Vector and Calculus

LOCATION OF A POINT IN SPACE FRAME OF REFERENCE

Positions in space are designated relative to A frame of reference is another name for the particular
coordinate systems. The Cartesian coordinate coordinate system with respect to which we are making
system is a particularly convenient coordinate system observations of physical phenomena.
in which positions are designated by distances (x, y, z)
along three perpendicular axes that intersect at a point SCALAR & VECTOR
called the origin. (i) Scalar :
y A scalar quantity requires only a number for its
complete description. Mass, volume, density, pressure
and temperature are all examples of scalar quantities.
P(x, y) The mathematics of scalar quantities is the ordinary
y algebra of numbers.

x x (ii) Vector : Vector quantities require both magnitude

O
and direction for its complete description. Velocity,
A two-dimensional Cartesian acceleration, force and momentum are examples of
coordinate system vector quantities.
Types of vector.
y  
(i) Equal vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be
equal when they have equal magnitudes and same
direction.
 
P(x, y, z) (ii) Parallel vector : Two vectors A and B are said to
y
be parallel when
(a) Both have same direction.
x
x (b) One vector is scalar (positive) non-zero multiple
O of another vector.
z
 
A three-dimensional Cartesian (iii) Anti-parallel vectors : Two vectors A and B are
z said to be anti-parallel when
coordinate system
(a) Both have opposite direction.
In a polar coordinate system positions in a plane are (b) One vector is scalar non-zero negative multiple
designated by a length r from the origin, and an angle of another vector.
 usually measured from the positive x - axis. From
simple trigonometry we see that the relationships (iv) Collinear vectors : When the vectors under
between the polar coordinates and the Cartesian
consideration can share the same support or have a
coordinates are
x = r cos  common support then the considered vectors are
y = r sin  collinear.

y
(v) Zero vector 0 : A vector having zero magnitude
and arbitrary direction (not known to us) is a zero
vector.
P(x, y)
(vi) Unit vector : A vector divided by its magnitude is a
y = r sin r 
 unit vector. Unit vector for A is  (read as A cap / A
x 
O x = r cos  A 
hat). Since, Â   A  AÂ .
A
Relationship between polar and Cartesian coordinates
Thus, we can say that unit vector gives us the direction.
 (i) Magnitude of resultant vector
(vii) Orthogonal unit vectors : î , ˆj and k̂ are called
orthogonal unit vectors. These vectors must form a AN
In  ABN , cos    AN  B cos 
Right Handed Triad (It is a coordinate system such B
that when we Curl the fingers of right hand from x to
BN
y then we must get the direction of z along thumb). sin    BN  B sin 
B
y
In OBN, we have OB2  ON 2  BN 2

 R 2  ( A  B cos ) 2  ( B sin ) 2

x B

R
B B sin
z
Then  
O A A N
B cos
x
î  , ˆj  y , k̂  z
x y z  R 2  A 2  B2 cos 2   2AB cos   B2 sin 2 

 x  xî , y  yĵ , z  zk̂

 R 2  A 2  B 2 (cos 2   sin 2 )  2 AB cos 
(viii) Axial Vectors : These represent rotational effects and
 R 2  A 2  B2  2AB cos 
are always along the axis of rotation in accordance
with right hand screw rule. Angular velocity, torque  R  A 2  B2  2AB cos 
and angular momentum, etc., are example of physical
quantities of this type.
(ii) Direction of resultant vectors : If  is angle
Axial vector Axis of rotation
 
between A and B then

| A  B |  A 2  B 2  2AB cos 
Anticlock wise rotation Clock wise rotation

Axis of rotation Axial vector If R makes an angle  with A, then in OBN,

BN BN
(xi) Coplanar vector : Three (or more) vectors are called tan   
coplanar vector if they lie in the same plane. Two (free) ON OA  AN
vectors are always coplanar.
B sin 
tan  
A  B cos 
TRIANGLE LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION OF
TWO VECTORS:
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION OF
If two non zero vectors are represented by the two
sides of a triangle taken in same order then the resultant TWO VECTORS :
is given by the closing side of triangle in opposite If two non zero vector are represented by the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the resultant is
order. i.e. R  A  B OB  OA  AB given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing
through the point of intersection of the two vectors.
B
(i) Magnitude
  Since, R 2  ON 2  CN 2

 R 2  (OA  AN) 2  CN 2
O A
 R 2  A 2  B2  2AB cos 
 SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS :
B C
Since A  B  A  (B)
 
B sin
and | A  B |  A 2  B2  2AB cos 


   | A  B |  A 2  B2  2AB cos (180o  )
O A N Since, cos (180  )   cos 
B cos

 
 R  | R |  | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2AB cos 

Special cases : R = A + B when  = 0°

 1
R = A – B when  = 180° 2
R  A 2  B2 when  = 90° 
180 – 

(ii) Direction

CN B sin 
tan      
ON A  B cos 

 | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 
POLYGON LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION :
B sin 
If a number of non zero vectors are represented by tan 1 
A  B cos 
the (n – 1) sides of an n-sided polygon then the
resultant is given by the closing side or the nth side of B sin (180  )
and tan  2 
the polygon taken in opposite order. So, A  B cos (180  )
But sin(180  )  sin 
and cos(180  )   cos 
D C B sin 
 tan  2 

 A  B cos 

E B SOLVED EXAMPLE

  Example-1
There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and other of
O  A 12 N at what angle the two vectors be added to get
resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N and 13 N respectively
(1) 0°, 180° and 90°
(2) 0°, 90° and 180°
R  A BCDE (3) 0°, 90° and 90°
(4) 180°, 0° and 90°
OA  AB  BC  CD  DE  OE Ans. (1)
Sol. For 17 N both the vector should be parallel i.e. angle
NOTE: Resultant of two unequal vectors can not be zero. between them should be zero for 7 N both the vectors
Resultant of three co-planar vectors may or may not should be antiparallel i.e. angle between them should
be zero be 180° for 13 N both the vectors should be
Resultant of three non co- planar vectors can not be perpendicular to each other i.e. angle between them
zero. should be 90°.
Example-2 Example-4
The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at a
Given that A  B  C = 0 out of three vectors two are
point is 18 and the magnitude of their resultant is 12. If
equal in magnitude and the magnitude of third vector
the resultant is at 90° with the force of smaller
is 2 times that of either of the two having equal magnitude, what are the, magnitudes of forces
magnitude. Then the angles between vectors are given (1) 12, 5 (2) 14, 4 (3) 5, 13
by (4) 10, 8
(1) 30°, 60°, 90° (2) 45°, 45°, 90° Ans. (3)
(3) 45°, 60°, 90° (4) 90°, 135°, 135° Sol. Let P be the smaller force and Q be the greater force
Ans. (4) then according to problem -
Sol. From polygon law, three vectors having summation P + Q = 18 ......(i)
zero should form a closed polygon. (Triangle) since
the two vectors are having same magnitude and the R  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos   12 .......(ii)

third vector is 2 times that of either of two having Q sin 

tan    tan 90  
equal magnitude. i.e. the triangle should be right angled P  Q cos 
triangle
 P  Q cos  0 .......(iii)
 By solving (i), (ii) and (iii)
we will get P = 5 and Q = 13.
C B
Example-5
 Two vectors of 10 units & 5 units make an angle of 120°
 A with each other. Find the magnitude & angle of result-
ant with vector of 10 unit magnitude.
Angle between A and B,  = 90º
 
Angle between B and C, = 135º Sol. | a  b | a 2  b2  2abcos   100  25  2  10  5(–1 / 2)
Angle between A and C,  = 135º
=5 3
Example-3
If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then 5sin120 5 3 5 3 1
magnitude of difference is tan     
10  5cos120 20 – 5 5  3 3
(1) 2 (2) 3
  = 30°
(3) 1 / 2 (4) 5 [Here shows what is angle between both vectors =
Ans. (2) 120° and not 60°]
Sol. Let n̂1 and n̂ 2 are the two unit vectors, then the sum    
NOTE : A – B or B – A can also be found by making tri-
is angles as shown in figure. (a) and (b)
n s  n̂1  n̂ 2 or n s2  n12  n 22  2n1n 2 cos     
B B B –A
 1  1  2 cos  

Since it is given that ns is also a unit vector, therefore A–B
1  1  1  2 cos  Or

1 A 
or cos    or   120 (a) (b) A
2

Now the difference vector is n d  n̂1  n̂ 2 or
Example-6
n d2  n12  n 22  2n1n 2 cos   1  1  2 cos(120) Two vectors of equal magnitude 2 are at an angle of 60°
to each other find magnitude of their sum & difference.
 n d2  2  2(1 / 2)  2  1  3  n d  3
   Subtraction : S=
Sol. | a  b | 2 2  2 2  2  2  2 cos 60   444  2 3 A 2  B2 – 2ABcos 
= 16  9 – 2  4  3cos 60 = 13 units
 Bsin 
b and tan  =
A – Bcos 
60°
 3sin 60
a = = 1.04
4 – 3cos 60

    = tan–1 (1.04) = 46.1°

| a  b | 22  22  2  2  2 cos120  4  4  4  2
  
 Thus, A– B is 13 units at 46.1° from A in the di-
b
60° a rection shown in figure.

 120°
–b UNIT VECTOR AND ZERO VECTOR
Unit vector is a vector which has a unit magnitude and

points in a particular direction. Any vector (A) can

ˆ in that
be written as the product of unit vector (A)
Example-7
    direction and magnitude of the given vector.
Find A  B and A  B in the diagram shown in fig-

ure. Given A = 4 units and B = 3 units. AA A ˆ
 
B A
or  
A
A unit vector has no dimensions and unit. Unit vectors
  60 along the positive x-, y-and z-axes of a rectangular

A coordinate system are denoted by ˆi, ˆj and k̂
Sol. Addition :
respectively such that | ˆi | = | ˆj | = | kˆ | = 1.
R= A2  B2  2ABcos  y
= 16  9  2  4  3cos60 = 37 units
ˆj
Bsin  3sin 60 î x
tan  = = = 0.472
A  Bcos  4  3cos 60  k̂
  = tan–1(0.472) = 25.3°
z
 
Thus, resultant of A and B is A vector of zero magnitude is called a zero or a
37 units at angle
null vector. Its direction is arbitrary.

25.3° from A in the direction shown in figure.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
 
 A
Example-8

–B A unit vector along East is defined as î . A force of 105
dynes acts west wards. Represent the force in terms of
  
î .
S  A– B

Sol. F  105 ˆi dynes
RESOLUTION OF VECTORS Resolution in two Dimension
  
If a and b be any two non-zero vectors in a plane with Consider a vector A that lies in xy plane as shown in
 figure,
different directions and A be another vector in the
   
same plane. A can be expressed as a sum of two A  A1  A 2
   
vectors-one obtained by multiplying a by a real A1  Ax ˆi, A2  A y ˆj  A  Ax ˆi  Ay ˆj

number and the other obtained by multiplying b by The quantities Ax and Ay are called x-and y-components
another real number. 
of the vector A .


y

b A 

A 2  A y ĵ 

b Ay = A sin  A

  
a a x

A1  A x î
   A x  A cos 
A  a  b (where  and  are real numbers)

We say that A has been resolved into two component Ax is itself not a vector but A x ˆi is a vector and so it
vectors namely
   Ay ˆj . Ax = A cos  and Ay = A sin 
A  a  b (where  and  are real number)
 It's clear from above equation that a component of a
We say that A has been resolved into two component
vector can be positive, negative or zero depending on
vectors namely 
the value of . A vector A can be specified in a plane
 
a and b by two ways :

   
(a) its magnitude A and the direction  it makes with
 a and  b along a and b respectively. Hence the x-axis; or
(b) its components Ax and Ay
one can resolve a given vector into two component
vectors along a set of two vectors – all the three lie in –1
Ay
A = A2x  A2y ,  = tan
the same plane. Ax

Resolution along rectangular component : NOTE : If A = Ax  Ay = 0 and if A = Ay  Ax = 0 i.e.,

It is convenient to resolve a general vector along axes components of a vector perpendicular to itself is
of a rectangular coordinate system using vectors of always zero. The rectangular components of each
  
unit magnitude, which we call as unit vectors. ˆi, ˆj, kˆ vector and those of the sum C  A  B are shown in
are unit along x, y and z-axis as shown in figure below : figure.

