NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Main I.J.P Road, Sector I-12 Islamabad

National University of Technology

Computer Science Department

Semester fall – 2023

Program: Software engineering
Course: Digital logic Design

Assignment

ASSIGNMENT 1

TASK 1:
Operations with Oscilloscope:

1. Displaying Waveforms: An oscilloscope is primarily used to visualize and analyze electrical

signals over time. It displays waveforms graphically, showing how voltage changes over time.

2. Measuring Voltage: Oscilloscopes measure voltage, allowing users to determine the voltage
levels of signals.
3. Measuring Time: Oscilloscopes can measure time intervals, helping to analyze signal frequency,
period, and other timing parameters.

4. Analyzing Signals: Users can analyze various characteristics of signals, such as amplitude,
frequency, phase, rise time, fall time, and distortion.

5. Triggering: Triggering allows users to stabilize repetitive waveforms and capture specific parts
of a signal for analysis.

Common Oscilloscope Controls:

1. Vertical Controls: These controls adjust the vertical position and scaling of the waveform on the
display. They include volts per division (V/div) and vertical position.

2. Horizontal Controls: These controls adjust the horizontal position and scaling of the waveform
on the display. They include time per division (s/div) and horizontal position.

3. Trigger Controls: Trigger controls determine when the oscilloscope starts acquiring data. They
include trigger level, trigger source, and trigger mode.

4. Display Controls: These controls adjust various aspects of the display, such as intensity, focus,
and brightness.

5. Measurement Controls: Oscilloscopes often have built-in measurement functions for

automatically calculating parameters like frequency, period, amplitude, and more.

Identifying Amplitude, Period, and Frequency:

 Amplitude: The amplitude of a waveform is the maximum voltage reached by the signal. It is
measured vertically on the display.
 Period: The period of a waveform is the time taken for one complete cycle of the waveform to
occur. It is measured horizontally on the display.
 Frequency: The frequency of a waveform is the number of complete cycles of the waveform that
occur in one second. It is the reciprocal of the period and is measured in Hertz (Hz).

TASK 2:
1.Convert the binary number 110101 to:
- Octal
- Decimal
- Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
Using this table I converted three bits at a time to their corresponding octal bits:
110 --->6
101 --->5
So (110101) 2 in octal is , 65.

Binary to decimal
1x25 + 1x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
=32+16+4+1=53
So (110101) 2 in decimal is , 53.

Binary to Hexadecimal
Using this table I converted the four bits at a time to their corresponding hexadecimal
bits,added leading zeros to left for efficient conversion

0011-->3
0101-->5
this corresponds to following corresponding hexadecimal values
So (547) 8 in Hexadecimal is , 35.
 2.Convert the octal number 547 to:
- Binary
- Decimal
- Hexadecimal

Octal to Binary
Using this table I converted octal digits to their corresponding binary bits:

5--->101
4--->100
6--->111
So (547) in binary is , 101100111.
8

Octal to decimal
For conversion from octal to decimal we multiply (547)8 with base of 8 in increasing power
5x82 + 4x81 + 7x80
=320+32+7=359.
So (547) 8 in decimal is , 359.

Octal to Hexadecimal
For conversion from octal to Hexadecimal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from
Binary to Hexadecimal
Using this table I converted the four bits at a time to their corresponding hexadecimal digits
0001--->1
0110--->6
0111--->7
So (547) 8 in Hexadecimal is , 167.

3.Convert the decimal number 253 to:

- Binary
- Octal
- Hexadecimal

Decimal to Binary
I repeatedly divided the decimal value by 2 and take the remainder
253=126x2 + 1 , remainder=1
126= 63x2 + 0 , remainder=0
63= 31x2 + 1 , remainder=1
31= 15x2 + 1 , remainder=1
15= 7x2 + 1 , remainder=1
7 = 3x2 + 1 , remainder=1
3 = 1x2 + 1 , remainder=1
1 = 0x2 + 1 , remainder=1
So (253) 10 in binary is , 11111101.

Decimal to Octal
For conversion from decimal to octal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from Binary
to octal
 We have converted to binary already which is 11111101.
Using this table I converted binary bits three at once to their corresponding octal digits:

011-->3
111-->7
101-->5
So (253) 10 in octal is , 375.

Decimal to Hexadecimal
I repeatedly divided the decimal value by 16 and take the remainder
253 = 15x16 + 13 , remainder=13 which is F in hexadecimal.
15 = 0x16 + 15 , remainder=15 which is D in hexadecimal.
So (253) 10 in hexadecimal is , FD.

4. Convert the hexadecimal number AB2 to :

- Binary
- Octal
- decimal

Hexadecimal to Binary
Using this table I converted hexadecimal digits to to their corresponding four bits at a time
A--->1010
B--->1011
2--->0010
So (AB2) 16 in binary is , 101010110010.

Hexadecimal to Octal
For conversion from Hexadecimal to octal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from
Binary to Octal. We have converted to binary already which is 101010110010.

Using this table above I converted the binary digits to their corresponding octal digits.
So (AB2) 16 in Octal is , 5262.

