The effect of artificial roughness on

performance of solar air heater (SAH): A

review study
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2776, 050008 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0135995
Published Online: 12 April 2023

Gaith Moneem Fadala and Ahmed Hashem Yousef

AIP Conference Proceedings 2776, 050008 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0135995 2776, 050008

© 2023 Author(s).
The Effect of Artificial Roughness on Performance of Solar
Air Heater (SAH): A Review Study
Gaith Moneem Fadala1, a) and Ahmed Hashem Yousef 2, b)
1
Engineering Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, al-Najaf,31001, Iraq
2
Al-Diwaniyah Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Diwaniyah,31001, Iraq

a)
Corresponding author: gaith7751@gmail.com
b)
dw.ahd1@atu.edu.iq

Abstract. Solar air heaters (SAHs) are the most widely used and inexpensive solar energy systems. As the absorbing
plate collects solar radiation and transfers heat energy to the passing air, many effective experimental and analytical
studies have been conducted on the SAH roughness solar heaters by a number of researchers. The artificial roughness
elements that break down the laminar sub-layer at the surface of the absorber plate are detailed in this work in order to
optimize heat transfer absorption in the solar air heater duct. in this paper. In this example, we'll look at how different
forms of synthetic roughness affect performance and heat transfer. The experiments on this page show how the shape and
type of synthetic roughness and its many properties can improve the performance of solar air heaters.

Keywords. Fluid flow, heat transfer, solar energy, friction factor, photovoltaic

NOMENCLATURE
SAH solar air heater Ta ambient temperature, K
Aa gross collector aperture area, mm2 Tam means air temperature, K
Ac absorber plate's surface area, mm2 Ti fluid inlet temperature, K
D duct's equivalent or hydraulic diameter, mm To fluid outlet temperature, K
e rib height, mm Tpm mean plate temperature, K
g groove location/gap width, mm W/w relative roughness width
H depth of duct, mm W width of duct, mm
H heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K w width of rib, mm
I intensity of solar radiation, W/m2 ΔP pressure drop, Pa
m mass flow rate, kg/s Dimensionless parameters
P pitch, mm d/w relative gap position
Ql heat loss from collector, W e/D relative roughness height
Qt heat loss from top of collector, W e/H Ratio of rib height to channel height
qu useful heat flux, W/m2 f friction factor
Qu useful heat gain, W g/e relative width of a gap
fs friction coefficient of smooth surface g/p relative location of the groove
g/p relative groove position W/H duct aspect ratio
Nu Nusselt number α angle of attack, deg
Re Reynolds number P/e relative roughness pitch
ρ density of air, kg/m3

1st International Conference on Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

AIP Conf. Proc. 2776, 050008-1–050008-18; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0135995
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4441-6/$30.00

050008-1
 INTRODUCTION
Solar power is often regarded as the most abundant source of energy on the planet. Energy from the sun is
gathered and transformed into heat and power. A solar collector is a device that converts solar power into thermal
energy directly. There are two types of solar energy systems: photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating (CPV). The
buildup of heat and light called passive solar energy. Solar energy may be used in passive technology to build a
variety of structures that are more energy efficient by reducing their reliance on sunlight and the amount of energy
they need to heat or cool their interiors. Then there's solar power that's active. Photovoltaic and thermal energy may
be stored and transformed using this energy. [1] Because of its inherent simplicity and cost-efficiency, solar air
heaters (SAHs) have been widely used for many years. Their primary role is to convert solar power into thermal
energy. These exchangers have an advantage over others in that no liquid is frozen or boiled throughout the process.
Thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and air density are all significantly reduced in SAH. Concrete and terra cotta
construction materials are processed and dried using SAHs. In addition, industrial product processing and space
heating are both viable options. Because of its low-price tag, solar air heaters (SAH) are a popular choice among
those who want to use solar energy for space heating. In [2], [3]. A variety of methods were used to do this, but
when it came to SAH, they were positioned on the absorbent plate's even side that touches the air flow. Thermal
efficiency is increased by using corrugated and absorbent surfaces to enhance the surface area of the heat transfer
surface. Roughness improves heat transmission by disturbing the sub layer laminar between the absorbent air and
the surface, therefore enhancing the heat transfer coefficient (h). Authors Sahu et al. [4] conducted a comprehensive
investigation of their longitudinal fin patterns and forms in their SAH. Shamoli et al. [5] and Kim et al. [6] explore
the principles of double-pass SAH performance, as well as a variety of technologies that may be used to improve
double-pass SAH performance. The arrangement of the roughness components on the absorbent plate is referred to
as the roughness geometric. The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the type and form of artificial
roughness affect the performance of the solar collector.

