GERUND AND INFINITIVE

The paper is submitted to fulfill the task of English Course

Lecturer :
Dr. Effrina Yuricki M. Pd.

Arranged By :
Group 5
Journalism- 2B

Anis Humaira 11230511000043

Windri Novianti 11230511000077
Salsabilla Nofianti 11230511000078

JOURNALISM STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF DA’WAH AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA
2024
 PREFACE

We say thanks to Allah SWT, the Lord of the worlds. With His permission and grace, we can
finish the paper on time without missing anything. We also do not forget to send shalawat and
greetings to the Lord of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. May his intercession flow to us on the
last day. We also do not forget to thank our lecturer in the English course, Dr. Effrina Yuricki,
M.P.D., who has provided direction and guidance so that we can complete this paper.

The purpose of this paper, with the title Gerund and Infinitive, is to fulfill our tasks in the English
course. We realized that our paper isn't perfect yet. We hope for feedback from the readers in the
form of criticism and suggestions. Hopefully, this paper can be beneficial to the readers.

Kota Tangerang, April 1st, 2024

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE .......................................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1
a. Background ............................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSIOON ........................................................................................ 2
1. Gerund (Kata benda) ............................................................................................... 2
2. Infinitive (Kata kerja dasar) .................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 8
REFERENCE .................................................................................................................... 9

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 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
a. Background
English is the first choice language for the foreign all of the world. English are
based in England and dominant in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia,
Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, and various island nations in the Carribean Sea and the
Pacific Ocean. It is also use as a first language in India, Philippines, Singapore, and other
countries. English is also use as a second language in some countries around the world.

English is important because it is the global language, English also invented as

language of communication for various fields such as business, technology, etc. Learn
English had a lot of benefitial, because we can speak with people from other countries, etc.
Learn English can be very difficult when they use English as a second language because
they have to mastering pronounciation, grasping complex grammar, expanding vocabulary,
understanding grammar, etc. Grammar is the one of the techniques in learning English that
very important to create effective communication and structure sentences. There are
several aspect of the English language on grammar. One of the those aspects is Gerund &
Infinitive.

Gerunds and infinitives are important to learn because they can both help your
speech in a variety of ways in a sentence, depending on the verb or adjective in the
sentence. Sometimes people are confused between gerund and infinitive. Even though they
both have similarities and differences, So in this paper, we will explain gerunds and
infinitives in more detail.

The purpose of this paper is:

1. To find out what a gerund is

2. To find out what an infinitive is
3. To know the function of gerund and invinitive

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 CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

1. Gerund

A gerund is the present participle (ing) form of a verb functioning as a noun in a sentence.1
It is created by adding the “-ing” suffix to a base verb. Gerunds can serve various grammatical
roles, such as subjects, object or complement, and they are often used to convey actions or
ongoing activities.2

A. Form of Gerund
The first form of verb + ing is called a gerund. Here are some examples of they
usage of gerunds in sentence:
1. As a Subject
The gerund as the subject in the sentence does not have to stand alone, but has its
own object. 3 The verb becomes the subject of another verb (S + V). The gerund when used
as the subject of a sentence has the characteristics of being a verb + ing, the second one is
in front of the predicate, the third is the subject of the sentence, and the last means an object
which is the subject of the sentence.4
Example:
“Swimming is my favorite sport.”
In this sentence, “swimming” is the subject of the verb “is”.

2. As an Object of a Verb
Not all verbs can be followed by a gerund which acts as an object verb that is the
target of another verb but not all verbs can be followed by a gerund.5
Example:
“She enjoys reading novels.”
In this case, “reading” is the object of the verb “enjoys”.

1
Betty Schrampfer Azar. 2010. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Page 297.
2
Indu Prakash. 2024. English for CDS, NDA, NA, AFCAT Examinations. Page 49.
3
Retno Rianti. 2019. Gerund. Page 11.
4
Drs. Akh. Kardimin, M.Hum. 2005. Basic Grammar for Your Better TOEFL. Page 158.
5
Retno Rianti. 2019. Gerund. Page 12.