y
y Bx
Ax By

ĵ  B
Ay A  Cy
C
O x
î Cx
k̂
z x
(a)
 We saw that y Sol. Component perpendicular to the plane
  
C  A  B is equivalent to both Ry
Ry
R
Cx = Ax + Bx 
and Cy = Ay + By 
 W||
Refer figure (b) O
x
Rx
(b)
30° W

Vector R has been resolved in two axes x and y not
W=10 N
perpendicular to each other. Applying sine law in the 30°
triangle shown, we have

R R Ry W  W cos 30 
 x 
sin[180  – (  )] sin  sin 
3
= (10) =5 3N Ans.
2
R sin  R sin  and component parallel to the plane
or Rx = and Ry =
sin(  ) sin(  )
1
If  +  = 90°, Rx = R sin  and Ry = R sin  W|| =W sin 30° = (10)   = 5 N
2
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example-11
Example-9 Resolve horizontally and vertically a force F = 8 N
Resolve the vector A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj along an which makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal.

perpendicular to the line which make angle 60° with Sol. Horizontal component of 
F is
x-axis.
 1 
FH = F cos 45° = (8)   = 4 2 N
 2

y
Aycos30°
and vertical component of 
F is
Ay
line

Axcos60°  1 
Aysin30° 30° Fv = F sin 45° = (8)   = 4 2 N Ans.
60°  2
Sol. Ax x

Axsin60°
PROCEDURE TO SOLVE THE VECTOR EQUATION
  
A  BC ...(1)
y (Aycos30° + Axcos60°) (a) There are 6 variables in this equation which are
following :

x (1) Magnitude of A and its direction
 
(Axsin60° – Aysin30°) (2) Magnitude of B and its direction

(3) Magnitude of C and its direction.
so the component along line = |Aycos30° + Axcos60°|
(b) We can solve this equation if we know the value of 4
and perpendicular to line = |Axsin60° – Aysin30°|
variables
Example-10 [Note : two of them must be directions]
Resolve a weight of 10 N in two directions which are (c) If we know the two direction of any two vectors then
parallel and perpendicular to a slope inclined at 30° we will put them on the same side and other on the
to the horizontal. different side.
For example 
    – A  – A x i  – A y j
If we know the directions of A and B and C 's direction 
C
is unknown then we make equation as follows:- y'
   
CA–B 53° B
37°
(d) Then we make vector diagram according to the equation x
x'
and resolve the vectors to know the unknown values.
y
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Ax = –(Bcos 37° + Ccos 53°)
Example-12 Ay = –(B sin 37° + C cos 53°)
Find the net displacement of a particle from its starting 
point if it undergoes two sucessive displacement given | A |2  A x 2  A y 2
 
by S1  20m , 37° North of West, S2  50m , 53° 2 2
 4 3  3 4
North of East A =  B  C   B  C 
2
 5 5  5 5
2 2
N S  4B   3B 
S1 10 =   3  
2  4
S1 20
50
N y
 5   5 

37° 53° x' x
W E W = 16 2 9 2  3 4 4  3 
Sol. E
 100 = B  B  25  2   B
S S y' 25 25  5 5 

   48
 B  B – 75  0
2
S  S1  S 2
5
Sx = S1 x + S2 x B = 5 (magnitude can not be negative)
Sy = S1 y + S2 y
& Angle made by A
= – 20 cos 37° + 50 cos 53°
= 20 sin 37° + 50 sin 53° 20
 Ax = –( + 3) = –12
5
= 14
= 52
15
Ay = –( + 4) = –7
S  S S 2
x
2
y = (14)  (52)  53.85
2 2 5

Angle from west - east axis (x- axis) Ay –7

tan  = 
Sy 52 26 Ax –12
tan =  
Sx 14 7
 = 180° + 25° = 205°
 26 
 = tan–1  
 7  Example-14
Find the magnitude of F1 and F2. If F1, F2 make angle
Example-13 30° and 45° with F3 and magnitude of F3 is 10 N. (given
     
Find magnitude of B and direction of A . If B makes F1  F2 = F3 )
 
angle 37° and C makes 53° with x axis and A has 
 Sol. | F3 | F1 cos 30  F2 cos 45
magnitude equal to 10 and C has 5. (given
   & F2 sin 45°
A BC  0)
= F1 sin 30°
  
Sol. –A  C  B
 3F1 F2 F2 F1
 10 =  , 
A  A x ˆi  A y ˆj 2 2 2 2
 i.e., if the scalar product of two nonzero vectors vanishes
F3
if the vectors are orthogonal.
F1
F2 (vii) The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as
45° 30° self dot product and is given by

(A) 2  A . A  AA cos   A 2

20 20 2
i.e., A  A.A
 F1 = & F2 =
3 1 3 1 (viii) In case of unit vector n̂
n̂ . n̂  11 cos 0  1
SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS :
Definition : The scalar product (or dot product) of so n̂ . n̂  î . î  ˆj. ˆj  k̂ . k̂  1
two vectors is defined as the product of the magnitude
of two vectors with cosine of angle between them.
(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors î , ˆj and

Thus if there are two vectors A and B having angle k̂, î . ˆj  ˆj. k̂  k̂ . î  1 1 cos 90  0
 between them, then their scalar product written as (x) In terms of components
A . B is defined as A . B  AB cos  A . B  (iA x  jA y  kA z ) . (iB x  jB y  kBz )

Properties :  [A x B x  A y B y  A Z B z ]
(i) It is always a scalar which is positive if angle between
the vectors is acute (i.e., < 90°) and negative if angle Application :
between them is obtuse (i.e. 90°<  < 180°). (i) Work W : In physics for constant force work is
defined as,
W = F. s  Fs cos 
i.e. work is the scalar product of force with

displacement.
(ii) Power P :

dW ds
As W  F . s or  F.
dt dt
(ii) It is commutative, i.e. A . B  B . A
[As F is constant]
(iii) It is distributive, i.e. A . (B  C)  A . B  A . C
or P  F . v i.e., power is the scalar product of force

(iv) As by definition A . B  AB cos   dW ds  
with velocity.  As  P and  v 
 dt dt 
A.B
The angle between the vectors   cos 1  
 AB  SOLVED EXAMPLE
(v) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when
Example-15
cos   max  1, i.e.   0o , i.e., vectors are
A  2î  4 ĵ  4k̂ and B  4î  2 ĵ  4k̂ are two
parallel ( A . B) max  AB vectors. The angle between them will be
(1) 0° (2) 45°
(vi) Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when (3) 60° (4) 90°
Ans. (4)
| cos  |  min  0, i.e.   90o
.B a1b1  a 2 b 2  a 3b 3
(A . B) min  0 Sol. cos   
|  | .| B | |  |.| B |
 through a distance 10 meter in a direction making an
2 4  4 2  4 4 angle of 60° with the force. The work done by the
 0
| A | .| B | force be
(1) 200 J (2) 100 J
   cos 1 (0)    90 (3) 300 (4) 250 J
Ans. (4)
Sol. W  F .S  FS cos 
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1
 50  10  cos 60  50  10   250 J.
Example-16 2
In above example if vectors are perpendicular to each
other then value of  be Example-19
(1) 25 (2) 26
(3) – 26 (4) – 25 A particle moves from position 3î  2ˆj  6k̂ to
Ans. (2) 14î  13ˆj  9k̂ due to a uniform force of
Sol. If A and B are perpendicular to each other then 4î  ĵ  3k̂ N. If the displacement in meters then work
A . B  0  a1b1  a 2 b 2  a 3b 3  0 done will be
(1) 100 J (2) 200 J
So, 2(4)  3(6)  (1)( )  0    26 (3) 300 J (4) 250 J
Ans. (1)
Example-17
Sol. S  r2  r1
If   2î  3 ĵ  k̂ and B  î  3 ĵ  4k̂ then

projection of A on B will be W  F .S  ( 4î  ˆj  3k̂ ) . (11î  11ĵ  15k̂ )

3 3  (4  11  1  11  3  15)  100 J.
(1) (2)
13 26
VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTOR :
3 3
(3) (4) Definition :
26 13
The vector product or cross product of two vectors is
Ans. (2) defined as a vector having a magnitude equal to the
product of the magnitudes of two vectors with the sine
Sol. |  |  22  32  (1) 2  4  9  1  14
of angle between them, and direction perpendicular
to the plane containing the two vectors in accordance
| B |  (1) 2  32  42  1  9  16  26
with right hand screw rule.

A C  AB
 
Thus, if A & B are two vectors, then their vector

 product written as A  B is a vector C defined by


 B
|A|cos
C  A  B  AB sin  n̂

A . B  2 ( 1)  3  3  ( 1) (4)  3

 
A. B 3
The projection of A on B   
| B| 26

Example-18
A body, acted upon by a force of 50 N is displaced
 The direction of A  B i.e. C is perpendicular to the minimum when | sin  |  minimum = 0, i.e.,   0o
plane containing vectors A and B and in the sense of or 180o
advance of a right handed screw rotated from A (first
[A  B]min  0
vector) to B (second vector) through the smaller angle
i.e. if the vector product of two non-zero vectors
between them. Thus, if a right handed screw whose
vanishes, the vectors are collinear.
axis is perpendicular to the plane framed by A and B (vii) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by
itself vanishes, i.e., null vector
is rotated from A to B through the smaller angle
between them, then the direction of advancement of A  A  AA sin 0o n̂  0
the screw gives the direction of A  B i.e. C . (viii) In case of unit vector n̂  n̂  0
Properties :
so that î  î  ĵ  ĵ  k̂  k̂  0
(i) Vector product of any two vectors is always a vector
perpendicular to the plane containing these two
(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors, î , ˆj, k̂ in
vectors, i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors A and
accordance with right hand screw rule :
B, though the vectors A and B may or may not be
orthogonal.
(ii) Vector product of two vectors is not commutative, i.e.,

A  B  B  A [but   B A]
Here it is worthy to note that

| A  B || B  A | AB sin 
î  ˆj  k̂ ,
i.e., in case of vector A  B and B A magnitudes ˆj  k̂  î
are equal but directions are opposite.
(iii) The vector product is distributive when the order of and k̂  î  ĵ
the vectors is strictly maintained, i.e.
And as cross product is not commutative,
A  ( B  C)  A  B  A  C
ˆj  î  k̂
(iv) As by definition of vector product of two vectors
k̂  ˆj   î
A  B  AB sin  n̂
and î  k̂   ĵ
So | A  B | AB sin  i.e.
(x) In terms of components
| AB| 
  sin 1   î
A  B  Ax
ˆj
Ay
k̂
A z  î (A y Bz  A z B y )  ˆj(A z B x  A x B z )  k̂ (A x B y  A y B x )
 | A | | B |  Bx By Bz

(v) The vector product of two vectors will be maximum Application :

when sin   max  1, i.e.,   90 o Since vector product of two vectors is a vector, some
of the vector physical quantities (particularly
[A  B]max  AB n̂ representing rotational effects) like torque, angular
momentum, velocity and force on a moving charge in
i.e., vector product is maximum if the vectors are a magnetic field can be expressed as the vector product
orthogonal. of two vectors. It is well - established in physics that:
(vi) The vector product of two non- zero vectors will be
(i) Torque   r  F
 (ii) Angular momentum L  r  p Example-22
In above example a unit vector perpendicular to both
(iii) Velocity v   r
(iv) Force on a charged particle q moving with velocity A and B will be

v in a magnetic field B is given by F  q( v  B) 1 1

(1)  ( î  ĵ  k̂ ) (2)  (î  ĵ  k̂ )
3 3
(v) Torque on a dipole in a field  E  p  E and (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these

B  M  B A B 8î  8 ĵ  8k̂ 1
Sol. n̂    (î  ˆj  k̂ )
| A B | 8 3 3
SOLVED EXAMPLE

Example-20 There are two unit vectors perpendicular to both A

If two vectors 2î  3 ĵ  k̂ and  4î  6 ĵ  k̂ are 1

and B they are n̂   (î  ĵ  k̂ )
parallel to each other then value of  be 3
(1) 0 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4 Example-23
Ans. (2) The vectors from origin to the points A and B are
Sol. Let A  2î  3 ĵ  k̂ and B  4î  6 ĵ  k̂ A  3î  6 ĵ  2k̂ and B  2î  ĵ  2k̂ respectively..
The area of the triangle OAB be
a1 a2 a3
A and B are parallel to each other b  b  b 5
17 sq.unit
1 2 3 (1)
2
2 3 1 2
i.e.    2 (2) 17 sq.unit
4 6  5