Thermal Performance of Solar Air Heater

To determine the performance of a flat panel SAH under stable conditions, The energy balance divides incoming
solar radiation (on the absorber panel) into useable energy gain, thermal losses, and refractive setbacks. Air provides
valuable solar heat. (Qu) by Hottel and Woertz [7]

[ ( ) ( )] [7] ………………………...………. (1)

T pm : The average absorption temperature

Bliss [8] To calculate the useable energy gain, enter the 'collector efficiency factor' (F') into a separate
calculation.
( ) ( ) [8] …………………………… (2)
The collector efficiency factor (F') is obtained by follow equation [8]
[8] ………………….………… (3)
( ) ( )
Bliss [8] also changed Equation (2) to make it more intuitive by adding a parameter called the "collector heat
removal factor" FR, which is written as
( ) ( ) [8] ……………………………. (4)
where FR is expressed by Bliss [8]as follows:
[8] ……………………………………………. (5)
Thermal efficiency can expressed as follows:
( )
[8] …………………………………………… (6)
Equations (1), (2), and (4), when integrated with expression (6), yield the following relation:
( )
( ) ……………………………………….…….... (7)
( )
( ) ………………………….………………...…. (8)

050008-2
 ( )
( ) ……………………………………………….. (9)
Hottel-Whillier-Bliss equations (eq.9) (eq.11). For calculating the special edition thermal performance and
evaluating the effect of system and input condition changes on the collector's efficiency, these formulae are
frequently utilized.

Different Performance for Thermal Hydraulics SAH.

The transfer of heat from the absorbent board improves when the absorbed board is artificially roughened, although
the friction factor is increased. Since a higher friction factor indicates a higher pressure drop in the SAH, the
roughness geometric should be created in such a way that maximum heat transfer is achieved. With the least amount
of friction is possible. According to Webb, Eckert [9] and Lewis [10] , the Thermal Hydraulic Performance (THPP)
benchmark was used to evaluate both the SAH's thermal - hydraulic performances

…………………………... (10)

Efficiency of SAH
The purpose of a successful efficiency evaluation is to arrive at a conclusion. the highest increase in heat energy
(Qu) with the least amount of pumping loss. As a result, thermohydraulic efficiency, also known as effective
efficiency (ηth), is calculated using the equation (11) shown below (Cortes, Shah ,Rohsenow and S. A. Klein) ([11]–
[14]), which considers both generating force and increase in heat energy
̇
……………………………………………………... (11)
‘ is pump work, which can be found in the relation (12)
̇
……………………………………………………………
Pressure drop ( ) is calculated according to equation (13)
……………………………………………………………..
Where:
f is friction factor.
( ) is hydraulic diameter evaluated by below equation
…………………………………………….…………….… (14)
Nusselt number ( ) The formulae for a smooth absorber duct are presented below.
……………………………………………..… (15)
( ) refer to the friction factor with flat absorber plates is computed using the formulas below :
……………………………………………………… (16)
SAH is tested and performed using a variety of equipment. During experimentation, the following parameters of
smooth and coarse SAH ducts should be checked to assess the effectiveness of SAH:
1. The amount of solar radiation
2. Air velocity in slot SAH
3. Atmospheric or ambient temperature
4. The air temperature when it enters the SAH.
5. The air temperature exiting the SAH.
6. The temperature of the absorbent plate..
7. Decline in pressure in the test area.
8. Over the orifice plate, there is a pressure difference.
9. air flow

050008-3
 The Impact of Parameters on the Complex's Performance

Weather Conditions
The thermal efficiency of the solar collector is directly affected by the surrounding weather conditions, such as
solar radiation intensity, wind speed, temperature, tinting, and dust [7][15].

Characteristics of the System

The Total Number of Glasses Covers

The total number of glasses covers used reduces heat loss, but also reduces the overall transmittance absorption,
which reduces the amount of radiation absorbed the panel. As a result, the number of covers used is determined by
the required output temperature and thus the absorption temperature.

Emission of Cover Glass

A lower emissivity number means reduced heat loss and, as a result, improved efficiency. Low-E glass is 10-
15% more expensive than conventional glass, but it reduces energy losses by 30-50%. [17]
Plate Spacing
It is difficult to estimate the appropriate distance between the absorbent plate and the bottom glass cover because
the collectors have been created. to operate in different locations with various tilts and under different operating
conditions. However, average values of 1 to 6 cm are commonly used. Roughness different parameters have an
impact.

The Effects of Relative Roughness (P/e) and Relative Roughness Height (e/D) are Distinct.

Saini [15] identified the region closest to the reconnection point with the greatest heat transfer. It is logical to
assume that believe that lowering relative roughness pitch (p/e) for a constant relative roughness height (e/D) could
generate a similar effect. No disc will occur at relative roughness degrees below about 8, This results in a decrease
in heat transfer improvement. However, if the pitch is more than about 10, The amount of boost will be reduced.
height of roughness as a measure of (e/D) great value to improving the Nusselt number and friction factor. In
contrast to the smooth channel, as the relative roughness (e/D) grows, the Nusselt number enhancement rate
decreases while the friction factor enhancement rate rises. (Figures 1 and 2).

