results ofthe second experiment, “201 Marks 26, Physicists study subatomic particles using particle accelerators (2) ions are substomic particles made up of two quarks. ‘There are three types of pion 1’ particles which have a charge of +1; 1 particles which have a charge of - and x particles which have a zero charge. "The x* particle is made up of an up quark and an anti-down quark (Ts pion classed as baryon or a meson? Justify your answer, 1 (Gi) ‘The charge on an up quark is +3 Determine the charge on an anti-down quark 1 Gi) “Thea particle is the atipartcte ofthe x* particle State the names ofthe quarks that make up a ¥particle. 1 Gv) particles have a mean lifetime of 246 % 10° in their awn frame of reference. In an experiment in « particle accelerator, ° particles are acelerated to a velocity of 0-96 Caleulate the mean lifetime of these #* particles relative w a stationary’ observer 2r 2015 6 (a) The Standard Modet clasiies force mediating particles as boss. [Name the boson associated with the electromagnetic force. () In July 2012 selentists at CERN announced that they had found a particle that behaved in the way that they expected the Higgs boson to behave. Within a year this particle was confirmed to be a Higgs boson, ‘This Higgs boson had a masteneray equivalence of 126Ge, (eV = 1-610") (0) Show that the mass ofthe Higas boson is 22 » 10° kg, ‘Space for working and answer {t) Compare the mass of the Higgs boson with the mass of a proton in ‘terms of orders of magnitude. Space for working and answer Turn orer anus; 1 22o6 asus ‘student investigates how irradiance varies with distance d from a point source of light. small amp ihe 2 afew Caislictllniloslaialskalaindnin) — Watt me metre stick ‘The distance between a small lamp and a light sensor is measured with a metre stick. The irradiance is measured with alight meter “The apparatus is set up as shown ina darkened laboratory. “The following results are obtained. dim [020 | 030 040 050 Tm) | B40 | 605 36 28 (a) State what is meant by the term irradiance. 1 (b) Use all the data to establish the relationship between irradiance J and distance d 3 eke205 (continued) (©) The lamp is now moved to a distance of 0-60! from the light sensor. Calculate the irradiance of light from the lamp at this distance. Space for working and answer (4) Suggest one way in which the experiment could be improved. ‘You must justify your answer, {€} The student now replaces the lamp with a different small lamp. ‘The power output of this lamp is 24. Calculate the irradiance of tight from this lamp at a dlstance of 2-0m, Space for working and answer 4IP zor ae 7. The folowing dagram shes infomation onthe Standard Model fundamental [ES] | particles. | ‘matter “im electron nucleus proton neutron quaris (2) Explain why Une proton an ne eatin ae Hol fandarenta pain, (©) An extract from a data book contains the following information about thtee types of sigma (2) particles. Sigma particles are made up of tree quarks. Prtice | symbol | Quark content | Chorge | Mean ifetime (6) sigmapius [= | up up strange | te | soxto* neutralsigma | =? | up down strange | 0 410% sigma minus | = [down down strange | —te [15x 10% (© A student makes the following statement, All baryons are hadrons, but not all hadrons are baryon. Explain why this statement is correct 2 (8) The charge on an up quarks +e, Determine the charge on @ strange quark 1 Space for working and answervarsjag) U 2014 tee | 7. (continued) © 0 Sate the name of the force that hold the quarks together in the sigma 0) partie 1 (0) ‘tate the name ofthe boson assacatd wth his fore, ‘ (©) Sigma minus (particles have a mean lifetime of 1-5 10°" in their ‘Frame of reference. are produced in a particle accelerator and travel at a speed of 0-9e Felative to stationary observer. Calculate the mean lifetime of the 2 particle as measured by this ‘observer, Space for working and answer 3Voor 9. A diagram from a How Things Work’ website contains information abost a clear fusion reaction. Reaction of hetium-3 with deuterium Pee (@)_ State what is meant by the term nuclear fusion. MARKS(age Maas rol 9. (continued) (©) The following statement represents this fusion reaction. tHe tH fHe+tp ‘The mass ofthe articles involved in the reaction are shown inthe tale Portide “Mass i) 2H 500810 Eg 33a 107 tHe 646x107 ® 6107 (0, Explain why energy is released inthis reaction. 1 (Determine the eneray released in this reaction. 