Example-21 3
(3) 17 sq.unit
5
If A  3î  ĵ  2k̂ and B  2î  2 ĵ  4k̂ then value of
5
| A  B | will be (4) 17 sq.unit
3
(1) 8 (2) 8 3 Ans. (1)
2
(3) 8 (4) 5 Sol. Given OA  a  3î  6 ĵ  2k̂
5 8
Ans. (2) and OB  b  2î  ĵ  2k̂

î ˆj k̂
î ˆj k̂
AB 3 1 2 
Sol.  (a  b)  3 6 2
2 2 4
2 1 2

(1 4  2  2) î  ( 2  2  4  3)ˆj  (3  2  1 2) k̂

 (12  2)î  ( 4  6)ˆj  (3  12)k̂
 8î  8ˆj  8k̂  10î  10ˆj  15k̂
 Magnitude of
2 2 2  | a  b |  10 2  10 2  152
A  B  | A  B |  (8)  (8)  (8)
 425  5 17
8 3
 Area of revolving line in anticlockwise direction and is negative,
if it is covered in clockwise direction.
1 5 17
OAB  | a  b | sq.unit.
2 2 P

Example-24
The angle between the vectors A and B is . The 
O X
value of the triple product A . ( B  A ) is 1 right angle = 90º (degrees)

(1) A 2 B (2) Zero 1º = 60' (minutes)

1' = 60" (seconds)
(3) A 2 B sin  (4) A 2 B cos 
In circular system
Ans. (2) 
1 right angle =rad (radian)
2
Sol. Let A .(B  A )  A . C
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a
Here C  B  A Which is perpendicular to both circle by an arc of the circle, whose length is equal to
the radius of the circle.
vector A and B  A. C  0
1 rad = 180º/  57º 17' 45"  57.3º

Example-25 (II) Trigonometrical Ratios (or T-ratios)

Consider the two fixed lines XOX’ and YOY’
The torque of the force F  (2î  3 ĵ  4k̂ ) N acting
intersecting at right angles to each other at point O as
at the point r  (3î  2 ĵ  3k̂ ) m about the origin be
shown in Fig. Then.
(A) 6î  6ˆj  12k̂ (B) 17î  6ˆj  13k̂ (i) Point O is called origin.
(ii) XOX’ and YOY’ are known as X-axis and Y-axis
(C)  6î  6ˆj  12k̂ (D)  17 î  6ˆj  13k̂
respectively.
Ans. (2)
(iii) Portions XOY, YOX’, X’OY’ and Y’OX are called
î ˆj k̂ I, II, III, and IV quadrant respectively. Consider
 3 2 3
Sol.   r F 2 3 4
that the revolving line OP has traced out angle 
(in I quadrant) in anticlockwise direction.
 ( 2  4)  (3  3) î  (2  3)  (3  4) ˆj  (3  3)  ( 2  2)  k̂ From P, drop PM perpendicular to OX. Then, side

 17 î  6 ĵ  13 k̂ OP (in front of right angle) is called hypotenuse,

side MP (in front of angle ) is called opposite
BASIC MATHEMATICS side or perpendicular and side OM (making
TRIGONOMETRY angle  with hypotenuse) is called adjacent side or
(I) Angle : Consider a revolving line OP. Suppose that
base.
it revolves in anticlockwise direction starting from its
Y
initial position OX. P
The angle is defined as the amount of revolution that
the revolving line makes with its initial position. From 90º

X' X
fig. the angle covered by the revolving line OP is given O M

by POX .The angle is positive, if it is traced by the

Y'
 The three sides of a right angled triangle are connected SOLVED EXAMPLE
to each other through six different ratios, called
Example-26
trigonometric rations or simply T-ratios.
3
These are defined as below: Given sin  = . Find all the other T-ratios, if  lies in
5
perpendicular MP the first quadrant.
1. sin    (read as sine of angle )
hypotenuse OP
3
Sol. In  OMP, sin  =
base OM 5
2. cos    (read as cosine of angle )
hypotenuse OP  MP = 3 and OP = 5
P
perpendicular MP
3.tan =  (read as tangent of angle )
base OM
5 3
base OM
4. cot    (read as cotangent of angle )
perpendicular MP
 M
hypotenuse OP O
5. sec =  (read as secant of angle )
base OM Hence, OM = (5) 2  (3) 2  25  9  16  4
hypotenuse OP
6. cosec =  (read as cosecant of angle ) OM 4 MP 3
perpendicular MP Now, cos   , tan =  , cot 
OP 5 OM 4
It can be easily proved that:
OM 4 OP 5 OP 5
=  , sec  =  , cosec = 
1 MP 3 OM 4 MP 3
1. (a) cosec  =
sin 
Example-27
1
(b) sec  = 5
cos  If sec  = , find all the other T-ratios.
3
1
(c) cot  = 4 3
tan  Ans. sin= , cos= ,
5 5

2. (a) sin2 + cos2 = 1 4 3

tan  = , cot= ,
3 4
(b) 1 + tan2 = sec2
(c) 1+ cot2 = cosec2 5
cosec=
4
(III) T-RATIOS OFA FEW STANDARD ANGLES:
The T-ratios of a few standard angles ranging from 0º to 180º are given in the following table
Angle() 0º 30º 45º 60º 90º 120º 135º 150º 180º

1 1 3 3 1 1
sin  0 1 2
0
2 2 2 2 2

3 1 1 1 
1 3
cos  1 0   –1
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1
tan  0 1  –1  0
3  3 3
3
 (IV) T-ratios of angles associated with multiples of 90º:
The angles such as (90º – ), (90º + ), (180 – ), (180º + ), (270º – ), (270º + ), etc. are called angles allied to
angle .
The T-ratios of the following allied angle as are commonly used:
1. (a) sin (–) = – sin  (b) cos (–) = cos (c) tan (–) = – tan
2. (a) sin (90º – ) = cos  (b) cos (90º – ) = sin (c) tan (90º – ) = cot
3. (a) sin (90º + ) = cos (b) cos (90º + ) = – sin  (c) tan (90º + ) = – cot
4. (a) sin (180º – ) = sin (b) cos (180º – ) = – cos (c) tan (180º – ) = – tan
5. (a) sin (180º + ) = – sin  (b) cos (180º + ) = – cos (c) tan (180º + ) = tan
6. (a) sin (270º – ) = – cos  (b) cos (270º – ) = – sin  (c) tan (270º – ) = cot 
7. (a) tan (270º + ) = – cos  (b) cos (270º + ) = sin  (c) tan (270º + ) = – cot 

(b) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

SOLVED EXAMPLE tan A  tan B

(c) tan (A – B) =
1  tan A tan B
Example-28 3. Multiplication Formulae:
Find the value of (a) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
(i) cos (–60º) (ii) tan 210º (b) cos 2 A = cos2 A – sin2A = 2 cos2A – 1
(iii) sin 300º (iv) cos 120º = 1 – 2 sin2A
1 2 tan A
Sol. (i) cos (–60º) = cos 60º = (c) tan 2A =
2 1  tan 2 A
1
(ii) tan 210º = tan (180º + 30º) = tan 30º = DIFFERENTIATION
3
(i) Finite difference
3
(iii) sin 300º = sin (270º + 30º) = – cos 30º = – The finite difference between two values of a physical
2
quantity is represented by  notation.
1
(iv) cos 120º = cos (180º – 60º) = – cos 60º = – For example :
2
Difference in two values of y is written as y as given
Example-29 in the table below.
Find the values of the following: y2 100 100 100
1. tan(–30º) 2. sin 120º y1 50 99 99.5
3. sin 330º 4. cos 150º y = y2 – y1 50 1 0.5
5. sin 270º 6. cos 270º
1 3 1 (ii) Infinitely small difference :
Ans. 1.  2. 3.  The infinitely small difference means very-very small
3 2 2
difference. And this difference is represented by ‘d’
notation instead of ‘’.
3
4.  5. –1 6. 0 For example infinitely small difference in the values
2
of y is written as ‘dy’
(V) A few important trigonometric formulae if y2 = 100 and y1 = 99.99999999........
1. Addition Formulae: then dy = 0.000000...................00001
(a) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(b) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B DEFINITION OF DIFFERENTIATION
Another name for differentiation is derivative.
tan A  tan B Suppose y is a function of x or y = f(x)
(c) tan (A + B) =
1  tan A tan B Differentiation of y with respect to x is denoted by
2. Subtraction Formulae: dy
symbol f ’(x) where f ’ (x) =
(a) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B dx
 dx is very small change in x and dy is corresponding
very small change in y.
Q
y+ y
NOTATION : There are many ways to denote the
derivative of a function y = f(x). Besides f ’(x), the most y
common notations are these :
P 
y R
x
x
x + x y
y´ “y prime” or Nice and brief but does not name the In triangle QPR tan =
x
“y dash” independent variable.
dy “dy by dx” Names the variables and uses d for
dx derivative.
The average rate of change of y with respect to x over
df “df by dx” Emphasizes the function’s name. y f (x  x)  f (x)
dx the interval [x, x + x] = 
x x
d “d by dx of f” Emphasizes the idea that differentiation
f( x) is an operation performed on f.
dx
xf “dx of f” A common operator notation. y QR
Geometrically, = = tan  = Slope of the line
y “y dot” One of Newton’s notations, now x PR
dy
common for time derivatives i.e. . PQ therefore we can say that average rate of
dt
change of y with respect to x is equal to slope of the
line joining P & Q.

SLOPE OF A LINE THE DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

It is the tan of angle made by a line with the positive We know that, average rate of change of y w.r.t. x is
direction of x-axis, measured in anticlockwise direction.
y f (x  x) – f (x)
Slope = tan  = .
x x
( In 1st quadrant tan  is +ve & 2nd quadrant tan  is –
If the limit of this ratio exists as x  0, then it is called
ve )
the derivative of given function f(x) and is denoted as
In Figure - 1 slope is positive
In Figure - 2 slope is negative dy lim f (x  x) – f (x)
f ’(x) = = x  0
 < 90° (1st quadrant) dx x
 > 90° (2nd quadrant)
GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF DIFFERENTIATION
The geometrical meaning of differentiation is very much
useful in the analysis of graphs in physics. To understand
the geometrical meaning of derivatives we should have
knowledge of secant and tangent to a curve

Secant and tangent to a curve

Secant : A secant to a curve is a straight line, which
intersects the curve at any two points.

AVERAGE RATES OF CHANGE :

q Secant
Given an arbitrary function y = f(x) we calculate the
average rate of change of y with respect to x over the P
interval (x , x + x) by dividing the change in value of y,
x
i.e.y = f(x + x) – f(x), by length of interval x over
which the change occurred.
TANGENT dy d du dv dw
A tangent is a straight line, which touches the curve at  (u  v  w )   
dx dx dx dx dx
a particular point. Tangent is a limiting case of secant 4. If y = u v where u and v are function of x, then
which intersects the curve at two overlapping points.
dy d dv du
 (uv)  u v
In the figure-1 shown, if value of x is gradually reduced dx dx dx dx
u
then the point Q will move nearer to the point P. If the 5. If y  , where u and v are functions of x, then
v
process is continuously repeated (Figure - 2) value of du dv
v u
x will be infinitely small and secant PQ to the given dy d  u 
    dx 2 dx
curve will become a tangent at point P . dx dx  v  v

Therefore  y  = dy = tan  6. If y = xn where n is a real number, then

  dx
x  0  x  dy d n
 ( x )  nx n 1
dx dx
Q
y+ y
Formulae for differential coefficients oftrigonometric,
y logarithmic and exponential functions
P
y  R d
x 1. (sin x )  cos x
dx
x
x + x
Figure - 1 d
2. (cos x )   sin x
dx
we can say that differentiation of y with respect to x,i.e.
d
3. (tan x )  sec 2 x
 dy  dx
  is equal to slope of the tangent at point P (x, y)
 dx 
d
4. (cot x )   cos ec 2 x
dy dx
or tan =
dx d
(From fig. 1, the average rate of change of y from x to 5. (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
x + x is identical with the slope of secant PQ.)
d
6. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x
dx
d 1
7. (log e x ) 
y+y
Q
dx x
d x
Q
8. (e )  e x
Q y dx
P 
Q
y R
x
SOLVED EXAMPLE
x x+x