Impact of Angle of Attack (α)

The impact of the angle of attack on the flow pattern has been studied by a number of scientists. Regardless of
the degree of the original roughness and the relative height of the roughness, the tilt angle of the rib, or the angle of
attack of the flow with regard to the rib’s location, was shown to have the largest impact on the flow pattern. the
friction factor decreases dramatically, as the angle of attack lowers, However, the Nusselt number decreases
somewhat when due to secondary flow formed by the rib, the inclined rib provides greater heat transfer rate than the
transverse rib, ruptures the viscous sub-layer, and causes a localized disturbance of the wall. When compared to the
prevailing flow, the fluid eddies downstream and downstream of the longitudinal rib are almost stationary, elevating
the temperature of the local fluid in the eddies as well as lower heat transfer due to the temperature of the wall near
the rib. Due to the oblique ribs that descend down the ribs later to join the main stream, the fluid enters near the
anterior end of the rib and exits towards the posterior end. The coolant duct fluid is connected to the front end by
these vortex vortices, resulting in a modulated heat increase transmission while the rear heat transfer is quite
low.[16]

050008-4
 (A) (B)

FIGURE 1. A. Relative roughness height, flow lines that flow in the ribs' direction [18],

B. Pitch of relative roughness, flow patterns downstream of ribs are shown. [15]

Impact of V-shaped Rib

The premise was that by dividing the 45° rib into two V-shaped ribs, the region of the high heat transfer
coefficient would be considerably enhanced, and hence the average heat transfer coefficient would be increased. The
typical change in eddy and the increased number of secondary streams show that the V-shaped ribs create more
secondary streamlines than the 45° ribs. When the apex of the rib is directed downstream, the V-shaped rib vortices
above and below the ribs form a counter-rotating double-cell secondary flow zone, whereas the 45° rib has a
counter-rotating double-cell secondary flow region [17].

Effect of Multi V rib Roughness

Heat transfer and friction factors in rough rectangular ducts with multiple V-edges are evaluated using data from
various flow parameters and roughness levels, and the use of multiple V-edges is also discussed. Fluid mixing
becomes chaotic when secondary flow channels are formed and join to the main flow. After splitting between the
ribs, the main flow comes together somewhere in the center. ' The interaction between the primary and secondary
flows increases heat transfer rates, but it also increases friction losses.[18].

Geometries of Roughness Utilized in SAH

Roughness of the Longitudinal Ribs

J.L.Bhagoria et al. [19] showed that the heat transfer coefficient of 90° broken longitudinal rib on the absorbent
plate of SAH was investigated in an experimental investigation. For the duct, the rough wall has roughness with a
pitch (p) of (10-30 mm), a rib height of (1.5 mm), and an aspect ratio of 8. The airflow rate is linked to the Reynold
number, which ranges from (3000 to 12000). The thermal efficiency of three rough absorbent plates was compared
to that of smooth plates in an experiment. With an efficiency of 83.5 percent, the chipboard with a roughness grade

050008-5
of 20 mm is the most efficient. Kapil Chaudhri and his colleagues[20] . To provide a hot air jet, the researchers use a
primary air supply flow beneath a coarse duct and transverse wedge-shaped coarse pipettes. This approach is
popular because it distributes cool air to the entire absorbent plate's surface, as well as a roughness element on the
heated absorbent plate, which boosts the heat transfer coefficient significantly. With regard to the changeable
geometry, Re (3000–18000), rib wedge angle (φ) (8°,10°,12° and 15°) relative roughness degree (p/e) 60.171.0264,
also 4.14 when p/e=7.57, = 0.033, and mass flow rate (0.03 kg/sec), the use of the transverse wedge roughness
element to promote heat transport was validated by achieving a maximum energy efficiency of 4.95 %. Prasad and
Saini.[21] looked into the thermal performance of a solar air heater is influenced by the transverse roughness of tiny
diameter wires. It has been discovered that increasing relative roughness causes heat transfer to improve at a slower
rate while friction factor increases at a faster rate. The heat transmission rate and friction factor both decrease as the
degree of relative roughness increases. Over a smooth airway, the biggest improvement in Nusselt number and
friction factor was 2.38 and 4.25 times, respectively.
V-shaped Rib