2
 3. As an Object of a Preposition
An object that is followed by a gerund after a preposition, and has several usage
patterns. The word that comes after the preposition. Preposition; in, on, at, at, for, from,
by, without, after, etc.6
Example:
“I am good at cooking.”
Here, “cooking’ is the object of the preposition “at”.

4. As a Complement
Gerund as a complement is used as a complement in a sentence which is usually at
the end of the sentence. In addition, gerunds are also placed after predicates that use the
word "be". Not only the single form of "be", but also the transformed form of "to be",
including is, am, are, were, was, and others. In addition, gerunds that complement can also
be followed by other objects.
Example:
“His favorite activity is hiking.”
In this example, “hiking” functions as a complement to the verb “is”.

Gerunds are distinct from present participles, which also end “-ing” but function as
part of a verb tense. While present participles are used to form continuous verb tenses (e.g.,
“He is running”), gerunds act as nouns (e.g., “Running is good exercise”). It’s essential to
differentiate between gerunds and present participles, as their roles in a sentence differ.7

B. Functions of Gerund
i. The gerund acts as a noun. It may be used precisely as the ordinary noun in the
sentence, i.e., as subject, object, complement, and especially after a preposition it is
used as the object of that preposition.
a) Shouting is bad. (Gerund as a noun and subject)

6
Retno Rianti. 2019. Gerund. Page 16.
7
Indu Prakash. Ibid.

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 b) I forgot writing. (Gerund as a noun and a direct object of the verb 'forgot')
c) I hate writing letters. (writing is a transitive gerund with letters as the object of
the gerund)
d) I hate writing letters in the morning. (Transitive gerund with an object and an
adverb phrase, in the morning)
e) Seeing is believing. (first gerund, subject; second gerund, complement)
f) After seeing the play, we went home. (Gerund is the object of preposition after)
g) They insisted on my coaching their team. (we cannot write 'me coaching' because
the object of the preposition (on) is coaching and not me. "my" is an adjective
attached to the noun "coaching.")
Similarly: I objected to his going there. (not him going there)
h) His offence, shouting loudly, cost him his job. (Gerund as a noun in such cases is
a noun in apposition to another noun. This pattern is generally used after the
possessive adjective followed by a noun as subject for the sake of clarity.)8

ii. It can be used exactly as a Noun

Example:
Drinking liquor being his aversion, we did not serve alcohol.

iii. Transitive and Intransitive Gerunds

- Transitive gerund: A gerund has, thus, the force of a Noun and a Verb. A gerund can
be transitive and intransitive also. It can take an object and adverb when it is used
transitively, and it can take an adverb when it is used intransitively:
1. Churning milk in the morning is a good exercise.
(Transitive Gerund with object milk and adverb phrase, in the morning)

- Intransitive gerund
1. Churning in hot weather is difficult. (In hot weather is an adverb phrase attacted
to intransitive gerund, i.e., churning)
2. Shouting is prohibited. (intransitive gerund)

8
Indu Prakash. Ibid.

4
 3. shouting slogans against the government is prohibited.
(transitive gerund with one adverb phrase – against the government – as the
subject of the sentence.) 9

iv. Compound Gerunds

These gerunds are formed by placing a past participle after a "have" and "be"
1. He is said to have opposed my idea.
He is desirous of being prised.
3. They were charged of having sheltered some criminals.
4. We were fatigued on account of having walked so far.

v. Gerund as Adjectives
Only in a few cases, the gerund can be used as an adjective
1. The writing desk: the word writing is not a participle, and the phrase means, not desk
that writes but a desk for writing; the adjective writing stands for gerund + writing.
2. Similarly, in manufacturing defect manufacturing is an adjective. 10

9
Indu Prakash. 2024. English for CDS, NDA, NA, AFCAT Examinations. Page 50.
10
Indu Prakash. Ibid.

5
 2. Invinitive

The infinitive is a basic verb that has not changed form, either due to changes in time
(tenses) or the addition of the letter ending -s/es/ies.