Figure - 2 Example-30
dy
Find , when
Theorems of Differentiation dx
1. If c is constant, then
d (i) y  x (ii) y = x5 + x4 + 7
( c)  0
dx
2. If y = cu, where c is a constant and u is a function of x,
(iii) y = x2 + 4x–1/2 – 3x–2
then
dy d du Sol. (i) Here,y = x
 (cu )  c
dx dx dx
dy d d 1/ 2 1 1
3. If y = u ± v ± w, where, u, v and w are functions of x, = ( x) = ( x ) = x 1/ 2 =
then dx dx dx 2 2 x
 (ii) Here, y = x5 + x4 + 7
9x 5
(ii) Let y =
dy d 5 4 x 3
= (x + x + 7)
dx dx
d d
( x  3) (9 x 5 )  9x 5 ( x  3)
d 5 d 4 d dy dx dx
= (x )  (x )  (7) 
dx dx dx dx ( x  3) 2
= 5x4 + 4x3 + 0 = 5x4 + 4x3
d 5 d d 
(iii) Here, y = x2 + 4x–1/2 – 3x–2 ( x  3)  9 ( x )  9x 5  ( x )  (3)
= dx  dx dx 
dy d ( x  3)
 (x2 + 4x–1/2 – 3x–2)
dx dx
( x  3)  9  5x 4  9x 5 (1  0)
d 2 d d =
= (x )  (4x 1/ 2 )  (3x 2 ) ( x  3) 2
dx dx dx
45x 5  135x 4  9x 5 36x 5  135x 4 9 x 4 ( 4x  15)
d 2 d d =  
= (x )  (4x 1/ 2 )  (3x 2 ) ( x  3) 2 ( x  3) 2 ( x  3) 2
dx dx dx
Self Practice Problems
d 2 d d
= ( x )  4 ( x 1/ 2 )  3 ( x 2 )
dx dx dx
dy
Find for the following:
 1 dx
= 2x + 4    x–3/2 – 3(–2)x–3 1. y = x7/2 2. y = x–3
 2
3. y = x 4. y = x5 + x3 + 4x1/2 + 7
= 2x – 2x–3/2 + 6x–3
5. y = 5x4 + 6x3/2 + 9x 6. y = ax2 + bx + c
Example-31 1
Find the derivatives of the following: 7. y = 3x5 – 3x –
x
9x 5
(i) (x3 – 3x2 + 4) (4x5 + x2 – 1) (ii) dS
x 3 8. Given S = t2 + 5t + 3, find
dt
Sol. (i) Let y = (x3 – 3x2 + 4) (4x5 + x2 – 1)
dy d 1 2
= (x3 – 3x2 + 4) (4x5 + x2 – 1) + (4x5 + x2 – 9. Given S = ut + at , where u and a are constants.
dx dx 2

d dS
1) (x3 – 3x2 + 4) Obtain the value of .
dx dt
d 5 d 2 d  10. The area of a blot of in k is growing such that after
= (x3 – 3x2 + 4)  (4x )  (x )  (1) + (4x5
t seconds, its area is given by A = (3t2 + 7) cm2.
 dx dx dx 
Calculate the rate of increase of area at t = 5 seconds.
d 3 d d  11. The area of a circle is given by A = r2, where r is
+ x2 – 1)  ( x )  (3x 2 )  ( 4) 
 dx dx dx  the radius. Calculate the rate of increase of area w.r.t.
radius.
 d 5 d 2 d 
= (x3 – 3x2 + 4) 4 ( x )  ( x )  (1) + (4x5 Obtain the differential coefficient (differentiation) of
 dx dx dx 
the following:
d 3 d 2 d  12. (x – 1) (2x + 5) 13. (9x3 – 8x + 7) (3x5 + 5)
+ x2 – 1)  ( x )  3 ( x )  ( 4)
 dx dx dx 
1 3x  4
= (x3 – 3x2 + 4)[4 × 5x4 + 2x – 0] + (4x5 + x2 – 1) [3x2 – 3 × 2x 14. 15.
2x  1 4x  5
+ 0]
= (x3 – 3x2 + 4) (20x4 + 2x ) + (4x5 + x2 – 1) (3x2 –
x2
6x) 16. 3
= 2x(10x3 + 1) (x3 – 3x2 + 4) + 3x(x – 2) (4x5 + x2 – 1) x 1
 The above formula holds for all values of n, except n =
ANSWERS – 1. It is because, for n = – 1,
1
 x dx   x  x dx
n 1
7 5/ 2 dx 
1. x 2. –3x–4
2
3. 1 4. 5x4 + 3x2 + 2x–1/2 1
Since is differential coefficient of log x
x e

5. 20x3 + 9x1/2 + 9 6. 2ax + b d 1

i.e. (log e x ) 
1 dx x
7. 15x4– 3 + 8. 2t + 5
x2
1
9. u + at 10. 30 cm2 s–1   x dx  log e x
11. 2r 12. 4x + 3
Similarly, the formulae for integration of some other
13. 216 x – 144 x + 105 x + 135x2 – 40
7 5 4
functions can be obtained if we know the differential
2 1 coefficients of various functions.
14.  15. 
(2x  1) 2 (4x  5) 2 (II) Few basic formulae of integration
Following are a few basic formulae of integration:
2x  x 4
16.
( x 3  1) 2 x x 1
1.  x n dx 
n 1
 c , Provided n  – 1

INTEGRATION
d
(I) Integration as the inverse process
differentiation
of 2.  sin xdx   cos x  c (
dx
(cos x) = – sin x)

Integration is the process of finding the function,

d
whose derivative is given. For this reason, the process
of integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
3.  cos xdx  sin x  c (
dx
(sin x) = cos x)

Consider a function f(x), whose derivative w.r.t. x is

1 d 1
another function f ‘(x) i.e. 4.  x dx  log e xc (
dx
(log x) = )
e x
d
(f ( x ))  f ' ( x ) d
dx

x x
5. e dx  e  c ( (ex) = ex)
If differentiation of f(x) w.r.t.x is equal to f ‘(x), then f(x) dx
+ c is called the integration of f ‘(x), where c is called the
constant of integration.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Symbolically, it is written as

 f ' (x)dx  f (x)  c Example-32

Integrate w.r.t. x. :
Here, f ‘(x) dx is called element of integration and (i) x11/2 (ii) x–7 (iii) xp/q

 is called indefinite integral. Let us proceed to 11

1
x2 2 13/ 2
obtain intergral of xn w.r.t. x.
x
11/ 2
Sol. (i) dx  c x c
11 13
d n 1 1
( x )  (n  1) x n 2
dx
Since the process of integration is the inverse process
x 71 1
of differentiation, (ii)  x 7 dx 
 7 1
 c   x 6  c
6
 (n  1)x dx  x 
n n 1 n n 1
or (n  1) x dx  x
p
p 1
q
n 1 x q
x
x x ( p q ) / q  c
q
dx  c 
 x dx  n  1
n
or (iii) p pq
1
q
Example-33
Self Practice Problems

 2 1 Evaluate the following integrals :

 
Evaluate  x  cos x  dx
x
x x
15 3 / 2
1. dx 2. dx
1
 x dx   cos xdx   x dx
2
Sol. = 2
 1 
3.  (3x 7  x 1 )dx 4.   x 

 dx
x
x 21
 – sin x + log x + c
2 1 e
 1
5.   x  x  dx
x3
= – sin x + log x + c
3 e
 a b
6.   x 2
  dx (Where a and b are constant)
x
(III) Definite integrals
 GMm r2 q1q 2
When a function is integrated between a lower limit
and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral. If
7.  R r 2
dr 8.  r1
k
r2
dr

d 
(f ( x )  f ' ( x )) , v
dx 9.  u
Mυdυ 10.  0
x 1 / 2dx


then f ' ( x )dx is called indefinite integral and π/2 π/2
11.  0
sin x dx 12.  0
cos x dx
b
 a
f ' ( x )dx is called definite integral
π/2

Here, a and b are called lower and upper limits of the

13.  π / 2
cos x dx

variable x.
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated ANSWERS
between upper and lower limits as explained below:
x16
1. c 2. –2x–1/2+c
b 16
 a
f ' ( x )dx = | f ( x ) |ab = f(b) – f(a)

x 6 x2
3.   log e x  c 4. + 2x + log x + c
SOLVED EXAMPLE 2 2 e

Example-34 x2 a
5.  log e x  c 6.   b log e x  c
2 x
5
Evaluate the integral : 1
x 2dx
GMm 1 1
7. 8. kq1q 2  r  r 
5
R  2 1
5 x3 1 3 5 1
Sol.  1
x 2dx =
3
1

3
| x |1  ((5)3  (1)3 )
3 1
9. M( v 2  u 2 ) 10. []
2
1 124 11. [1] 12. [1]
 (125  1) 
3 3
13. [2]
SOME STANDARD GRAPHS AND THEIR EQUATIONS

y A y C
y=mx+c y E
y=mx y=mx–c
O x
B 
D 
 x
O x straight line
O
straight line straight line

y
2
y x = ky x = – ky2
y
y = –mx+c
O
x x
O

O G
straight line
Parabola Parabola

y y y
2
x = kx 2 2 2
1 x +y =a
x
y a
x or O x
O
xy = constant
x = – kx2 x
O
Parabola Rectangular hyperbola Circle

y x y
2
 2
1
a b y
y = e –kx
b a
x
O
Here
a = semi major axis x
O
b = semi minor axis Exponential decay
Ellipse b<a

Small angle approximation:

 is very small and it must be in radian when you are Example-35
Evaluate sin2o
taking approximation.
sin   , tan    
Sol. 2o = 2  rad  rad
sin  tan 180 90
cos   Now
     
sin 2o = sin  rad    
 90   90 
 EXERCISE-I

Resultant of two vector Q.8 A particle is moving eastward with a speed of 5 m/s. In
  
Q.1 Two vectors A and B lie in a plane. Another vector C 10 s the velocity changes to 5 m/s northwards. The
   average acceleration in this time is
lies outside this plane. The resultant A  B  C of these
(1) zero.
three vectors
(1) can be zero 1
(2) cannot be zero (2) m/s2 towards north-west.
  2
(3) lies in the plane of A & B
   (3) 1/2 m/s2 towards north-west.
(4) lies in the plane of A & A + B (4) 1/2 m/s2 towards north.

Q.2 The vector sum of the forces of 10 N and 6 N can be  

(1) 2 N (2) 8 N Q.9 The magnitudes of 2 forces F1 & F2 and 10 N and 8 N.
(3) 18 N (4) 20 N. The angle between them is 120°. The magnitude of
their difference is :
Q.3 A set of vectors taken in a given order gives a closed
polygon. Then the resultant of these vectors is a (1) 244 N (2) 84 N
(1) scalar quantity (2) pseudo vector
(3) unit vector (4) null vector. (3) 164 N (4) None of these

Q.4 If the resultant of two forces of magnitudes P and Q

Vectors in unit vector form
acting at a point at an angle of 60° is 7 Q, then Q.10 The vector joining the points A (1, 1, –1) and B (2, –3, 4)
P / Q is & pointing from A to B is -
(1) 1(2) 3 / 2
(3) 2(4) 4 (1) – î + 4 ĵ – 5 k̂ (2) î + 4 ĵ + 5 k̂

Q.5 A car drives 6.0 km east, then 8 km north, and then 21 (3) î – 4 ĵ + 5 k̂ (4) – î – 4 ĵ – 5 k̂ .
km west. The magnitude of the resulting displacement
from origin is
(1) 35 km (2) 23 km (3) 21 Q.11 The x and y components of a force are 2N and –3N. The
km (4) 17 km force is

(1) 2iˆ  3 ˆj (2) 2 ˆi  3 ˆj

Diffrence of two vector
 
Q.6 Two vectors a and b inclined at an angle  w.r.t. each (3) 2iˆ  3 ˆj (4) 3iˆ  2 ˆj
other have a resultant c which makes an angle  with
  
a . If the directions of a and b are interchanged, then Q.12 The vector î  xĵ  3k̂ is rotated through an angle 
the resultant will have the same
(1) magnitude and doubled in magnitude, then it becomes
(2) direction
4 î + (4x – 2) ĵ + 2 k̂ . The values of x are
(3) magnitude as well as direction
(4) neither magnitude nor direction. 2 1
(1)  (2)
  3 3
  
Q.7 If P + Q = P – Q and  is the angle between P and

Q , then 2
(1) = 0º (2)  = 90º (3) (4) 2
3
(3) P = 0 (4) Q = 0
Dot product Cross product
      