Momin et al.[22]. In a rectangular channel with an absorbent plate and V-shaped ribs on the bottom, what effect
do the geometric parameters of the V-shaped ribs on the bottom of a solar air heater have on heat transfer and fluid
flow? An absolute constant pitch of 10 results in a flow angle ranging from 30° to 90°, a Reynolds range of 2500 to
18000, and a. The Nusselt number rises as the Reynolds number rises, whereas the friction factor decreases as the
Reynolds number rises. The largest increase in Nusselt number and friction factor was seen when the artificial
roughness was 2.30 and 2.83 times that of a smooth stream, respectively, at a 60° angle of attack. Figure 2 shows
what I mean.
Wedge-shaped Transverse Rib Roughness

J.L. Bhagoria et al. [20] Through studies, the researcher determined the heat transmission and friction
coefficients in a rectangular channel of a single-pass, broad, and rough solar air heater with wedge-shaped transverse
ribs. The high relative roughness was between 0.015 and 0.033, while the rib wedge angle (φ) varied between 8 and
15 °, with a Reynolds number ranging between 3000 and 18,000. If roughness is discovered, it appears in the
literature as a 2.4-fold increase in the Nusselt number and a 5.3-fold increase in the friction factor for the set of
variables evaluated when compared to a smooth channel. This is seen in Fig.3 .

Rid-grooved Roughness

Jaurker et al. [23] From 3000 to 21000, the height of the relative harshness (e/D), the relative roughness (p/e),
and the relative groove position (g/p) were all adjusted between 0.0181-0.0363 by modifying the Reynolds number
from 3000 to 22000. Due to this, there are more Nusselt. Figure 4 shows this clearly.

Arc-shaped Roughness

S.K. Saini et al. [24] It is proved through a practical experiment that artificial roughness in the form of arc
wire as a roughness element can increase in heat transfer coefficient of a SAH fitted with the bottom of the solar
absorbent component. The effect of adding synthetic coarse components on the friction factor was also investigated.
With various factors such as the height of the relative roughness 0.0422 and the arc angle (α/90°) of 0.3333, the
maximum evaluation was obtained while changing the Nusselt number and friction factor with a change in Reynolds
number between 2000 and 17000.show in Fig.5

Roughness of Discrete W-shaped Ribs

Kumar et al. [25] the researcher explained the results of a practical experiment in which he used a separate
roughness in the shape of the letter W under the absorbent plate to improve in the Reynolds number range of 3000 -
15000, the thermal performance of a solar air heater, with the maximum improvement of the Nusselt number and
friction factor reaching 2.16 and 2.75 times, respectively. From the smooth channel that corresponds to a 60° attack
angle show in Fig.6 below
Roughness with many V-ribs
Saini et al. [26] A report was written based on the findings of his investigation, which he gathered through a
practical experiment in which he used under the absorbent plate multiple roughness V-shaped on the thermal
performance of the used solar air heater, where the number of solar air heaters and the friction coefficient improved

050008-6
by 6 and 5 times, respectively, over the smooth channel corresponding to a 60° angle of attack, W/w is 6 and p/e of
8. that showed in below Fig.7

FIGURE 2. V-shape rid roughness [22] FIGURE 3. Transverse Wedge-shaped rib roughness[27]

FIGURE 4. Rib and grooved [23] FIGURE 5. Arc shape roughness [24]

W-shaped Roughness

Lanjwer et al. [28] He performed an experiment on a w-shaped artificial roughness solar air heater with
variable attack angle and Reynolds number parameters and a constant relative roughness of 10, with a constant ratio
of 10, this roughness improved the Nusselt number and coefficient of friction to 2.36 and 2.01, respectively, when
compared to smooth surfaces with a 60-degree angle of attack. That show in below Fig.8 .

Roughness of Broken V-ribs with Staggered Ribs

Patil et al. [29] An experimental examination demonstrates heat transmission and coefficient of friction by
combining two roughness’s on the surface of the absorbent component. The roughness is V-shaped with a gap and
overlapping ribs, with a Nusselt No. 3.18 improvement rate related with relative roughness and Reynolds No. 13140,
and this is the best improvement in thermal performance. That show in below Fig.9 .

Dimple Shape Roughness

Sethi et al. [30] To better understand heat transfer and friction formation for the solar air heater, the researcher
conducted an experiment using artificial roughness with different Reynolds variable values ranging from 3000 to
18000, a parameter relative roughness degree of 10 to 20, a variable relative roughness height of 0.021 to 0.036, and
an arc angle ranging from 45 to 75 °. Figure10 that show shape of roughness.

V-shaped Ribs with Rough Gaps

Kumar et al. [31] For several V-shaped solar air heaters with a gap between them, the researcher wrote a
report on the features of heat transmission and the coefficient of friction in the presence of artificial roughness. The
criteria were explained in the investigation. The relative gap distance changes between (0.24 - 0.8), the relative
roughness rises from (0.022 - 0.043), and the relative roughness step varies between (6 - 12). The variable Reynolds
number extends from 2000 to 20000. When compared to the smooth channel, the best improvement was recorded
for Nusselt Number, which was 6.74, and the coefficient of friction was estimated to be 6.37 times higher. Show in
Fig.11.

