Basic Calculus Week 6

EXTREME VALUE THEOREM

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LEARNING TASK 1: Review the different differentiation rules
by finding the first derivative of the following function.

𝟐
1. 𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓
𝟒
2. 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙 )(𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐)
𝒙𝟑
3. 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙+𝟑
DIFFERENTIATION
RULES
ANSWER KEY
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __ __
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
OPTIMIZE
EXTREME
VALUE
DERIVATIVES
 OPTIMIZATION
From the word optimize or
optimus which means best.

According to Merriam optimize

also means “to make the best or Hi! I’m Optimus Prime the main protagonist of the
most of”. Transformers movie and the leader of the Autobots.
 Optimization is choosing inputs
that will result in the best possible
outputs.

Especially when there are limits

or constraints involved.
1. What do you think is the
importance of optimization in
our every decision process?

2. How do you maximize or

minimize something?

3. Do you think of the

advantages and disadvantages
whenever you choose
something?
Which quantities do you know
become bad if they are increased SLEEP/REST
or decreased too much?

Decreased: fatigue/weakness
Increased: conditions linked to
depression/anxiety, obesity
and heart problems, etc.:

The rule of thumb is 8 hours.

Which quantities do you know
become bad if they are increased STUDYING
or decreased too much?

Decreased: delinquent/ failure

in course
Increased: lacking time to do
other aspects of life e.g.,
family time/social life

The rule of thumb is 1-3 hours

every night after class
Which quantities do you know
become bad if they are increased FOOD INTAKE
or decreased too much?

Decreased: being underweight

Increased: overweight with
optimal values specified by RDA
or recommended dietary
allowance
 Basic Calculus Week 6

EXTREME VALUE THEOREM

/engrjmsy
At the end of the lesson, learners are expected to:
Basic Calculus Week 6
a. illustrate extreme value theorem;
b. solve problems involving optimization; and
c. recognize the importance of optimization in
their daily life decision making
EXTREME VALUE THEOREM

Given a particular function, we are often

interested in determining the largest and
smallest values of the function. This information
is important in creating accurate graphs.
EXTREME VALUE THEOREM

Finding the maximum and minimum values of a

function also has practical significance because we can
use this method to solve optimization problems, such
as maximizing profit, minimizing the amount of
material used in manufacturing an aluminum can, or
finding the maximum height a rocket can reach.
The given function has
an absolute minimum of
1 at x=0. The function
does not have an
absolute maximum.
EXTREME VALUE THEOREM

The Extreme value theorem states that if a

function is continuous on a closed interval [a, b],
then the function must have a maximum and a
minimum on the interval.
A function may have both an absolute maximum and an
absolute minimum, just one extremum, or neither. Our
previous examples shows several functions and some of
the different possibilities regarding absolute extrema.
However, the following theorem, called the Extreme Value
Theorem, guarantees that a continuous function f over a
closed, bounded interval [a, b] has both an absolute
maximum and an absolute minimum.
 Let f be a function which is continuous
on a closed and bounded interval [a, b].
Then the extreme values (maximum and
minimum) of f always exist, and they
occur either at the endpoints or at the
critical points of f.

The graph illustrates the extreme value theorem in which it is continuous

and there is a closed bounded interval [a, b]. Once we said continuous, it
implies that there is no gap, jump or hole in the graph. Moreover, closed
means included or in symbol it used bracket ([ ]) while bounded means
there is a specified endpoint in the graph which means there is no infinity
involve in the given interval.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Directions: Find the extrema of the following function on the given interval,
if there are any, and determine the values of x at which the extrema occur.

1. 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟗 [−𝟑, 𝟑] c. Substitution.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 9
a. Finding the first derivative.
𝑓 −2 = (−2)2 +4 −2 + 9 = 𝟓
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 9
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 𝑓 −3 = (−3)2 +4 −3 + 9 = 𝟔
b. Finding the critical number(s). 𝑓 3 = (3)2 +4 3 + 9 = 𝟑𝟎
2𝑥 + 4 = 0 b. Identify the extrema.
2𝑥 + 4 − 4 = 0 − 4
Therefore, the maximum value 30
2𝑥 = −4 occurs at x = 3 while the minimum value
𝒙 = −𝟐
is 5 occurs at x = -2.
STEPS IN FINDING THE ABSOLUTE EXTREMA
(ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM)

1. Find the first derivative of the given function.

2. Equate the first derivative of the given function to 0.
(To find the critical number/s).
3. Substitute the given interval and the critical number (s) to
the given function.
4. Select the maximum by finding the largest value in 3rd
step and the minimum by finding the smallest value in 3rd
step.
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Directions: Find the extrema of the following function on the given interval,
if there are any, and determine the values of x at which the extrema occur.