Q.13 Three non zero vectors A, B & C satisfy the Q.19 
What is the torque of the force F  2 i  3 j  4 k N 
        
relation A . B  0 & A . C  0 . Then A can be  
acting at the point r  3 i  2 j  3k m about the
parallel to : origin:
       
(1) B (2) C (1) 6 i  6 j  12k (2) 17 i  6 j  13k
     
    (3) 6 i  6 j  12k (4) 17 i  6 j  13k
(3) B . C (4) B  C
Q.20 If A  B  C, then which of the following statements
Q.14 The magnitude of scalar product of two vectors is 8
is wrong
and that of vector product is 8 3 . The angle
between them is : (1) C  A (2) C  B
(1) 30º (2) 60º
(3) 120º (4) 150º
(3) C  (A  B) (4) C  (A  B)
Q.15 A particle is moving under the influence of force  
Q.21 Two vectors P and Q are inclined at an angle  to

F  [ î  2 ĵ ] N, is now moved from the point (x, y, z) = each other. Which of the following is the unit vector
 
(2, 1, 3) m to the point (x, y, z) = (3, 2, 4) m. How much perpendicular to P and Q ?

work is done by the force F during this time period?  
  PQ P̂  Q̂
(W = F . s ) (1) (2)
PQ sin 
(1) 0 J (2) –1 J 
(3) 1 J (4) None of these P̂  Q̂ P  Q̂
(3) (4)
PQ sin  PQ sin 
Q.16 The angle between (î  ˆj  k̂ ) & (2î  2 ĵ  2k̂ ) is

1 1 FUNCTION
(1) Cos–1 (2) Cos–1
3 3 Q.22 f(x) = cos x + sin x then f(/2) will be
(1) 2 (2) 1
1
(3) Sin–1 3 (4) None of these (3) 3 (4) 0

    Direction (Q.No. 23 to 25) : Derivative of given function w.r.t.

Q.17 If A . B  C . B , which of the following can not be corresponding independent variable is.
a possible case : Q.23 y  x2  x  8
 
(1) A  C
  dy dy
(2) angle between A and B = 30° and angle between (1)  2x –1 (2)  –x  1
dx dx
 
B and C = 150° all three vectors are of equal
dy dy
magnitude. (3)  2x  1 (4)  x –1
dx dx

(3) B is a null vector
  
(4) A, B and C are along x, y and z-axis respectively Q.24 s  5t 3  3t 5
Q.18 The vector 5iˆ  2ˆj  kˆ is perpendicular to the vector ds ds
(1)  15t 2  15t 4 (2)  15t 4  15t 2
dt dt
3î  ĵ  2k̂ for  =
(1) 1 (2) 4.7 ds ds
(3)  15t 4 –15t 2 (4)  15t 2  15 t 4
(3) 6.3 (4) 8.5 dt dt
Q.25 y  5 sin x Q.32 y  ( x  1) ( x 2  x  1)
dy dy
(1)  3cos x (2)  5cos x dy dy
dx dx (1)  3x (2)  3x 2
dx dx
dy dy
(3)  5sin x (4)  3sin x dy dy
dx dx (3)  2x 2 (4)  2x
dx dx
Direction (Q.No. 26 to 29) : First derivative & second derivative
Direction (Q.No. 33 to 35) : Derivative of given function w.r.t.
of given functions w.r.t. corresponding independent
the independent variable is
variable is.
sin x
Q.26 y  6x 2  10x  5x 2 Q.33 y
cos x
(1) 12x – 10 + 10x–3, 12 – 30x–4 (1) sec2 x (2) sec x
(2) 10x – 12 + 20x–3, 15 – 30x–4 (3) sec2 2x (4) sec3 2x
(3) 12x – 10 + 15x–3, 12 – 30x–4
(4) 10x – 15 + 12x–3, 12 – 30x–4 2x  5
Q.34 y
12 4 1 3x  2
Q.27 r  3  4
   19 19
(1) y  (2) y 
(1) 12 – 12 + 4 , 24 + 48 + 20 (2) –12
–2 –4 –5 –3 –5 –6 – (3x  2) 2 (3x  2) 2
2
+ 12–4 – 4–5, 24–3 – 48–5 + 20–6
19 19
(3) –6–2 + 12–4 – 8–5, 12–3 – 24–5 + 10–6 (3) y  (4) y 
(3x  2) (3x  2) 2
(4) –8–2 + 12–4 – 6–5, 24–3 – 24–5 + 10–6

2x  1
Q.28   3 z 7  7 z 3  21z 2 Q.35 z
x2  1
(1) 21z6 +21z2 – 42z, 126z5 + 42z – 42
(2) 14z6 –28z2 + 22z, 120z5 –21z + 42 2x 2  2x  2 2x 2  2x  2
(1) (2)
(3) 28z6 –14z2 + 42z, 122z5 –42z + 21 (x 2  1) 2 (x 2  1) 2
(4) 21z6 –21z2 + 42z, 126z5 –42z + 42
2x 2  2x  2 2x 2  2x  2
(3) (4)
(x  1)2 (x 2  1)
Q.29 y  sin x  cos x
(1) cosx – cosx , – sinx – sinx dy
(2) sinx – sinx , – sinx – cosx Direction (Q.No.36 to 40) : for following functions is.
dx
(3) cosx – sinx , – sinx – cosx Q.36 y  (2x  1)5
(4) sinx + cosx , – cosx – cosx
(1) 10(2x  1)3 (2) 10(2x  1) 4
(3) 10(2x  1)3 (4) 10(2x  1) 4
Direction (Q.No. 30 to 32) : Derivative of given functions w.r.t.
the independent variable x is.
Q.30 x sin x Q.37 y  ( 4  3x )9

(1) sin x  x cos x (2) sin x – x cos x (1)  8(4  3x ) 8 (2) 27(4  3x)9
(3) 27(4  3x)9 (4) 27(4  3x)8
(3) cos 2 x – x sin 2 x (4) sin 2 x – x cos 2 x
7
 x
Q.31 y  e  nxx
Q.38 y  1  
 7
8 8
ex ex  x  x
(1) e nx – (2) e nx –
x x

x x2 (1)  1   (2) 1  
 7  7
5 4
ex ex  x  x
(3) e nx  2
x
(4) e nx 
x
(3) 1   (4) 1  
x x  7  7
Q.39 y  sin( x )  ln( x 2 )  e 2 x Q.47  (x – 2x + 1) dx Will be
2

2 2 x3 x3
(1) cos(x)  – 2e2x (2) cos(x)   2e 2x (1)  x2 – x + C (2)  x2  x + C
x x 3 3
2 2
(3) sin(x)   2e2x (4) sin(x)  – 2e2x x3 x3
x x (3)  x2 – x + C (4)  x2  x + C
3 3
Q.40 y  2 sin( x  ) where  and  constants
Q.48  (–3x –4
)dx Will be
(1) 2 cos(x  ) (2) 2 cos(x – )
(1) x–3 + C (2) x3 + C
(3)  cos(x  ) (4) 2cosec(x  ) (3) –3x–3 + C (4) 3x–3 + C

DIFFERENTIATION AS A RATE MEASUREMENT

Q.41 Suppose that the radius r and area A = r2 of a circle
are differentiable functions of t. equation that relates
Q.49  (x –4
)dx Will be

dA / dt to dr / dt is. 1 3 1 5
(1) x +C (2) x +C
dA dr dA dr 3 3
(1)  r (2)  r 2
dt dt dt dt
1 2 1 3
dA dr dA dr (3) x +C (4)  x + C
(3)  2r 2 (4)  2r 2 3
dt dt dt dt

Q.42 Maximum and minimum values of function 5

3 2
Q.50  ( x2 ) dx Will be
2x  15x  36 x  11 is
(1) 39, 38 (2) 93, 83 5 5
(3) 45, 42 (4) 59, 58 (1)  +C (2) +C
x x

dy x x
Q.43 y  2u3 , u  8 x  1 Find (3)
5
+C (4) –
5
+C
dx
(1) 48(8x  1) 2 (2) 48(8x  1) 2

(3) 48(8x  1) (4) 48(8x  1) 3

Q.51  (2 x ) dx Will be

dy (1) x2 + C (2) 3 x 4 + C
Q.44 y  sin u, u  3x  1 Find
dx
(1) 3cos(3x –1) (2) 3cos(3x  1) (3) 3 x 2 + C (4) x3 + C

(3) 3sin(3x –1) (4) 3sin(3x  1)

3
INTEGRATION
Q.52  (2 x
) dx Will be

Q.45  (2x) dx Will be (1) 2 x 3 + C (2) 3 x + C

(1) x2 + C (2) 2x + C
(3) x3 + C (4) x4 + C
(3) 2x2 + C (4) –x2 + C

Q.46  (x )dx Will be

2
Q.53 ( 3
43
x ) dx Will be
(1) x + C (2) 2x + C
(1) x4/3 + C (2) x3/4 + C
x3 x2
(3) +C (4) +C (3) x2/3 + C (4) x1/3 + C
3 2
 1 1
Q.54 ( 33 x
) dx Will be Q.59  ( 3 x ) dx Will be
1 3
3 2 (1) nx + C (2) nx + C
3 1
(1) x + C (2) x + C
4 3

2 3 2 1
(3) nx + C (4) nx + C
2
3 2

(4) x + C
2 3
(3) x + C
 sin 3x dx ,Will be
3
2 Q.60 (use, u = 3x)

1 1 1
Q.55  ( 3 x  3 x ) dx Will be (1)  cos3x  C
3
(2)
3
cos3x  C

1 1
(3)  cos3x  C
4 2 4 2
(4)  cos 3 x  C
(1) 3x  3x + C (2) 3x  3x + C
2 4 2 1
2 3
4 2 4 2
3 3 4 2 1

(3) 3x  3x + C (4) 3x  3x + C Q.61

 5 dx Will be
4 2 3 3

4 2 4 2 2

(1)15 (2) 16 (3)17 (4)18

1 1/ 2
Q.56  ( 2 x ) dx Will be 1

(1) x2/3 + C (2) x1/ 2 + C (3) x3/1 + C (4) x2/1 + C Q.62
 2 d Will be
4
1 3 / 2
Q.57 ( 2 x ) dx Will be
3 2 3 2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) x 1/ 2 + C (2) x +1/2
+ C (3) x –1/–2
+ C (4) x + C
–2/1 2 2 1 1

Q.63 Use a definite integral to find the area of the region

Q.58  ( 3 sin x ) dx Will be between the given curve and the x-axis on the interval
(1) 3cos x + C (2) 4cos x + C [0, b] y = 2x

(3) 3 cos x + C (4) 3cos x + C b3

(1) b2 (2) b3 (3) 2b2 (4)
3

EXERCISE-II

Q.1 If the angle between two forces increases, the  

Q.3 When two vector a and b are added, the magnitude
magnitude of their resultant
of the resultant vector is always
(1) decreases
(1) greater than (a + b)
(2) increases
(2) less than or equal to (a + b)
(3) remains unchanged
(3) less than (a + b)
(4) first decreases and then increases
(4) equal to (a + b)
Q.2 Which of the following sets of displacements might be     
capable of bringing a car to its returning point? Q.4 If | A + B | = | A | = | B |, then the angle between A and
(1) 5, 10, 30 and 50 unit 
B is
(2) 5, 9, 9 and 16 unit
(1) 0º (2) 60º
(3) 40, 40, 90 and 200 unit
(3) 90º (4) 120º.
(4) 10, 20, 40 and 90 unit
Q.5 Vector A is of length 2 cm and is 60º above the x-axis in Q.12 A vector A is directed along 30 0 west of north
 
the first quadrant. Vector B is of length 2 cm and 60º direction and another vector B along 150 south of
below the x-axis in the fourth quadrant. The sum east. Their resultant cannot be in _____________
  direction.
A + B is a vector of magnitude - (1) North (2) East
(1) 2 along + y-axis (2) 2 along + x-axis (3) North-East (4) South
(3) 1 along – x axis (4) 2 along – x axis
Q.13 The greatest and the least resultant of two forces acting
Q.6 If the resultant of two forces of magnitudes P and Q at a point are 12N and 8N respectively. Find out the
forces.
acting at a point at an angle of 60º is 7 Q , then P/Q (1) 12 N & 8 N (2) 4N & 8 N
is (3) 3 N & 9N (4) 10 N & 2N
(1) 1 (2) 3/2
    