050008-7
 Roughness in the Shape of a multi-arc Rib

Singh et al. [32] the effect of using artificial roughness for a solar air heater placed under the absorbent plate
in the form of multiple arcs with variable parameters such as the height of the relative roughness between 0.018 and
0.045, the arc angle between 30 degrees and 75 degrees, and the roughness step Relativity between 4 and 16 found
the best improvement for the Nusselt No. is 5.07 and the coefficient of friction is 3.71 in a practical experiment.
That show in Fig.12.
V-shaped Roughness with Symmetrical Gaps

Maithani et al.[33] The effect of employing the artificial roughness of a solar air heater installed under the
absorbent plate in the form of symmetrical V-shaped ribs was studied in a practical experiment. The relative gap
width, 60° angle of attack, and a relative roughness height of 10 are among the variables. When compared to smooth
ducts, Nusselt No. 3.6 provides the most improvement, with a coefficient of friction of 3.67. that roughness shaped
in Fig.13.
Combined with Staggered Rib Roughness, Multi-gap V-down Ribs

Deo et al.[34] In a practical experiment, the researcher submitted a report on the effect of using the solar air
heater's artificial roughness on the shape of V-shaped fractured ribs and their overlapping ribs. When compared to
the smooth channel, the best improvement in thermal hydraulic performance was 2.45 when various parameters
including relative gap width, 60° attack angle, 12 step relative roughness, 0.044 height relative roughness, and
Reynolds number 12000 were used. Show in Fig.14

Rib Roughness in the Reverse L-shape

Gawande et al. [35] The thermal hydraulic performance was examined by experimental and numerical
analyzed using the artificial roughness of a solar air heater situated in an inverted L-shape beneath the absorbent
plate. With variable parameters such as a 60-degree angle of attack, step relative roughness ranging from 7.14 to
17.68, and Reynolds number varies between 3800 and 18000, it was shown that the optimum improvement in
hydraulic thermal performance is 1.9 when compared to a smooth channel. See Fig.15.

Rib Roughness with Gaps in many Arcs

Pandey et al.[36] Using an artificial roughness of a SAHs positioned under the absorbent plate in the shape of
several arcs with a gap, the researcher demonstrated heat transmission and thermal performance. Angle of attack of
60 degrees, step of relative roughness is (8), height of relative of 0.044, and angle of attack of 60°, were used as
variables. In keeping with these figures, the best improvement for the Nusselt Number is 5.85, with a 4.96-fold
increase in coefficient of friction values compared to the smooth channel. See Fig.16

FIGURE 6. w-shape roughness [25] FIGURE 7. multi-V ribs [26] FIGURE 8. V with gap [28]

050008-8
 FIGURE 9. Staggered and v-ribs [29] FIGURE 10. Dimple shape [30] FIGURE 11. V-shape with gap [31]

Roughness in the Shape of a Broken Arc

Hans et al.[37] Using an artificial roughness of a SAHs positioned under the absorbent plate in the form of
several broken arcs, the researcher provided a practical inquiry on the features of heat transmission and thermal
performance. The arc angle is variable between 15° and 75°, the step relative roughness is 4-12, the relative
roughness height is between (0.02 - 0.04), the width of gap relative is 0.5 to 2.5, and the angle of attack is 60° with
variable parameters. When compared to the smooth channel, the best improvement in the Nusselt number is 2.44
and in the coefficient of friction values is 2.63 times. See Fig.17.

Staggered Rib Component with a Broken Arc Rib

Gill et al. [38] On the solar air heater, a broken arc was used to investigate the qualities of heat transmission and
the coefficient of friction, as well as to create artificial roughness. Depending on the Reynolds number and the rib
relative size, there are various variables to take into account. There is a 3.06 increase in Nusselt number and 2.5
times increase in coefficient of friction values when compared to a smooth channel. Figure 18 depicts this.

FIGURE 12. Multi arc shape [32] FIGURE 13. Symmetrical V-shape with gap [33]

FIGURE 14. Multi gap with V-shaped with staggered rib [34] FIGURE 15. L-shaped rib[35]

S-shaped Arched Ribs

Kumar et al. [39] The researcher presented a study on heat transmission characteristics and coefficient of friction
utilizing artificial roughness in several broken arcs with a piece between them on a SAHs. With changeable
parameters, the arc angle can range from 15 to 75 degrees, the step relative roughness can range from 4 to 12, the
relative roughness height can range from 0.022 to 0.054, and the angle of attack can range (30 - 75°). The optimum
optimization for the Nusselt number at an arc angle of 60 °, (Dh/e) of 0.043, and (p/e) of 3 was discovered to be the
best improvement for the Nusselt Number. See Fig.19.