Hexadecimal to Decimal
For conversion from octal to decimal we multiply (547)8 with base of 8 in increasing power
10x162 + 11x161 + 2x160
=2560+176+2=2738.
So (AB2) 16 in decimal is , 2738.
5. Convert the Binary number 10111010 to :
- Octal
- decimal
- Hexadecimal

Binary to Octal
Using this table I converted three bits at a time to their corresponding octal bits:

010 --->2
111 --->7
010 --->2
So (10111010) 2 in octal is , 272.

Binary to decimal
1x27 + 0x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 + 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 0x20
=128+0+32+16+8+0+2+0=186
So (10111010) 2 in decimal is , 186.
Binary to Hexadecimal
Using this table I converted the four bits at a time to their corresponding hexadecimal bits

1011-->B
1010-->A
 this corresponds to following corresponding hexadecimal values , BA
So (10111010) 2 in Hexadecimal is , BA.

6. Convert the Octal number 675 to :

- Binary
- Decimal
- Hexadecimal

Octal to Binary
Using this table I converted three bits at a time to their corresponding Binary bits:

6 --->110
7 --->111
5 --->101
So (675) in octal is , 110111101
8

Octal to Decimal
For conversion from decimal to octal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from Binary
to octal
We have converted to binary already which is 110111101.
1x28 + 1x27 + 0x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 + 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21+ 1x20
=256+128+0+32+16+8+4+0+1=445.
So (675) 8 in octal is , 445.
 Octal to Hexadecimal
For conversion from octal to Hexadecimal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from
Binary to Hexadecimal

Using this table I converted the four bits at a time to their corresponding hexadecimal
digits,added leading zeros at left for efficient conversion
0001--->1
1011--->B
1101--->D
So (547) 8 in Hexadecimal is , 1BD.

7. Convert the Decimal number 589 to :

- Binary
- Octal
- Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
I repeatedly divided the decimal value by 2 and take the remainder
589 = 294x2 +1, remainder=1
294 = 147x2+ 0 , remainder=0
147 = 73x2 + 1 , remainder=1
73 = 36x2 + 1 , remainder=1
36 = 18x2 + 0 , remainder=0
18 = 9x2 + 0 , remainder=0
9 = 4x2 + 1 , remainder=1
4 = 2x2 + 0 , remainder=0
2 = 1x2 + 0, remainder= 0
1 = 0x2 + 1 , remainder=1
So (589) 10 in binary is , 1001001101.

Decimal to Octal
For conversion from decimal to octal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from Binary
to octal
We have converted to binary already which is 1001001101.
Using this table I converted binary bits three at once to their corresponding octal digits:

001-->1
001-->1
001-->1
101-->5
So (589) 10 in octal is , 1115.

Decimal to Hexadecimal
I repeatedly divided the decimal value by 16 and take the remainder
589 = 36x16 + 13 , remainder=13 which is D in hexadecimal.
36 = 2x16 + 4 , remainder=4 which is 4 in hexadecimal.
2 = 0x16 + 2 , remainder=2 which is 2 in hexadecimal.
So (589) 10 in hexadecimal is , 24D.
8. Convert the hexadecimal number 2F8 to :
- Binary
- Octal
- decimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
Using this table I converted hexadecimal digits to to their corresponding four bits at a time

2-->0010
F-->1111
8-->1000
So (2F8) 16 in binary is ,001011111000.

Hexadecimal to Octal
For conversion from Hexadecimal to octal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from
Binary to Octal. We have converted to binary already which is 001011111000.

Using this table above I converted the binary digits to their corresponding octal digits.
So (2F8) 16 in Octal is , 5262.
Hexadecimal to Decimal
For conversion from octal to Hexadecimal to decimal we multiply (547)16 with base of 16 in
increasing power
2x162 + 15x161 + 8x160
=512+240+8=760.
So (2F8) 16 in decimal is , 760.

9.Convert the binary number 11100101 to:

- Octal
- Decimal
- Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
Using this table I converted three bits at a time to their corresponding octal bits:

011 --->3
100 --->4
101 --->5
So (11100101) 2 in octal is , 345.

Binary to decimal
1x28 + 1x27 + 1x26 +0x25 + 0x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
=128+64+32+4+1=229
So (11100101) 2 in decimal is ,229.

Binary to Hexadecimal
Using this table I converted the four bits at a time to their corresponding hexadecimal
bits,added leading zeros to left for efficient conversion
1110-->E
0101-->5
this corresponds to following corresponding hexadecimal values
So (11100101) 2 in Hexadecimal is , E5.

10. Convert the Octal number 777 to :

- Binary
- Decimal
- Hexadecimal

Octal to Binary
Using this table I converted three bits at a time to their corresponding Binary bits:

7--->111
7--->111
7--->111
So (777) in octal is , 111 111 111.
8

Octal to Decimal
For conversion from decimal to octal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from Binary
to octal
We have converted to binary already which is 111111111.
1x28 + 1x27 + 1x26 + 1x25 + 1x24 + 1x23 + 1x22 + 1x21+ 1x20
=256+128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=511.
So (777) 8 in octal is , 511.

Octal to Hexadecimal
For conversion from octal to Hexadecimal we need to convert to binary first and then convert from
Binary to Hexadecimal

Using this table I converted the four bits at a time to their corresponding hexadecimal
digits,added leading zeros at left for efficient conversion
0001--->1
1111--->F
1111--->F
So (547) 8 in Hexadecimal is , 1FF.