(3) 2 (4) 4 Q.14 If a , b and c are unit vectors such that a  b  c  0 ,
 
then the angle between a and b is
Q.7 A man moves towards 3m north then 4m towards east
(1)  (2) 
and finally 5m towards 37º south of west. His
(3) 90° (4) 
displacement from origin is
Q.15 A car is moving on a straight road due north with a
(1) 5 2 m (2) 0 m uniform speed of 50 km h–1 when it turns left through
90º. If the speed remains unchanged after turning, the
(3) 1 m (4) 12 m
change in the velocity of the car in the turning process
Q.8 Three forces P, Q & R are acting at a point in the plane. is
The angle between P & Q and Q & R are 150º & 120º (1) zero
respectively, then for equilibrium, forces P, Q & R are in
(2) 50 2 km h–1 S-W direction
the ratio
(3) 50 2 km h–1 N-W direction
(1) 1 : 2 : 3 (2) 1 : 2 : 3 (4) 50 km h–1 due west.
(3) 3 : 2 : 1 (4) 3 :2:1
Q.16 If the angle between the unit vectors â and b̂ is 60º,
Q.9 The resultant of two forces, one double the other in then | â – b̂ | is
magnitude is perpendicular to the smaller of the two (1) 0 (2) 1
forces. The angle between the two forces is (3) 2 (4) 4
(1) 150º (2) 90º
(3) 60º (4) 120º Q.17 A hall has the dimensions 10 m × 12 m × 14 m. A fly
starting at one corner ends up at a diametrically opposite
corner. The magnitude of its displacement is nearly
Q.10 Two forces each numerically equal to 10 dynes are (1) 16 m (2) 17 m
acting as shown in the following figure, then their (3) 18 m (4) 21 m.
resultant is -
 
Q.18 Given : A = 2 î + 3 ĵ and B = 5 î – 6 ĵ . The magnitude
10 dynes  
of A  B is
60° 10 dynes (1) 4 units (2) 10 units
(3) 58 units (4) 61 units.
(1) 10 dynes (2) 20 dynes
(3) 10 3 dynes (4) 5 dynes  
Q.19 Given : A = 2 î – ĵ + 2 k̂ and B = – î – ĵ + k̂ . The unit
  
vector of A – B is
Q.11 The vector P makes 120° with the x-axis and vector
 3iˆ  kˆ 3iˆ
Q makes 30° with the y-axis. What is their resultant ? (1) (2)
10 10
(1) P + Q (2) P – Q
k̂ 3iˆ  kˆ
(3) 2 2
(4) 2 2 (3) (4)
P +Q P –Q 10 10
Q.20 The angle that the vector A  2iˆ  3jˆ makes with Q.29 The sum, difference and cross product of two vectors
 
y-axis is- A and B are mutually perpendicular if :
(1) tan–1(3/2) (2) tan–1(2/3)  
(3) sin (2/3)
–1
(4) cos–1(3/2) (1) A and B are perpendicular to each other and
 
modulus of A is equal to modulus of B .
Q.21 If 3iˆ  2jˆ  8kˆ and 2iˆ  xjˆ  kˆ are at right angles then  
(2) A and B are perpendicular to each other..
x=  
(1) 7 (2) –7 (3) A and B are perpendicular but magnitudes are
(3) 5 (4) –4 orbitrary.
   
Q.22 If a  b  
is perpendicular to b and a  2b is (4) modulus of A = modulus of B and their directions
   are arbitrary.
perpendicular to a , a = a, b = b, then
(1) a = b (2) a = 2b
x 1
(3) b = 2a (4) a = b 2 Q.30 If f ( x )  then value of f{f(x)} Will be
x 1
 
Q.23 If a1 and a 2 are two non collinear unit vectors and if 1 1
     (1) (2) –
| a1  a 2 | 3 , then the value of (a1  a 2 ) . (2a1  a 2 ) x x
is x x
(3) (4) –
3 1 1 1
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4) 1
2 2

Direction (Q.No.31) : The first derivative and second derivative

Q.24 Two forces î  ĵ  k̂ N and î  2ˆj  3k̂ N act on a
of given functions w.r.t. the independent variable x will
particle and displace it from (2, 3, 4) to point (5, 4, 3). be
Displacement is in m. Work done is :
(1) 5 J (2) 4 J Q.31 y  nx 2  sin x
(3) 3 J (4) None of these

Q.25 If a, b, c are three unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0, d 2 y –2 d 2 y –2

(1)   sin x ,   cos x
then a.b + b.c + c.a is equal to dx 2 x 2 dx 2 x 2
(1) –1 (2) 3
3 dy 2 d 2 y –2
(3) 0 (4)  (2)   sin x , 2  2  sin x
2 dx x dx x

Q.26 A vector is not changed if dy 2 d2 y –2

(3)   sin x ,  – sin x
(1) it is displaced parallel to itself dx x dx2 x 2
(2) it is rotated through an arbitrary angle
(3) it is cross-multiplied by a unit vector dy 2 d2 y –2
(4)   cos x ,  – sin x
(4) it is multiplied by an arbitrary scalar. dx x dx2 x 2

  Direction (Q.No. 32 to 36) :

Q.27 A vector A points vertically downward & B points
The derivative of given functions w.r.t. the
 
towards east, then the vector product A  B is corresponding independent variable will be
(1) along west (2) along east
Q.32 y  e x tan x
(3) zero (4) along south
(1) ex(tanx + sec2x)
Q.28 Find torque of a force 2 i  j  k acting at point (2) ex(secx + tan2x)
(1, 3, 5 ) about origin. (3) ex(tanx – sec2x)
(1) –8i – 9j + 7k (2) –8i + 9j + 7k
(3) 8i + 9j – 7k (4) 8i – 9j – 7k (4) ex(secx – tan2x)
  1  1  tan q
Q.33 y   x    x   1 p
 x  x  Q.38 1  tan q
dy 2 1
(1)  1  2x  3 – 2 sec2 q sec 2 q
dx x x (1) (2)
(1  tan q)2 (1  tan q)2
dy 2 1
(2)  1  2x  3  2
dx x x
sec2 q sec 2 q
dy 2 1 (3) (4)
(3)  1  2x  3  2 (1  secq) 2 (1  sin q) 2
dx x x
Direction (Q.No. 39 to 41) :
dy 2 1 dy
(4)  1  2x  3  2 for following functions will be
dx x x dx

Q.34 y  x 2 sin x  2x cos x  2 sin x Q.39 y  sin3 x  sin 3 x

(1) x2 cosecx (2) x2 secx (1) 3sin2x cosx + 3cos3x

(3) x2 cosx (4) x2 sinx (2) 4sin2x cosx + 4cos3x
(3) 2sin2x cosx + 2cos3x
(4) 3sin2x cosx + 4cos3x
Q.35 y  x 2 cos x  2x sin x  2 cos x
Q.40 sin2 ( x 2  1)
dy dy
(1)   x 2 cos x (2)   x 2 cos x (1) 4x sin (x2 – 1) cos (x2 + 1)
dx dx
(2) 4x sin (x2 + 1) cos (x2 – 1)
dy dy (3) 4x sin (x2 – 1) cos (x2 – 1)
(3)   x 2 sin x (4)  – x2 sin x
dx dx (4) 4x sin (x2 + 1) cos (x2 + 1)
dq
Q.41 q  2r  r 2 , dr will be
Q.36 r  (1  sec ) sin 
1 r 1– r
dr (1) (2)
(1)  cos   sec 2  2r – r 2
2r – r 2
d
dr 1 r 1 r
(2)  cos   sec2  (3) 2 (4)
d 2r  r 2r  r 2

dr
(3)  sin   cos 2  Q.42 two positive numbers x & y such that x + y = 60 and xy
d is maximum.
(1) x = 20 & y = 10 (2) x = 50 & y = 20
dr
(4)  cos   sin 2  (3) x = 30 & y = 30 (4) x = 20 & y = 50
d

 ( 2x
3
Q.43  5 x  7) dx will be
Direction (Q.No. 37 to 38) :
The derivative of given functions w.r.t. the respective x4 5 x2
(1) –  7x  C
independent variable will be 2 2
sin x  cos x x 4 5x 2
Q.37 y (2) –  7x  C
cos x 2 2

dy dy x 4 5x 2
(1)  cos 2 x (2)  cosec2 x (3) –  7x  C
dx dx 2 2

dy dy x 4 5x 2
(3)  sec 2 x (4)  sin 2 x (4) –  7x  C
dx dx 2 3
Q.44  x  3 x dx will be
Q.47  cos  (tan   sec ) d will be
4 3/2 2 4/3 2 3 (1) – cosec +  + C (2) – sec +  + C
(1) x  x  C (2) x3 / 2  x 4 / 3  C
3 3 3 4 (3) – sin +  + C (4) – cos +  + C
3 3/2 4 4/3 4 3/2 2 4/3
(3) x  x C (4) x  x C 2
5
t t t
2 2 4
Q.48   d will be


Q.45 2
dt will be
t 3 2 22
4 3 (1) (2)
C C 2 3
(1) 2 t – (2) 2 t –
t t
42 32
1 (3) (4)
2 C 3 4
(3) 2 t – C (4) 2 t –
t t 

4 t Q.49  cos x dx will be

Q.46  t 3 dt will be 0

2 2 3/2 (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3

(1) 2t  t  C
3
1
2 3/2 dx
 3x  2 will be
2
(2) 2t  t  C Q.50
3
0
2 3/2
2 2 2 3 5
(3) 2t  t  C (1) n (2) n
3 4 3 1 2
2 3/2 1 2 1 5
n
2
(4) 2t  t  C (3) (4) n
3 3 5 3 2

EXERCISE-III

MCQ/COMPREHENSION/MATCHING/NUMERICAL
z
Q.1 Which of the following is a true statement ?
(A) A vector cannot be divided by another vector
(i) x (ii) x
(B) Angular displacement can either be a scalar or a
vector y z
(C) Since addition of vectors is commutative therefore y

vector subtraction is also commutative

(D) The resultant of two equal forces of magnitude F
acting at a point is F if the angle between the two
x
x
forces is 120º.
(iii) y (iv) z
Q.2 Which of the arrangement of axes in fig. can be labelled
z
“right handed coordinate system” ? As usual, each y
axis lable indicates the positive side of the axis.
 Q.5 Velocity of the particle when its acceleration zero is
(A) 1 m/s (B) 3 m/s
x z
(C) 6 m/s (D) 9 m/s

(v) y (vi) y Comprehension Type Questions # 2 (Q. No. 6 to 8)

 
Two forces F1 = 2 î + 2 ĵ N and F2 = 3 ĵ + 4 k̂ N are
z x
acting on a particle.

(A) (i), (ii) (B) (iii) (iv) Q.6 The resultant force acting on particle is :
(C) (vi) (D) (v) (A) 2iˆ  5 ˆj  4 kˆ (B) 2 ˆi  5 ˆj  4 kˆ
(C) ˆi  3 ˆj  2 kˆ (D) ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
Comprehension Type Questions # 1 (Q. No. 3 to 5)
A particle is moving along positive x-axis. Its position  
Q.7 The angle between F1 & F2 is :
varies as x = t3 – 3t2 + 12t + 20, where x is in meters
and t is in seconds.  3   3 
(A)  = cos–1   (B)  = cos–1  
2 5 5 2 
Q.3 Initial velocity of the particle is.
 2   3
(A) 1 m/s (B) 3 m/s (C)  = cos–1   (D)  = cos–1  5 
(C) 12 m/s (D) 20 m/s 3 5   

Q.4 Initial acceleration of the particle is  

Q.8 The component of force F1 along force F2 is :
(A) Zero (B) 1 m/s2
(C) – 3m/s 2
(D) – 6 m/s2 5 5 6 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 5 2
Q.9 Match the integrals (given in column - ) with the given functions (in column - )
Column -  Column - 
cos ec Kx
(A)  sec x tan x dx (p) –
K
+C

cot Kx
(B)  cosecKx cot Kx dx (q) –
K
+C

 cosec
2
(C) Kx dx (r) sec x + C

sin Kx

(D) cos Kx dx (s)
K
+C

Q.10 Match the statements given in column- with statements given in column - 
Column -  Column - 
      
(A) if | A | = | B | and | A + B | = | A | then angle between A and B is (p) 90°

 
(B) Magnitude of resultant of two forces F1 = 8N and F2 = 4 N (q) 120°
may be

 
(C) Angle between A = 2 î + 2 ĵ & B = 3 k̂ is (r) 12 N

 
(D) Magnitude of resultant of vectors A = 2 î + ĵ & B = 3 k̂ is (s) 14
NUMERICAL BASED QUESTIONS Q.14 Two particles are moving with velocity
Q.11 A boy A is standing 3 m west and 4 m north to a boy B.
 
 v1  î  2 t ĵ m / s and v 2  4î  ĵ m / s respectively
A starts moving along a vector a  1.5iˆ  2 ˆj with a
constant speed of 2 m/s for 5 s and stops. Its new Time at which they are moving perpendicular to each
position vector with respect to the boy B is xiˆ  yjˆ . other is.
Find xy.