1. 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟎 [−𝟏, 𝟏]
a. Finding the first derivative.
f x = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 20
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓
b. Finding the critical number(s).
3𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 5 = 0
3x + 1 x − 5 = 0
3𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥−5=0 The critical numbers are -1/3 and 5.
However, 5 does not belong with the interval [-1,
3𝑥 = −1 𝒙=𝟓 1], therefore the only critical number is -1/3 .
𝒙 = −𝟏/𝟑
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Directions: Find the extrema of the following function on the given interval,
if there are any, and determine the values of x at which the extrema occur.

c. Substitution.
f x = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 20
−𝟏 −1 3 −1 2 −1 𝟓𝟔𝟑
𝑓 = − 7 − 5 + 20 = = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝟑 3 3 3 𝟐𝟕
3 2
𝑓 −𝟏 = −1 − 7 −1 − 5 −1 + 20 =𝟏𝟕
3 2
𝑓 𝟏 = 1 −7 1 − 5 1 + 20 =𝟗
b. Identify the extrema.
𝟓𝟔𝟑 −1
Therefore, the maximum value occurs at x= while the
𝟐𝟕 3
minimum value is 9 occurs at x = 1.
 Learning Task 2:
Identify whether the given graph illustrates an extreme value theorem or not.
 Basic Calculus Week 6

SOLVING OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

/engrjmsy
 Optimization is one of the most essential topics in
Basic Calculus. This topic will help you in making a
right decision when you need to know the maximum
or minimum value of a specific situation. For
instance, in budgeting your allowance, finding the
maximum volume of a three-dimensional figure and
for business - in maximizing revenue.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

1. The president of Euclidean

Club, decided to renovate the
rectangular Math Garden by
using a rock wall on one side of
the garden and wire fencing for
the other three sides. If they only
have 50 feet of wire fencing, find
the dimension that would give the
maximum area of the garden.
What is the maximum area? a. Mathematical equation:
𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎
Solution:
a. Mathematical equation: 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎
b. Optimization function: 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒚
c. 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙(𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝒙)
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐

Equate to zero to get bounded intervals.

50𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝟓; [𝟎, 𝟐𝟓]

d. First derivative
𝑓 𝑥 = 50𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟒𝒙
Solution:

e. Equate to zero, to get the critical number.

50 − 4𝑥 = 0
𝐱 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓

f. Substitute.
𝑓 0 = 50 0 − 2 0 2 = 𝟎
𝑓 12.5 = 50 12.5 − 2 12.5 2 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
𝑓 25 = 50 25 − 2 25 2 = 𝟎
Solution:

g. Since we need to find the maximum area of a rectangular

garden, therefore it occurs on x= 12.5.

h. By substituting x=12.5 to the given mathematical equation

2x+ y = 50, the value of y will be 25. The dimension of a
rectangular garden is 12.5 by 25. Thus, the maximum area will
be 312.5 ft2.
 LEARNING TASK 3: CONCEPT MAPPING (BY GROUP)
Complete the concept map below by filling in the steps on how
to solve situational problems involving Optimization.
 LEARNING TASK 3: CONCEPT MAPPING (BY GROUP)
Complete the concept map below by filling in the steps on how
to solve situational problems involving Optimization.
 Learning Task 4:
Find the extrema of the following function on the given interval, if there are
any, and determine the values of x at which the extrema occur.

1. f x = 5x 2 − 20x 3 [0,2]
2. f x = x − 9x + 15𝑥 − 24
3 2 [1,4]
3. f x = 4x − 8𝑥 + 5
2 [-2,2]
Check your own paper.
 Learning Task 5:
Solve the following problems involving optimization.

1. Find a pair of non-negative number that have a

product of 48 and minimize the sum of three
times the first number and second number with
closed bounded interval of [1, 6]?
A. 0 and 4 C. 4 and 12
B. 3 and 48 D. 24 and 26
Answer Key:
1. The pair of non-negative number is 4 and 12
SOLUTION:
#2. Find a pair of non-negative number that have a product of 48 and minimize the sum of three
times the first number and second number with closed bounded interval of [1, 6]?

a. Mathematical equation: 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟒𝟖
b. The optimization function will be f(x) = 3x + y since we need to
minimize the sum of three times the first and second number which can
be represented as x and y consecutively.

c. 𝑦 = 48/𝑥
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝟖/𝒙

d. First derivative
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 48/𝑥
𝟒𝟖 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝟖
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟑 − ( 𝟐) =
𝒙 𝒙𝟐
SOLUTION:
e. Equate to zero, to get the critical number.
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝟖
= 𝟎 ; x=4, -4
𝒙𝟐
Therefore, the critical number is 4 since we are looking for a pair of non-
negative number.

f. Substitute.
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 48/𝑥
𝑓 1 = 3(1) + 48/(1) = 51
𝑓 4 = 3(4) + 48/(4) = 24
𝑓 6 = 3(6) + 48/(6) = 26
g. Since we need to find a minimum value, therefore it occurs on x= 4.
h. Substituting x= 4 to the given mathematical equation x*y = 48, the
value of y will be 12. Thus, the pair of non-negative number is 4 and 12.
 Learning Task 7 (Assignment):
CREATE A MAXIMUM VOLUME OF AN
OPEN-TOP BOX.
 1. Create an open-top box using a ¼ illustration board. Make sure that
you will be creating the maximum volume of a box.
 2. To create a box, you will be removing a square from each corner of the
box and folding up the flaps on each side.
 3. Use the concept of problems involving optimization to get the
maximum' 0 volume of the box.
 4. Explain why you arrive with your final output of creating a Maximum
volume of an open-top box.
 5. Show your solution on a short bond paper.
The quality of your life ultimately
depends on the quality of your
decisions.