Infinitive is a verb that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb in English. The

function of the infinitive verb is to express opinions, the purpose of an object, action, and
answer questions who, what, or why. The basic formula for the infinitive usually starts with
the word "to" and is followed by the base form of the verb.

Example: "I want to swim at the beach"

Infinitive verbs are not conjugated like other verb forms, so they will remain in infinitive
form in a sentence.

 Types Of Infinitive

In general, the types of infinitives are divided into two types, that is:

1. Bare Infinitive (Infinitive without To)

Bare Infinitive is a word basic work that is not preceded by the word "To". This verb
is also called a word original work. For example : see, hear, look, go, read, speak, etc.11

Based on the English sentence structure Bare Infinitives that can be used:
1) After auxiliary
Verbs Auxiliary verbs is like can, shall, will, may,etc. you can using auxiliary verbs but
you can’t used primary auxiliary (to be).
Example : She can speak Mandarin and Japanese
2) Certain verbs
Certain verbs such as see, hear, listen, let, make,please, etc
Example : Please come here quickly.
3) Verbal idioms
You can using infinitive without to as verbal idioms (would rather, had better, had rather)
Example : You had better go to my house

11
Mujahidah dkk., Basic English For Young Learner, Parepare: 2020, hal. 67

6
 4) Beginning with the words need and dare in negative sentences and interrogative
sentences,
Example : I dare not tell it Need I go to Aunt Mary’s pesta?

2. To Infinitives (Infinitive with To)

To Infinitives are basic verbs that begin with the word "to" and usually functions as a
regular noun or verb that can be followed by an object. Say This work is often referred to
as the Infinitive with To. For example: to see (see); to hear (hear); to look (see); to go (go);
to smoke (smoking), to read (read), to speak (talk), etc.

When used in sentences, there are several functions of the To Infinitive (infinitive with
to) whose use or application is as follows:
 Subject of Sentence (subjek kalimat)
Example: To swim is a good exercise.
 Subjective Complement (pelengkap subjek)
In this case the to infinitive is often used together with to be, such as: am, is, are, was, were
which function to express an order, desire or necessity.
Example: I am to clean my room now.
 Complement to Verb (pelengkap terhadap kata kerja)
Example: She appears to be a clever woman.
 Objective Complement (pelengkap objek).
Example: I order you to leave my sister.
 Object to Preposition (objek terhadap kata depan)
Example: He is about to go to New Zealand.12

12
Mujahidah dkk., Basic English For Young Learner, Parepare: 2020, hal. 69

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 CHAPTER III CONCLUSSION

According to this paper, we can concluded that a gerund is the present participle (ing) form
of a verb functioning as a noun in a sentence that used on the first form of verb + ing. The gerund
can used as a subject, an object of a verb, an object of a preporsition,and as a complement. There
are several function of a gerund; gerund acts as a noun, also can be used exactly as a noun, and it
can be transitive and intransitive. It means, when it is used transitively, a gerund can take an object
and adverb, and when it is used intransitively, it can take an adverb.

Infinitive is a verb that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb in English. Infinitive is

usually starts with the word "to" and is followed by the base form of the verb. Infinitives are
divided into two types, there are Bare Infinitive (without To) and To Infinitives (with To). Bare
Infinitive are actually a basic work. It can be used after auxiliary, certain verbs, and verbal idioms
in their structural sentences. To Infinitives are basic verbs that begin with the word "to". there are
several functions of them, It can be used as a subject of sentence, subjective complement,
complement to verb, objective complement.

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 PREFERENCE

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 2010. Understanding and Using English Grammar

Kardimin, Akh. 2005. Basic Grammar for Your Better TOEFL

Mujahidah dkk. 2020. Basic English For Young Learner, Parepare

Prakash, Indu. 2024. English for CDS, NDA, NA, AFCAT Examinations

Rianti, Retno. 2019. Gerund.