4 Space for working and answerCao Pyies~ Higher Gevised) aa eta = o) hdP=hae 4) 2 b= 64 Wim? ()_| deduet (14) for wrong or missing waits a Tr one rn Poge 13Zolb- eon | Sample Answers ad Wark Aston Nate inner Over art ar 26. |) | meson | mative ‘mesa wee | 1 | 7 ‘ond cane aad ‘made of 2 quarks: “) clearwater, (off | 1 Ha had ‘charge on anti-down: wo |) aap and ove” (| rotreains, nor) — | reinbantee | aay Oe i = ww ? en w fot accept: 5.965 x10" =60x10"s a 5-96 x10 Soma 6x10" o @ | accu sserseten) : w [pspsiten seas _” r 1 a Page 11OO (Question wer [Max ]Adaional Guidance mark @] [Photon 7 Gi] O [ids GeV = 12s x 10S x TO] |eandhdate doesnot sow wis Une, o =2.0% 10°) me =22 10" (kg) ether separatety orn the formate, then max 2 marks may be awarded anywhere Alvermative: E=me 0 126.10" x(1-6x10)=me(3xt0") o m=22% 10 (ep) 'Max 2.marks if final answer not even w BIW eI (Higgs boson is), 2 orders of magnitude bigger (1) lor 10 107" 00 lor 2.2% 10% 1-67 « 10" = lor 2-2 10°%/1-7 « 10"= lor 2:24 « 10° 1-673 « 10 ete [Accept 100, 10%, 132, 131-5, 134, 13359, ete w If mass of neutron ssed treat as wrong physics - award marks "2 bigger’ on its own fs worth 2] marks age thirteen2015 (Question newer ax ‘daitonal Gurdance The power per unit aren 1 (incident on a surface) accept power per square metre (a) co) TOP =54 3 605 03%= 5-4 336 04 = 54 aaxos=55 @) Statement of /« = constant o IF only 30s of data wed correctly then maximum 2 mars. 12 sets of data used correctly then ‘maximum { mark (fr relationship) If only 1 set of data used award 0 Imari. Must be clear how the candidate has used the data to obtain the relationship. Ignore inappropriate averaging In this case [Accept straight line raph proof [sketch graph isnot acceptable. 1 mark forall 4 points plotted [correctly and best fittine 1 mark for correct axs including scales and labels i Fand sid? ignore units) 1 mark fr statement of P= = constant nly if some oll data has been used 1d isequbvalent too? ecept = de we Ted aa One rx0oP=54 (1) iiswm? (conse fa = 1,0 Watch for varlationin answers cue | to data ised, Page fifteen20/5 (Question [answer ax [Adaional araance ark @] [smaller amp — iy 7 [accept wil be mere tke a point source) Use a more precise instrument to wy reduce the (absolute) uncertainty must provide justification which s Bick cloth on bench (1) not wrong phys, otherwise 0 to reduce reections (1) tia Do ot accept “repeat (since there i title varatonin the calculated value ofthe constant? Spread of poits from best tine) Oat SIT TH | A ? anywhere fw ae a accept 05,0477, 0.4775, 1n048War? (1) Page sixteenZor Max Question Answer Max | Aditional guidance 7. Jia) |_| They are composed of other + [Accept they are composite particles/quarks, (fundamental partces articles are not) (©) |) [Baryons are (hadrons as they are) | 2 |For first mark, aconect [composed of three) quarks, 1 statement that baryons consist of quarks, Mesons/some hadrons are made fom a quark - anti-quark pair so are not For second mark, acorrect baryons. 1 statement that there are other hadrons that havea cifferent -quark-count ram baryons Accept two quarks place of ‘quarke-antisquark pa 0 [17306 1 (e) |) | strong (ouctear fore) 4 (8 |atuon 1. |r consistent with ci carry forward mark is only accessible fone ofthe four fundamental forcesis identified in (e a 3 [Accept 3, 3:44, 34a 1 15x10" ecet ql pt 1 Page 13Ore Question Answer ‘Additional guicance mark 9. |e) | | (wo) small nuclet combine to form] 1 [Accept ight” and "heavy. 2 larger nucleus Accept: “fuse, jon’ Do not accept: ‘Atoms /molecules/paticies!/ sotopes/elements Do not accept: ‘react’ in place of ‘combine! or equivalent of ‘combining. (b) || (ome) mass (s lost and) converted [1 [There must be an incication of roenersy mass being converted (or an equivalent term) to energy &.g. transformed, becomes, changed toete. Do not accept: transerred. as lost on its own -O mars. ass defect Is wrong physies 0 | mari Page 15Ot cueston nowt eC] ational gutance (b) | (if) | Mass before: 4 |B = mc? anywhere, 1 mark, Sonn es 324d 0 “ean 0 cept: 20,297, 29700 Dor aca _ ee «1673 10% eveck or coat stats Sea r0? vate eaten of as Mat vas ae reo os ic ta el oe a) 1) een ners coc =m 1] |itmas etre ant ater not = 0.033% 10° 3-00 «10% 1 E=297 x10 1 used to 4 significant figures from table then stop marking maximum 1 mark for formula. Ignore inappropriate reference tomas detect. Arithmetic mistake can be carried forward Truncation error in mass before andor mass after = maximum mark fr formula In finding & = me? fer each particle, then’ B=met All substitutions Subtraction Final answer Page 16