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Lecture 11

The document defines infinite limits of sequences and provides propositions about arithmetic of infinite limits. It defines what it means for a sequence to diverge to positive or negative infinity. It then states four propositions about arithmetic of infinite limits related to products, quotients, and sums of sequences where one term diverges to infinity.

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23 views4 pages

Lecture 11

The document defines infinite limits of sequences and provides propositions about arithmetic of infinite limits. It defines what it means for a sequence to diverge to positive or negative infinity. It then states four propositions about arithmetic of infinite limits related to products, quotients, and sums of sequences where one term diverges to infinity.

Uploaded by

The trickster
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lec 11: Infinite limits

MATH 147 Section 2, Fall Term 2022

I (We will first finish the material from Lecture 10)


I Definition for infinite limits
I Propositions about infinite limits

Key references: Text book sec 1.6


Definition for infinite limits

Definition 1
Let {an }∞
n=1 be a sequence of real numbers.

We say that the sequence {an } diverges to +∞ or that the limit of the sequence {an } is +∞ if for all M > 0
there exists a natural number N such that an > M whenever n ≥ N. In such cases, we write lim an = +∞.
n→∞

(We can write ∞ instead of +∞ in the definition above without changing the meaning.)
We say that the sequence {an } diverges to −∞ or that the limit of the sequence {an } is −∞ if for all M > 0
there exists a natural number N such that an < −M whenever n ≥ N. In such cases, we write lim an = −∞.
n→∞

Warning: Despite this notation and terminology, we do not say that the limit exists if the limit is ±∞.
Whenever we refer to the existence of a limit, we mean a finite limit.

Exercise
√
Show that lim n − 1 = +∞.
n→∞

Exercise
Show that if a sequence diverges to ±∞, then it diverges.
Arithmetic of infinite limits - part 1

In the following propositions, let {an } and {bn } be sequences of real numbers.

Proposition 1
lim an = −∞ if and only if lim (−an ) = +∞.
n→∞ n→∞

Proposition 2
Suppose that there exists N ∈ N such that an > 0 for all n ≥ N and suppose that lim an = 0. Then
n→∞
lim 1 = +∞.
n→∞ an

Question
What about the converse of Proposition 2?
Arithmetic of infinite limits - part 2

Proposition 3
Suppose that {an } either diverges to +∞ or converges to a positive limit. Suppose also that lim bn = +∞.
n→∞
Then lim an bn = +∞.
n→∞

Proposition 4
Suppose that {an } either diverges to +∞ or converges. Suppose also that lim bn = +∞. Then
n→∞
lim (an + bn ) = +∞.
n→∞

Remarks:
1. Propositions 3 and 4 suggest that in the context of evaluating infinite limits of sequences, we have the rules
(i) “x · (+∞) = +∞” for all x > 0, and “(+∞) · (+∞) = +∞”
(ii) “x + (+∞) = +∞” for all x ∈ R, and “(+∞) + (+∞) = +∞”.
2. Note that it is not always true that:
(i) “0 · (+∞) = +∞” or “0 · (+∞) = 0”
(ii) “(+∞) + (−∞) = 0”

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