Matrices & Determinant

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Matrices & Determinant

Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or a
Definition - Matrices row vector.
2. Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column
A set of (m × n) numbers arranged in the form of an matrix or a column vector.
ordered set of m rs and n columns is called a matrix of 3. Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the
order m × n. number of columns, say (n × n) is called a square matrix of order n.
4. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all the
elements, except those in the leading diagonal, are zero.
A = [aij]n×n , aij = 0 for all i ≠ j
5. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements
are equal is called the scalar matrix.
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if.
(i) aij = 0 for all i ≠ j and
(ii) aii = C for all i ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}
6. Identity or Unit Matrix: A square matrix each of whose diagonal
element is unity and each of whose non diagonal element is equal to zero
is called an identity or unit matrix.
Equality of Matrices 7. Null Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null
matrix or a zero matrix, represented by O.
Two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]r×s are equal if 8. Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper
(i) m = r, i.e., the number of rows in A equals the number of rows in B. triangular matrix if aij = 0 ∀ i > j.
(ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the number of columns in 9. Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called lower
B. triangular if aij = 0 ∀ i < j.
(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n. 10. Singular Matrix: A square matrix with zero determinant is called a
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B, singular matrix.
otherwise we write A ≠ B.
 Matrices & Determinant Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or
Sum of Matrices Complex.
Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be matrices of the same order m×n. Then matrix kA is a matrix of same order, where all the elements of kA
Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n. are k times of the corresponding elements of A
Where, [cij] = [aij + bij] Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar
Properties of Matrix Addition If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrix of the same order and a and
(i) Matrix addition is commutative b are any scalars, then
A+B=B+A (i) ⍺ (A + B) = ⍺A + ⍺B
(ii) Matrix addition is associative (ii) (⍺ + β)A = ⍺A + βA
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
(iii) ⍺(βA) = (⍺β) A.
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order ‘n’
Then |kA| = kn |A|
Transpose of a Matrix
If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix obtained by
changing the rows of A into columns and columns of A into rows is Multiplication of Matrices
called Transpose of matrix A and is denoted by A' or AT. Hence the
matrix A' is of order n × m. If A = [aij]m×p and B = [bjk]p×n
Properties of Transpose
(i) (A')' = A. Then Am×p × Bp×n = (AB)m×n
(ii) (kA)' = kA'. k being a scalar.
(iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'.
(iv) (AB)' = B'A'.
(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'.

Matrices & Determinant Properties of Matrix Multiplication

(i) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with respect to a addition of
matrices.
Symmetric and Skew-symmetric A (B + C) = AB + AC and (A + B) C = AC + BC
Matrix
(i) A square matrix A = [aij] will be called symmetric if AT = A.
(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative if conformability is assured.
i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.
i.e. every ijth element = jith element.
(iii) The multiplication of matrices is not always commutative. i.e. AB is not
(ii) A square matrix A = [aij] will be called skew symmetric
if AT = –A. i.e. every ijth element = -(jith element). always equal to BA.
Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. (iv) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix conformable with A for
Then the following hold: multiplication is a null matrix i.e. AO = O.
1. Aₙ is symmetric for all positive integers n. In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square null matrix of the
2. AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA. same order, then OA = AO = O.
3. AB + BA is symmetric. (v) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that A = O or B = O.
4. AB – BA is skew - symmetric

Adjoint of Matrix
If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made from None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix whereas their products is a
cofactors of elements of A is called adjoint matrix of A. It’s null matrix.
denoted by adj A. (vi) Multiplication of matrix A by a unit matrix I :
Properties of Adjoint Matrix Let A be a m × n matrix. Then AIn = A and Im A = A..
(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A
(vii) If A and B are square matrices of order ‘n’. Then |AB| = |A| |B|
(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(iv) (adj A)T = adj (AT)
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A)
(iv) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
(vii) |(adj (adj (A)) | =
 Matrices & Determinant
Determinants
Definition
Inverse of Matrix
A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible or nonsingular if
there exists a square matrix B of order n such that
AB = In= BA
where In is the identity matrix of order n, B is called inverse of A and
is denoted by A–1.

Properties of Inverse Matrices

(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1

(iii) (A–1)–1 = A (iv)

(v)

Matrices & Determinant Properties of Determinants

(iii) if a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical or
proportional, then its values is zero.
Properties of Determinants
If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row (or
column) then its values is zero.

(iv) If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by
the same number, then the determinant is multiplied by that
number.
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered; if the rows
and columns are interchanged.

Then D’ = KD
(iv) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is
(ii) If any two rows (or column) of a determinant be zero.
interchanged, the value of determinant changes in sign only.
(v) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order is
always a perfect square.
(vi) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row (or
column) then its values is zero.
(vii) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical
or proportional, then its values is zero.
 Matrices & Determinant System of Equation

Minors and Cofactors

Definition

Consistency of a System of Equations

(i) If D ≠ 0 then the given system of equations are consistent and have
unique solution.
(ii) If D = 0 but at least one of Dx, Dy, Dz is not zero then the equations are
inconsistent and have no solution.
(iii) If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 then the given system of equations are
consistent and have infinite solution except the case of parallel planes
when there is no solution.
(iv) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 then system of equation is called Homogeneous
system of equations.
(v) Solution of Homogeneous Equations is always consistent, as x = 0 = y
= z is always a solution. This is known as TRIVIAL solution.
(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D ≠ 0. Then x = 0 = y = z is the only
solution.
(vii) For Homogenous Equations, if D = 0, then there exists
non zero solutions [NON TRIVIAL SOLUTiONS] also

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