Matrices:

A matrix is a rectangular array of m * n n u m b e r a r r a n g e d i n m r o w s a n d

n Columns or function. It is denoted by capital number.
The number or function are called the element or entries of the matrix and denoted
by small number.

 a11 a12 ............... a1n 

a a .............. a  
 21 22 2n 

 a m1 a .m 2 a mn mn
Or

A   aij  mn where, i 1, 2, ..... , m; j  1, 2, ...... , n.

Row matrix: A matrix which has one row is called row matrix. A   aij 1n

Column matrix: A matrix which has one column is called column matrix.
A   aij  m1

Square matrix: A matrix in which number of rows are equal to number of

columns, is called a square matrix. A   aij  mn .

Diagonal matrix: A square matrix is called diagonal matrix if all the elements,
except the diagonal elements are zero.
Scalar matrix: A square matrix is called scalar matrix it all the elements,
except diagonal elements are zero and diagonal elements are equal.

A   aij  mn , Where aij  0, i  j ,

aij   , i  j .
 Identity or Unit Matrix: A square matrix in which all the non-diagonal
elements are zero and diagonal elements are unity is called identity or unit
matrix.
Null matrix: A matrix in which all elements are zero.
Equal matrix: Two matrices are said to be equal if they have the same order
and all their corresponding elements are equal.
Transpose of the matrix:
If A is the given matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns is called the transpose of a matrix.

Properties of transpose: If A and B are matrices such that their sum and
product are defined, then
1. (AT )T  A

  A  B   AT  B T
T

 KAT   KAT
  AB 
T
 B T AT

 ABC 
T
5.  C T B T AT

Orthogonal Matrix: A square matrix of order n is said to be orthogonal, if

AA'  In  A' A

Properties of the orthogonal matrix:

1. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then A’ is also an orthogonal matrix.
2. For any two orthogonal matrices, A and B , AB, and BA is also an
orthogonal matrix.
3. If A is an orthogonal matrix, A1 is also orthogonal matrix
 Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be idempotent, if A2  A .
Properties of idempotent matrix: If A and B are two idempotent matrices,
then
AB is idempotent, if AB=BA.
A  B is an idempotent matrix, if AB  BA  0

AB  A and BA  B , then A2  A, B2  B

If A is an idempotent matrix and A  B  I , then B is an idempotent and

AB  BA  0 .

Diagonal 1,1,1,...... ,1 is an idempotent matrix.

A square matrix A is said to be involuntary, if

A2  I .

Nilpotent matrix: A square matrix A is said to be a nilpotent matrix, if there

exists a positive integer m such that A2  0 . If m is the least positive integer
such that Am  0 , then m is called the index of the nilpotent matrix A .
Unitary matrix: A square matrix A is said to be unitary if A'A  I .

Some chief properties of matrices:

1) Only matrices of the same order can be added or subtracted.
2) The addition of matrices is commutative as well as associative

3) Cancellation laws hold well in case of addition

Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix is said to be symmetric if A  AT that is if A  a  , then
ij mn

aij  a ji for all i, j also elements of the symmetric matrix are symmetric about the


main diagonal.

 3 2 3 
 
For example A   2 1.5 1 is a symmetric matrix as A' = A

3 1 1 
 



Skew symmetric matrix:

A square matrix is said to be skew symmetric if
AT  -A .

If A   aij  mn , then then aij  aij for all i, j.

For example, the matrix

𝟎 𝑒 𝒇
[−𝑒 0 𝑔]
−𝒋 −𝑔 𝟎
is a skew matrix.

Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:

If A  [aij ]mn is a matrix and k is a scalar. Then kA is another matrix which is
obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k
1 3 5  2 6 10 
For example A   5 9 5 then 2 A  10 18 10 
   
8 2 4 16 4 8 
   
 Product of matrices:
If A & B are two matrices, product AB is defined. If the number of columns of
A = number of rows of B.

Let A   aij  mn , and B  b jk  n p then AB is the matrix C of the order mxp. to get

 i, k  element
th
cik of the matrix C we take ith row of A and kth column of B

multiply them element wise and take the sum of all these products.

Determinants:
To every square matrix we can assign a number called its determinant.
A   a11  ,
det. A | A | a11 .
a 
If A  11 a12 ,
 
 a 21 a 22 


| A | a11a22  a21a12 .

Properties:
● The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns
are interchanged.
● If any two rows/columns, then the sign of the determinant changes.
● If two rows/columns of a determinant are the identical value of the
determinant is zero.
● If all the elements of the rows/columns of a determinant are multiplied by
a constant k, then its value gets multiplied by k.

● If A & B are square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |A||B|.

Minors and cofactors:
Definition:

Minor of an element aij of a determinant id the determinant obtained by deleting its i th

row and jth column in which element a ij lies. Minor of an element a ij is denoted by Mij.

Cofactor of an element aij, denoted by Aij is defined by Aij = (-1)i+jMij where Mij is
minor of aij.

Singular Matrix: A square matrix A of order n is said to be singular, if | A | 0 .

Non-singular matrix: A square matrix A of order n is said to be non-singular,

if | A | 0 .

Adjoint of the matrix:

If A   aij  be a n-square matrix then transpose of cofactors of element of matrix
A , is called the adjoint of A .
T
Adj. A   Aij  .

Invertible matrix:
A matrix A is said to be invertible if another matrix B exists, such as AB = BA
= I.

The inverse of a matrix:

The inverse of a square matrix A exists if A is non-singular.

A-1 = Adj.A
| A|
 System of linear equations:
a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1

a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2

a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3

In matrix from the above equations can be written as

 a1 b1 c1 

a b c 
 2 2 2 

a b c 
 3 3 3 



 x  d1 
   
 y   d 2 
 z   d 3 



That is AX  B

X  A1B

Criteria of consistency:
1. If | A | 0 , then the system of equations is said to be consistent & has a
unique solution.

2. If | A | 0 and adjAb  0 , Then the system of equations is consistent and

has infinitely many solutions.
3. If | A | 0 and adjAb  0 , then the system of equations is inconsistent and
has no solution.