  Q.15 Magnitude of subtraction of two vector A and B is

 

Q.12 If the vector's P  a î  aj  3k̂ and Q  a î  2ˆj  k

are perpendicular to each other then find the positive equal to 5. Angle between both is 180º. Find the
value of 'a'. magnitude of resultant of these two vectors.

  
Q.13 Magnitude of resultant of two vector A and B is If | A | = 2.
equal to 2. Angle between two vectors is 180º. If
  
| A | = 3 then find | B | ( | B | must be less then 2)

EXERCISE-IV

[JEE Main - 2019 (January)]

JEE-MAIN z
PREVIOUS YEAR’S
B E
Q.1 The energy required to take a satellite to a height ‘h’
above Earth surface (radius of Earth = 6.4 × 103 km) is A H a
E1 and kinetic energy required for the satellite to be in G
a circular orbit at this height is E2. The value of h for O F y
which E1 and E2 are equal is a
[JEE Main - 2019 (January)]
D a
(1) 1.6 × 103 km (2) 3.2 × 103 km x
(3) 6.4 × 103 km (4) 1.28 × 104 km
(1)
1
2
a  k  i  (2)
1
2
a i  k 
 
Q.2 Two vectors A and B have equal magnitudes. The
 
1
(3) a
2
 j  i  1
(4) a
2
 j  k 
magnitude of (A  B) is ‘n’ times the magnitude of
    Q.4 Two forces P and Q, of magnitude 2F and 3F,
(A  B) . The angle between A and B is : respectively, are at an angle  with each other. If the
[JEE Main - 2019 (January)] force Q is doubled, then their resultant also gets
doubled. then, the angle  is:
 n 2  1  n  1 [JEE Main - 2019 (January)]
(1) cos  2 
–1
(2) cos–1 
 n  1  n  1  (1) 120o (2) 60o
(3) 90 o
(4) 30o
 n 2  1  n  1
(3) sin–1  2  (4) sin–1     
 n  1  n  1  Q.5 Let A1  3, A 2  5 and A1  A 2  5 . The
   
Q.3 In the cube of side ‘a’ shown in the figure, the vector
 
value of 2 A1  3A 2 . 3A1  2 A 2 is :- 
from the central point of the face ABOD to the central [JEE Main - 2019 (April)]
point of the face BEFO will be: (1) – 112.5 (2) – 106.5
(3) – 118.5 (4) – 99.5
   
Q.6 The sum of two forces P and Q is R such that Y
b |R|
P
 
| R || P | . The angle  (in degrees) that the resultant of
   S
2P and Q will make with Q is, . Q

[JEE Main-2020 (January)]

JEE-ADVANCED 0 X
     
PREVIOUS YEAR’S
   (A) S   b  1 P  bQ 
2

(B) S  1  b P  bQ
Q.1 Three vectors P, Q and R are shown in the figure.      
(C) S  1  b  P  b 2Q (D) S  1  b  P  bQ

Let S be any point on the vector R .The distance
  
 Q.2 Two vectors A and B are defined as A  aiˆ and
bvetween the point P and S is b| R |. The general relation 
   B  a(cos  t ˆi  sin tj)
ˆ , where a is a constant and
among vectors P , Q and S is :
   
[JEE Advanced-2017]  = /6rad s–1 . If | A  B | 3 | A  B | at time t =  for
the first time, the value of , in seconds, is____
[JEE Advanced - 2018]
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I

Q.1 (2) Q.2 (2) Q.3 (4) Q.4 (3) Q.5 (4) Q.6 (1) Q.7 (4) Q.8 (2) Q.9 (1) Q.10 (3)

Q.11 (1) Q.12 (1) Q.13 (4) Q.14 (2) Q.15 (2) Q.16 (1) Q.17 (2) Q.18 (4) Q.19 (2) Q.20 (4)
Q.21 (2) Q.22 (1) Q.23 (3 Q.24 (4) Q.25 (2) Q.26 1) Q.27 (2) Q.28 (4) Q.29 (3) Q.30 (1)

Q.31 (4) Q.32 (2) Q.33 (1) Q.34 (1) Q.35 (2) Q.36 (2) Q.37 (4) Q.38 (2) Q.39 (2) Q.40 (1)

Q.41 (4) Q.42 (1) Q.43 (1) Q.44 (2) Q.45 (1) Q.46 (3) Q.47 (2) Q.48 (1) Q.49 (4) Q.50 (1)
Q.51 (4) Q.52 (2) Q.53 (1) Q.54 (4) Q.55 (4) Q.56 (2) Q.57 (1) Q.58 (3) Q.59 (1) Q.60 (4)

Q.61 (1) Q.62 (1) Q.63 (1)

EXERCISE-II

Q.1 (1) Q.2 (2) Q.3 (2) Q.4 (4) Q.5 (2) Q.6 (3) Q.7 (2) Q.8 (4) Q.9 (4) Q.10 (1)

Q.11 (1) Q.12 (4) Q.13 (4) Q.14 (4) Q.15 (2) Q.16 (2) Q.17 (4) Q.18 (3) Q.19 (1) Q.20 (2)

Q.21 (2) Q.22 (4) Q.23 (3) Q.24 (1) Q.25 (4) Q.26 (1) Q.27 (4) Q.28 (3) Q.29 (4) Q.30 (2)

Q.31 (4) Q.32 (1) Q.33 (1) Q.34 (3) Q.35 (4) Q.36 (1) Q.37 (3) Q.38 (2) Q.39 (1) Q.40 (4)

Q.41 (2) Q.42 (3) Q.43 (1) Q.44 (2) Q.45 (3) Q.46 (1) Q.47 (1) Q.48 (1) Q.49 (1) Q.50 (4)

EXERCISE-III

Q.1 (A,B,D) Q.2 (A,B,C) Q.3 (C) Q.4 (D) Q.5 (D) Q.6 (A) Q.7 (B) Q.8 (C)

Q.9 (A) r, (B)  p, (C)  q, (D) s Q.10 (A) q, (B)  r, (C)  p, (D) s

Q.11 [0036] Q.12 [0003] Q.13 [1] Q.14 [2] Q.15 [1]

EXERCISE-IV
JEE-MAIN
PREVIOUS YEAR’S
Q.1 (2) Q.2 (1) Q.3 (3) Q.4 (1) Q.5 (3) Q.6 [90o ]

JEE-ADVANCED
PREVIOUS YEAR’S
Q.1 (D) Q.2 [2.00]
 EXERCISE (Solution)

EXERCISE-I Q.9 (1) Let R = |F1 – F2| Basically we here

to find 'R'
Q.1 (2) R2 = |F1 – F2|2 Square
 
= |F1| + |F2| – 2F1.F2
2 2

Q.2 (2) |P – Q|  R |P + Q| = 164 + 80 = 244

If P = 10N & Q = 6N
4  R  16   
Q.10 (3) AB  OB  OA
Q.3 (4) Initial & final position are coincide.
 2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ
Q.4 (3)  ˆi  4jˆ  5kˆ

Q.5 (4) S  6iˆ  8ˆj  21iˆ

Q.11 (1) 2iˆ  3ˆj F  Fx ˆi  Fy ˆj
=  15î  8ˆj

 | S | 17 Q.12 (1,4)

 
Q.13 (4) A.B  0 – A B
 
A.C  0 – A C
b c
b If may be possible
Q.6 (1)  ABC
 
d a Than A must be perpendicular to B  C .
Now direction one interchanged
Q.14 (2) AB cos  = 8

a AB sin = 8 3
b
b tan = 3
c = 60º.
d
Q.15 (2) The displacement is
Change in direction but angle between A & B is change 
so no change in magnitude. d = ([3, 2, 4] – [2, 1, 3]) m = [1, 1, 1] m.
 
    Then F ·d = [(1)(1) + (–2)(1) + (0)(1)]N.m = –1 J.]
Q.7 (4) P  Q  P – Q

2Q  0 Q.16 (1)

Q0  
 Q.17 (2) A . B = AB cos 30°
| Q | 0
 
B . C = BC cos 150° = BC cos (180° – 30°) = –BC
  cos 30°
 v f – vi 5ˆj – 5î 1  ĵ
 î 
 If A = B = C
Q.8 (2) a avg = = =  2 – 2    
t 10 2    A.B B.C
Q.18 (4) A . B =15 + 2 – 2l = 0 d
Q.28 (4)  21z 6  21z 2  42 z ,
dz
17
2 = 17   = = 8.5
2 d2 
 126 z 5  42 z  42
dz 2
Q.19 (2)

Q.20 (4) dy d2 y
Q.29 (3)  cos x  sin x,   sin x  cos x
From the property of vector product, we notice that C dx dx 2
must be perpendicular to the plane formed by vector
Q.30 (1) sin x  x cos x
A and B . Thus C is perpendicular to both A and
ex
B and (A  B) vector also must lie in the plane Q.31 (4) e x nx 
x

formed by vector A and B . Thus C must be dy

Q.32 (2)  3x 2
perpendicular to (A  B) also but the cross product dx

(A  B) gives a vector C which can not be Q.33 (1) sec2 x

perpendicular to itself. Thus the last statement is wrong. 19

Q.34 (1) y 
( 3 x  2) 2

  dz  2x 2  2x  2
Q.21 (2) P  Q = PQ sin  Q.35 (2) 
dx ( x 2  1)2

   
PQ PQ P̂  Q̂ Q.36 (2) With u  (2x  1)
required unit vector =   = =
| P  Q | PQ sin  sin 
dy dy
y  u5 :   5u 4 . 2  10( 2x  1) 4
dx du
Q.22 (2)
dy
Q.37 (4)  27(4  3x)8
dx
dy
Q.23 (3)  2x  1
dx
x  7 dy dy du
ds Q.38 (2) With u  (1   ) y  u : 
Q.24 (4)  15 t 2  15 t 4 7 dx du dx
dt
8
 1  x
8
 7u .      1  
Q.25 (2)  7  7
dy d2 y
Q.26 (1)  12 x  10  10 x 3 ,  12  30 x  4 2
 2e 2 x
dx dx 2 Q.39 (2) cos( x ) 
x
Q.40 (1) 2 cos( x  )
dr
Q.27 (2)  12  2  12   4  4 5 ,
d dA dr
Q.41 (4)  2r
dt dt
d 2r
2
 24  3  48  5  20  6
d
Q.42 (1) ymax = 39, ymin = 38
 dy
Q.43 (1)  48(8x  1) 2 EXERCISE-II
dx
Q.1 (1)  will increase plan cos  will decreases.
Q.44 (2) 3 cos(3 x  1)
Q.45 (1) x2 Q.2 (2) Net displacement must be zero.
x3
Q.46 (3) Q.3 (2) |P – Q|  R  (P + Q)
3

x3 Q.4 (4) | A  B | A  B
Q.47 (2)  x2  x
3 A2 + B2 + 2AB cos  = A2
Q.48 (1) x –3
2A2 + 2A2 cos º = A2
Q.49 (4) 2A2 + 2A2 cos º = A2
2 cos = – 1
5
Q.50 (1)  1
x
cos = –
2
Q.51 (4) x3 = 120º
Q.52 (2) 3 x
Q.5 (2)

Q.53 (1) x 4/3

2 P=2cm A=2cm
(4) x
3
Q.54 60º
2 60º 120º
Q=
4 2 P=2cm
B=2cm
(4) 3x  3x
3 3
Q.55
4 2

Q.56 (2) x1/ 2 Resulting of A & B also have same unit 2 cm.
Q.57 (1) x 1/ 2
Q.6 (3) R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos60°
Q.58 (3) 7Q2 = P2 + Q2 + PQ  P2 – 6Q2 + PQ = 0
1
nx
2
Q.59 (1) P Q
3   + -6 = 0
Q
  Q
1
Q.60 (4)  cos 3 x  C P  P  P
3
  + 3   - 2  = 0  =2
 Q  Q  Q