050008-9
 Dimpled Obstacles with Multiple Types of V-patterns

Kumar et al.[40] the effect of adding artificial roughness to a SAH in the form of several V-shaped velvet-type
impediments on heat transfer characteristics and friction factor was investigated in a practical experiment. It used a
55-degree angle of attack with varying settings, which resulted in a substantial improvement in the Nelson Number
compared to the naked obstacles, as well as a 3.26 improvement in hydraulic-thermal performance.

Ribs with a Hyperbolic Shape

Thakur et al.[41] The researcher used a practical CFD to conduct a theoretical examination into the hydraulic-
thermal performance of a SAHs by adding artificial roughness to different types of V-shaped barriers, with the W-
shaped being in the form of a three-dimensional simulation. Reynolds No. 6000, pitch of 10 and angle α of 60°are
some of the variables. The best optimization for the Nusselt number was discovered, followed by the best
improvement for the Nusselt number. Shoe in Fig.20 .

FIGURE 16. multi arc with gaps [36] FIGURE 17. broken arc roughness [37]

FIGURE 18. broken arc with piece [38] FIGURE 19. Arc ‘S’ shape[39]

FIGURE 20. Hyperbolic ribs [41]

050008-10
 TABLE 1. Different geometric with parameters and optimal enhancement

S.N Author(s)/ Shape of Parameters' Enhancement

Period
O Year Roughness Range
Transverse =0.01–0.03 With a Reynolds roughness of 24, a
wire ribs Transverse wire =10–40 solar air heater's optimal hydraulic
1 Verma et al. 2000 ribs =5000–20000 performance was determined to be
[42] 71%.

e=1.5mm Thermal efficiency was determined to

90°Transverse P=10–30mm be 83.5 % with varying artificial
2 Sahu et al. [43] 2005
broken wire ribs W/H=8 roughness.
Re =3000–12000
=0.030 Researchers discovered that the best
Inclined Ribs
Inclined and =3–8 thermal performance could be achieved
3 Varun et 2008
Transverse ribs α=60° with a relative roughness
al.[44]
=2000–14000 of 8.
=0.037 For a relative gap width of 1.0 and a
=10 relative gap position of 0.25, the
α =60°–90° Nusselt number and friction factor rise
Aharwal et Inclined with gap W/H=5.84 by 2.59 and 2.87, respectively.
4 2008 ribs
al.[45] =0.5–2
=0.1667–
0.667
= –
=0.021– With a α/90° of 0.33 and e/D of 0.04,
Arc Shape ribs Arc Shape ribs 0.042 the Nusselt number increases by 3.80
=10 and the friction factor by 1.75.
5 2008
Saini and W/H=12
Saini[46] α /90=0.33–0.66
Re=2000–17000
Broken Arc =0.022– Arc angle of 30°, e/D of 0.043, relative
Shape ribs 0.043 roughness step multiplied by 2.63, and
=4–12 friction factor of 2.44 produce the
6 Gill et al[47] 2017 α=15°–75° greatest improvement in the Nusselt
=0.5–2.5 number.
=0.2–0.8
=2000–16000
= 0.043 Thermal hydraulic performance has
= 10 been enhanced to 1.94 with a 2.37
Broken Arc α/90° = 0.33 Nusselt number, a 2.55 frictional factor
Shaped = 1–6 and a 2.55.
7 Gill et al.[48] 2017
combined with p’/p = 0.4
staggered ribs w’/w = 0.65
=1
= 2000–16000
= 0.018– The and Nu both rise to a maximum
0.044 of 4.96. At a Reynolds number (Re) of
= 4–16 21000, Nu is fully optimized. Relative
Multiple Arc = 11 height of 0.044 mm and a relative
Multiple arc Shape α = 30°–75° roughness step of 8.
Shape ribs ribs with gap W/w = 1–7
8 2016 g/e = 0.5–2
Pandey et d/w = 0.25–0.85
al[49] = 2200–12300

050008-11
S.N Author(s)/ Shape of Parameters' Enhancement
Period
O Year Roughness Range
= 0.018– Re 223008 e/D characteristics have a
0.045 maximum thermal hydraulic
Multiple Arc = 4–16 performance of 3.4, a p/e ratio of
Shape ribs = 11 0.045, and an attack angle of 60 °.
9 Singh et al.[50] 2014
α/90° = 30°–60°
W/w = 1–7
= 2200–12300

= 0.022– The Nusselt number and friction factor

0.054 work best when the relative arc angle is
S- Shape ribs
S-Shape ribs = 4–16 0.667 and the relative roughness height
10 2017 α = 30°–70 ° is 0.043.
Kumar et
W/w = 1–4
al[51]
= 2400–20000