Q.61 (1) 15

N
3 Q.7 (2) 4m
A B
Q.62 (1) 37°
2 3m
5m
b w
Q.63 (1) Using n subintervals of length x  and right- O
E
n

 2x dx  b
2 S
endpoint values : Area =
0

Displacement = 0
 R
Q.8 (4)

120° 90°
P Q.12 (4)
150°

Q
The direction of resultant must lie in between smaller
 
P Q R angle between A and B . There fore resultant in south
= = direction is not possible.
sin120° sin90° sin150°
Q.13 (4) (Fnet)max = F1 + F2 = 12 N
P  R
 
3 1 1 (Fnet)max = F1 – F2 = 8N
2 2 on solving ; F1 = 10 N and F2 = 2N
P:Q R= 3 :2:1   
Q.14 (4)  | a  b |  | c |
1 + 1 + 2.1.1 cos  = 1
  1
Q.9 (4) F2  F2 cos  =  h
2
F  120°
F2

  

Q.15 (2)  v  vf  vi
F1

vf vf
F2 sin
tan 
F1 + F2 cos   = 90°
vi  vi
1
then F1 + F2 cos = 0  cos = 
2
 = 120°
vf
 
Q.10 (1) F1  F2 = dyne   = 120°
–v
i
–vi
  vf
F  2 F1 cos /2  10 dyne v=

P |vf – vi| = 50 2
30°
120°
x
Q.11 (1)
Q.16 (2) | aˆ  bˆ | a 2  b 2  2ab cos 

  b
Angle b/w P &  is 0

so Resultant = P 2 + 2 + 2PQcos 
60°
 a
R = P+Q
 = 60°  | aˆ  bˆ | 1
 Now (a1  a 2 ) (2a1  a 2 ) = 2a12 – a22 – a1a2 cos 
G F

E
1 1
H =2–1– =
2 2
Q.17 (4) D C
  
B Q.24 (1) F  F1  F2 = 2î  3 ĵ  4k̂ N
A

& d = (5î  4ˆj  3k̂ )  ( 2î  3 ĵ  4k̂ ) = 3î  ĵ  k̂ m
Start from A to F
AC2 = AB2 + CB2
 
AC2 = 102 + 122  W = F • d = ( 2î  3 ĵ  4k̂ ) • ( 3î  ĵ  k̂ ) = 6 + 3 – 4 =
AC2 = 100 + 144 = 244 5J
AF2 = AC2 + CF2 = 244 + 196
AF2 = 440   
Q.25 (4) if a  b  c = 0
AF = 20.99  21
a  b  c  • a  b  c  = 0
Q.18 (3) A  B  7iˆ  3jˆ      
| a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2 + 2 [(a·b)  ( b·c )  ( c·a )] = 0
| A  B | 4a  9  58
  
(a ·b)  ( b·c )  ( c·a ) = –3/2
Q.19 (1) A  B  3iˆ  kˆ
Q.26 (1) By the defination of equal vector.
AB 3iˆ  kˆ
AB 
|AB| 10
Q.27 (4)  A  B   A

Q.20 (2) A  2iˆ  3jˆ  A  B  B
    
B  ˆj  A.B  A B cos  Q.28 (3)

3    
cos  
13
 tan=2/3   = tan–1(2/3) Q.29   
(4) A  B · A  B = 0 [  two vectors are
perpendicular]
A2 – B2 = 0

Q.21 (2) A  3iˆ  2ˆj  8kˆ
A=B
      
B  2iˆ  xjˆ  kˆ Also A  B & A  B are in plane of A & B whereas
     
A.B | A || B | cos   = 90° A  B is perpendicular to both of them.
 
A.B  0
x 1
6 + 2x + 8 = 0 , x = –7
x 1 1
Q.30 (2) f(x)   f f(x)  x  1
  x2 x 1
2
Q.22 (4) a ·b + b2 = 0 x 1

   f f(x) 
1
a2 + 2 a · b = 0 x
a2 – 2b2 = 0

Q.23 (3) a1 = a2 = 1 and a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 cos  ( 3 ) 2 = 3 dy 2 d2 y –2

Q.31 (4)   cos x ,  – sin x
dx x dx2 x 2
1
Or 1+ 1+ 2cos  = 3 or cos  = y  nx 2  sin x
2
 y = n x2 + sin x y = 2nx + sin x dy
Q.37 (3)  sec 2 x
dy 2 dx
   cos x
dx x
sin x  cos x
d2 y  2 y
also  2  sin x cos x
dx x
dy cos x(cos x  sin x)  (sin x  cos x)   sin x
 dx 
cos2 x
Q.32 (1) ex(tanx + sec2x)
dy 1
  sec2 x
dy dx cos2 x
y = ex tanx   ex tan x  ex sec2 x
dx

tan q
Q.38 p  1  tan q
 1  1 
Q.33 (1) y   x   x   1
 x  x 
sec2 q sec 2 q
(1) (2)
dy  1  1   1  1  (1  tan q)2 (1  tan q)2
  1  2  x   1   x  1  2 
dx  x  x   x  x 
sec2 q sec 2 q
dy 2 1 (3) (4)
  1  2x  3  2 (1  secq) 2 (1  sin q) 2
dx x x
tan q
p
Q.34 (3) x2 cosx 1  tan q

y = x2sinx + 2xcosx – 2 sinx

sec2 q sec 2 q
(1) (2)
(1  tan q)2 (1  tan q)2
dy
  2x sin x  x2 cos x  2 cos x  2x sin x  2 cos x
dx
sec2 q sec 2 q
dy (3) (4)
  x2 cos x (1  secq) 2 (1  sin q) 2
dx
Ans. (2)

dy tan q
Q.35 (4)  – x2 sin x p
dx 1  tan q
y = x2cosx –2xsinx –2cosx
dp (1  tan q)sec2 q  tan q sec2 q
dy  
  2x cos x  x2 sin x  2 sin x  2x cos x  2 sin x dq (1  tan q)2
dx

dy dp sec2 q
 x2 sin x  
dx dq (1  tan q)2
Q.39 (1) y = sin3x = sin3x

dr dy dy1 dy2
Q.36 (1)  cos   sec 2  y = y1 + y2   
d dx dx dx
r = (1 + sec) sin y1 = sin3x
y1 = u3 u = sinx
dx
  sec  tan  sin   1  sec  cos  dy dy du
d   .
dx du dx
dr
  cos   sec2  dy1 du
d   3u2  cos x
du dx
 dy1 2 3/2 3 4/3
  3 sin2 x cos x y2 = sin3x Q.44 (2) x  x C
dx 3 4

dy 2 2
 cos v Q.45 (3) 2 t – C
y2 = sin v  v = 3x t
dv
Q.46 (1)
dy dv
 2  3 cos 3x 3
dx dx Q.47 (1) – cos +  + C
dy dy1 dy2
  
dx dx dx 3 2
Q.48 (1)
dy 2
  3 sin2 x cos x  3 cos 3x
dx
Q.49 (1)

Q.40 (4) y = sin2(x2+1)

y = u2 u = sinv v = x2 + 1 1 5
Q.50 (4) n
3 2
dy du
  2u  cos v
du dv
dv dy dy du dv EXERCISE-III
  2x  . .
dx dx du dv dx
dy Q.1 (A,B,D)
  2u cos v2x 4x sin(x2+1) cos(x2+1)
dx
1– r Q.2 (A,B,C)
Q.41 (2) 2 By right handed co-ordinate system.
2r – r

 q  2r  r 2 Q.3 (C) x = t3 – 3t2 + 12t + 20

dx
 q  u u = 2r – r2 v= = 3t2 – 6t + 12
dt
dq 1 t = 0  v = 12 m/s
du
 du   2  2r
2 u dr
dv
dq dq du 1 Q.4 (D) a = = 6t – 6
  .   .(2  2r) dt
dr du dr 2 u
t = 0  a = – 6 m/s2
1r

2r  r 2 Q.5 (D) a = 0  t = 1 sec.
v = 3t2 – 6t + 12 = 9 m/s
Q.42 (3) x = 30 & y = 30
x + y = 60   
Q.6 (A) : FR = F1  F2 = 2iˆ  5 ˆj  4 kˆ
y = 60 – x xt = 60x – x2
dz  
z = 60x – x2   60  2x
dx F1 ·F2  3 
Q.7 (B) : cos=    = cos–1  
| F1 || F2 | 5 2 
dz d2z
  0 x = 30  2  ve maximum
dx dx  
F1 ·F2 6
x = 30 y = 30 Q.8 (C) : F1 cos=  =
| F2 | 5
x4 5 x2
Q.43 (1) –  7x  C
2 2 Q.9 (A) r, (B)  p, (C)  q, (D) s
  
(A)  secx tanx dx = secx + C |B| > |A|

cos kx
(B)  cosec kx cot kx dx = +C |B| =1
k
cot kx  
[2] v1.v 2  0  t  2 sec
 cosec kx dx = – Q.14
2
(C) +C
k
 
sin kx |A||B| =5
 cos dx =
Q.15 [1]
(D) +C
k 
2 | B | = 5
Q.10 (A) q, (B)  r, (C)  p, (D) s  
resultant of | A | and | B |
 
(A) | A  B | = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos  
|B| – |A| = 3–2 =1
1
A2 = A2 + A2 + 2A2 coscos = –  = 120
2
(B) F1 ~ F2  R  F1 + F2
EXERCISE-IV
Here F1 ~ F2 = 4 and F1 + F2 = 12
  JEE-MAIN
A–B 0 PREVIOUS YEAR'S
(C) cos  =  = 0  = 90º
| A |  | B | 2 2 3
  GMm  GMm 
(D) A  B = 2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ Q.1 (2) E1    
Rh  R 
 
| A  B | 2 2  1  32  14 2
1  GM  GMm
E 2   m   
2  R  h  2(R  h)

A Y R
E1  E 2 ;h 
2
4    
Q.11 [0036] X Q.2 (1) | A  B | n | A  B |
3 B
 A2 + B2 + 2AB cos 
= n2(A2 + B2 – 2AB cos )
  
rf  ri  vt 2a 2 (n 2  1)
cos (1 + n2) = [A = B = a]
2a 2
  ˆ  3î  4 ĵ 
rf  3(i)  4(ˆj)  = 2 
   5 5 cos  =
n2 1
  n2 1

rf  3î  4 ĵ = 6î  8 ĵ
 a a
 Q.3 (3) 1 0, , 
 rf  3î  12 ĵ  2 2

a a 
Q.12 [0003] a2 – 2a – 3 = 0 2  , ,0 
2 2 
a2 – 3a + a – 3 = 0
a(a – 3) + 1 (a – 3) = 0   a a
a=3 r 2  r 1  i  k
2 2

Q.13 [1] (Given |A| = 3) i  k

Unit vector =
  2
|A| – |B| =2
    
Q.4 (1) 2 | P  Q || P  2Q | Q
 13 +12 cos  = 10 + 6 cos   cos   
2P
1  
cos = – 2P  Q 
2 
Q
 = 120o.


    2P
Q.5 (3) A1  3 A2  5 A1  A 2  5
2P sin 
tan      [2Pcos + Q = 0]
   2  2   2P cos   Q
A1  A 2  A1  A 2  2 A1 A 2 cos 
 = 90o
5  9  25  2  3  5cos 
9 3
cos  =   JEE-ADVANCED
2  3 5 10 PREVIOUS YEAR’S
           
(2A1  3A 2 ).(3A1  2A 2 )
     
Q.1 
(D) S  P  bR  P  b Q  P  P 1  b   bQ 
 6 | A1 |2  9A1 .A 2  4A1A 2  6 | A 2 |2

 3
54 + 5 × 3 × 5  
 10  – 6 × 25 B

45 a
= 54 – 150 – = – 118.5
2 Q.2 [2.00 sec]

a
A

P   t
   | A  B | 2a cos
2P  Q 2

Q.6 [90o]     
P P Q t
| A  B | 2a sin
  2

Q
t  t 
   So, 2a cos
2
= 3  2a sin 2 
So angle between (2P  Q)and Q is 90o
Alternate solution t  
   tan = t =
PQ  P 2 6 3
P2 + Q2 + 2PQcos = P2  
t t = 2.00 sec
 Q + 2Pcos = 0 6 3