= 0.02– Transfer of heat The Nu , and thermal

V-shaped ribs
0.034 = 10 performance all increase when the
11 2002 V-shaped ribs α= 30°–90° angle of attack is 60 degrees and the
Momin et
= 2500–18000 relative roughness height is 0.33.
al.[22]
= 0.019– With a 60° angle of attack and a
0.043 relative roughness width of 10, the
Multi V-shape
Multi V-shape = 6–12 Nusselt Number and thermal
ribs
12 2010 ribs α = 30°–75° performance improve when many v-
W/w = 1–10 ribs are employed. Each parameter
Hans et al.[52]
= 2000–20000 leads to an improvement in the
efficiency of heat transmission.
= 0.022– The friction factor increases at a 60°
0.043 angle of attack and a relative roughness
= 6–12 width of 10.
Kumar et Multiple V- α = 30°–75°
13 2013
al.[53] shapes with Gap = 0.5–1.5
ribs W/w = 1–10
= 2000–20000

= 0.015– Thermal performance, Nusselt number,

0.043 and friction factor improve with each
Discrete V-
Discrete V-Down P/e = 4–12 level of relative roughness. In a change
Down
14 2011 shape ribs α = 30°–75° in the Reynolds number,
g/e = 0.5–2
Singh et al[54]
= 0.2–0.8
= 3000–12000
= 0.043 According to the relative position of
Discrete V-Down = 10 the gap, the thermal performance
combined α= 60° increase ranges from 1.48 to 2.10, and
15 Patil et al.[55] 2012
with staggered = 0.20–0.80 the Nusselt number variation ranges
ribs = 0.20–0.80 from 1.89 to 2.85. (0.6).
= 1–2.5
= 0.043 Using changeable parameters (angle of
Discrete V-
= 6–12 attack, gap of relative roughness, and
Down with
V-down with α = 30°–75° relative roughness height) and a
multiple
multiple Ng= 1–5 maximum Nusselt number of 165.3, we
symmetrical
16 2015 Symmetrical gap = 1–5 achieved maximum optimization of
gap
ribs = 4000–18000 thermal hydraulic performance at 2.91.
Maithani and
Saini[56]

050008-12
S.N Author(s)/ Shape of Parameters' Enhancement
Period
O Year Roughness Range

= 0.026– Nusselt number and thermal hydraulic

0.057 performance of 3.34 and 2.45 may be
Multi-gap V- = 4–14 maximized utilizing different criteria,
down combined α = 40°–80° such as relative humidity of 0.044 and
17 Deo et al.[57] 2016
with staggered =1 60° angle-of-attack.
ribs = 4.5
= 4000–12000

= 0.018– A w-shape improves thermal hydraulic

0.033 performance by 1.90, and the Nusselt
W-shape ribs
W-shape ribs = 10 number increases with the Reynolds
18 2011 α = 30°–75° number.
Lanjewar et
=8
al.[58]
= 2300–14000

= 0.0168– When the discrete w-shape is applied,

0.0338 the Nusselt number rises.
Discrete W-
Discrete W-shape = 10
shape ribs
19 2009 ribs α = 30°–75°
Kumar et
=8
al.[59]
= 3000–15000

Three-sided = 0.0092– Design, roughness and flow

Three-sided
Transverse 0.0279 characteristics all contribute to the
Transverse
20 2014 wire rib = 10–40 thermo-hydraulic performance of these
wire ribs
roughness = 2959–12631 solar air heaters.
Prasad et al[60]
= 0.02 In the c-shape configuration, which has
Double Flow
Multiple C- = 8–40 a relative roughness of 24, the number
SAH
shaped ribs α = 30°–90° of Nusselt grows by 415.
21 2017
= 3000–15000
Gabhane and
= 10
Patil[61]
= 0.043 Artificial roughness on the absorber
Double Pass Discrete multi-V- = 10 plate surfaces improves the thermal
SAH shaped α = 60° and hydraulic performance of the
22 2018
and staggered rib = 2000–20000 DPSAH channel.
Ravi et al. [62] = 12

= 0.022– Relative roughness rises by 0.004 and

0.044 angle of attack rises by 60 degrees
Continuous V- = 5–20 when Nusselt number and friction
Sharma et
23 2017 shaped ribs = 30°– 75° factor increase.
al.[63]
= 4900–12000
= 10

= 0.021– Nusselt number is discovered when the

0.036 relative roughness is 0.036, the degree
Dimple shaped = 10–20, of relative roughness is 10, and the arc
elements = 45°–75° angle is 60 °.
24 Sethi et al.[64] 2012 = 3600 to
18000
= 11

050008-13
 S.N Author(s)/ Shape of Parameters' Enhancement
Period
O Year Roughness Range

= 0.042 Reducing the Reynolds number to

inverted-T = 7.14 - 17.86 3800 and increasing the relative
Mahanand et shaped ribs = 3800 - 18000 roughness step from 7.14 to 1.89
25 2020
al.[65] results in improved thermal
performance, a lower Nusselt number,
and a lower friction factor.
= 0.0108- Using the grooves in the absorbent
0.0217 plate improves thermal performance by
multiple V- = 10-20 up to 69 %.
Promvonge et shaped ribs = 45°-60°
26 2021
al. [66] = 7000 to
30000
= 12

= 0.0108- β = 45°, the TEF was 2.47, with Nu

V-ribs with 0.05 and f increasing by 6.52 and 38.52,
punched holes = 10-20 respectively, over the smooth channel
Promvonge et
27 2019 and chamfered = 45°,0°, -45° alone.
al. [67]
V-grooves = 5300 to
23000

= Roughness improves thermal

0.4,0.48,0.56 efficiency by a factor of 2.17 compared
Punched winglets = 10-20 to a smooth channel.
Pongjet et al.
28 2019 = 30°
[68]
= 4100 to
25500

= 0.8 With a Reynolds number of 11,382 and

Delta-shaped = 3-5 a roughness height of 6, the heat
M.T. Baissi et vortex generators performance rating is 2.26.
29 2020
al [69] = 2500 to
12,000

DISCUSSION
Renewable energy applications are expected to grow and expand rapidly in the near future, necessitating the
creation of a heat exchanger that is more efficient. The laminar sub-layer near the absorbent surface is interrupted by
artificial rib roughening, which is extensively utilized to increase heat transmission. They have used a number of
roughness components in their investigation. Several different roughness geometries for solar air heaters have been
studied so far (Table 1). Starting with the most basic transverse ribs, I gradually added more complex forms such as
diagonal ribs, V ribs, and even arc ribs. The arc-shaped ribs had a lower friction penalty than the others. Expanded
metal mesh, broken transverse ribs, gaps in the middle of the mesh, and velvet-shaped components are all included.
Increasing thermal performance and Nusselt number were shown and reported in each study. Creating rib gaps on a
continuous ribbed surface improved performance. In addition, numerous ribs, such as those found in v multiple ribs
and multiple arch ribs, greatly enhanced the heat transfer coefficient. Future research in this field may benefit from
the ability to focus on specific areas of the solar air heater.

050008-14
 CONCLUSION

A review of the many types of artificial roughness of various geometries in solar air heaters was offered in this
research. The influence of roughness coefficients and their order on heat transport, friction factor, and characteristics
has been investigated.
For each roughness geometry, a study of numerous geometric parameters is conducted, with the benefits of heat
transmission being explained in terms of Nusselt number (Nu) and the disadvantages of pressure drop being
explained in terms of coefficient of friction ( ) values.
The following summary is based on the comparison made in this study.
 Adding artificial roughness to the channel's surface promotes heat transfer to the fluid passing through it.
Under the same conditions, a synthetic coarse solar air heater outperforms a smooth solar air heater in terms
of heat transfer rate.
 Small diameter wire placed on the absorbent plate one of the benefits of artificial roughness is that it
improves heat transport and thermo-hydraulic performance.
 multi-rib configurations, such as the multi- and multi-arc, have increased thermo-hydraulic performance.
 Because the secondary flow is greater, inclined ribs have superior thermal hydraulic performance than
transverse ribs.
 SAHs with a single pass with rib roughness have gotten the most attention, although dual-pass and dual-pass
SAHs with continuous rib roughness are also being studied.
 The majority of investments are made with a single rib roughness geometry. Combining multiple roughness
geometries opens up a lot of possibilities for research.
 The thermo-hydraulic performance ( ) of a roughened duct is significantly improved by a gap in
continuous rib on the order of rib height.
 The thermohydraulic performance of inclined ribs SAH is better than transverse ribs due to creation of
secondary flow. The V-shape ribs further improve the thermo-hydraulic performance due to a greater
number of secondary flow cells. The arrangement of ribs in multiples, such as multiple V, multiple arcs,
further enhances the thermohydraulic performance.
 At the V-shaped ribs, the largest increase in Nusselt number and friction factor was seen when the artificial
roughness was 2.30 and 2.83 times that of a smooth stream, respectively, at a 60° angle of attack.
 The largest increase in heat transfer and pumping power was 6.74 and 6.37 times for multiple V-ribs with
gaps, respectively, followed by 6 and 5 times for multiple V-ribs.
 The Nusselt number and friction factor improved the most at the roughness of discrete W-shaped ribs,
reaching 2.16 and 2.75 times, respectively. From the smooth channel with a 60-degree attack angle.

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