gales Grroup Thesry Keeupatd ov _Binawy Algebras Definition 2 oo empty set G e444 ppeck auth one binony epowhon * ts cored grupere . he Gr is-a groupoiel if Gy fs clored fir *. F 4s denoted by (Gr, ™*), Bre (n,+) , C2,-), (z+) ete. Semi qroup An odgebrrode shrutture (Gr, *) 3 called « semi group tf the binosey seperation * satisfies associative Property he (a*b)*e = af (b*c) YaeG Sel The atgebrave structures CN y+), (1+) C21%) 1 (0,%) | axa semi- arveups but fhe Stuttuves (Z,—) ~» nob became (—) fs wor usec! obive eet Te structures (PSY, 0) and CPCs).) where p(s) is 4 POOH set > a Set S ase Semi. avoups os both fle. spevations unfon and intersection ane associahve Mono! d_ A Semi- > 2s bled monofd if these exists an [entity clement te? in Gy such fhat eRazate= a > AEG ee The Sanne P (Cv, x) 8 a moneid become 1 is the identity foc the ynuttipiication » But dhs Semi group Cs, +) & nat, pecawre O aa the Mentity fow addition but wot in N-Mulbipliotive Iaewkhy for rach is fr 4] F WL ieteal le t a | AS valbuy iy [oo 4 ey , An algebvore Shaefuve 2 set G1 ard a ehnasey eperation - defined in G fe Cas *) 5 cotd « per £* fetioutng postulate « Sabsffes tte UY Clowes ae G, beG + ak beG ¥ abe& () Associakivily + The tempesitfon + & amoctobie m by Fe, (ak b)¥e =a (b*e) , ¥ abc e& 1) Existence > Teomnily + Tree exist an ide alemout & in G Bah fook eRazate =a, ¥aeG ww erat ate tay wa ce ae v) Existence * Thvere! Coal Claman “a4 Gy 4 ieverdole , foe cussuy EG, These exist ant in Gy Suds theak a* Sef isauchitg) yt) (Wt) 7 2) 7% Dinwy seein ww adcl hive axseetahve Bed Fes ' ‘ : ist) Bince © ta ielouh' ctument bat OF Ge, (Mt) Sb nek a geeh ) (Nx) > i) xb @ binary epexation, hey = sath tsb ii) ousye. ety uly ents o si) Las am teak efementt tae aoa een a \tnultipticndye : ping an 7 a ivy Tease 2 4 t foy Wourirntl 4 Len: g, Che) Oo wets ane? Z Se, (Rat) BS eeupAbelfan Geoeep ot Commutitive sya pot commatabvye © 1 ee A grep CG, *) a sale % Js commutatia alsa A . ita B ov Abelian ALO 5 TF a es et Grimmtotaale . a® Subgseups * A nm em pty Subset ef a gree & & & . T t J y t { D RD ciesed fos the Compestiton clsfived wr Gp Fe she Lomneosrtoan > a tolich eoy PP gubgre4ps iy Ge (itself) The above fee subgreeps aubgrrpe SubgoeP ethan f sebgrerf heecems- © a & tran these pHs subyecuP [a> Tre jane ty et a “me . : Poa [b> the Prverse 9 OY -ek mF et SS a poverse °L fhe seme pager’ ax an emer eo ie ( The ort MY element © a KR aw the Same ean Me ONTtere ama Roonct & ae be m ant nm ty tae the oot 7 g te, thes BY The AceA < ess cetieely. Fe be He ictentty, rep a Y e” Co ee ae m9 >) a men=0 = [m= a ¢ “Theosem -@) 2 ee i Uo9 750 A non votd subset | HH A] a grerP G is a awog~mp fF act, be H > ab'euH _lheovem = © : : A non-finte subset H af < group & is = SbyreeP a aehH ,»beH > ob €H Theesem- 4) The intersection >{ any foo subgroups {a apoup oy 2 again a Abgroup ry &. ps is not ne concouly a sub group, % The union two Subgerry Bubpproups joes ex, the grup Gy= (2, +) has too H= J2n:nezd and ke Jani wezt Then dheis tnfon HUK TQ 2G 4-31-20, 34, 6? is not « subgroup °| Gr Demure Alas is not cored for + dProvs dol H= Lariblabe de & a subgroup of the gveup (2,+). JS Cborly 1A —nen-emphy dubset “| C- Fb aye whore eat tb 1 Y= areibe Pom xs (ay ar)+ Fbimb2) eM oA, Ard. € 6 ¢ Pin b, € 8. MEH yet > OW eH. 7 Hs a tubograup > Cet)G. Rene tot Ht asa aukgroup 2 the gor Coy BR) RSAR He J ase [ aed, be O@, atabr xo? S&H is now empty subst of C +bJ2 and Y= a2t bi oO. Ab wy EH Where 5% 6 Bb x0 jai # anon (ay +6 2)Can4 b, py! = Git be fe) are be) Ap Ae a Pio br €& Qt- 2b aty” = fads- 2bibe Bee + fae) made: ag 2bF Oy*— 2be is ” ae 2 # 2b au OF Ia feb ~4aF se z A+B EH fot Hoa 0 Aubgreuf? rou > Q, Meo, #) ) consist ng a ee Fishs A field bo dopler CF ata" - aotesfying Rek F and two eee operations + & fos follouuing con an abelfon qreeP: cuten a) Cr+) * (iy Ce Boy = Fur 4 oe abetion group Gn “ae Cbee) = ne nee & (heey? bea + Om v ay be © F ex. fiend — footie) 2 0 Oe i C8 ie ihe bey tes preLet , ty-) be a fete A Vector § portion @ onc an nce over Fath a Aet Vv eqtuppedt with a bay & Scalorr mutkip ication © fi Fev— vy wher g399t tras dioo 007 ompty 3% Pand VY oe f£(a,%) eV oe [mn] ™ pen a argt hae a cea ee = Propecdties — ) os () dv, =>) is an abelian grep om td) wOoxX €V xa er Oxy, *Rev om i) a@ (bz) =(ab)O * -m ( a eT (4°) omy () ao (% © q)= woxO@ aT Veo vy or rv) (at+b)@® * = 00 F @ OF on vi) 20% = & | om waditive igeutiby bn fe fee ON L, ggditive iooutity yertor Spare over f ~~ . .y aa Swe e-Patt? fish F Ree eS CR ta) ‘@ = Cr ‘ = (ued ya) Cee, FY ‘'* ay l Mera e RF = &O (065 a9 Fs) + be ap ER k R= igi) @R® pox = EPO (1 24%) = Ce Ppxr y AP 5 WB%3) = oO (Px. y Pr PHD = KO pr (4%.43G) = ® 4QBO® Cio tes 43, By, 4 Hat pe) Po (F19% + ) 3 Ze P+)tam cm ~ — An en A [> fan fis 7 FP) man B= (o5 man Gs. fan be al &y) mn (aD) 0@z Space gvert hae vs aah +o ke Arcbspeee el iy sam Aight wots in rr us > oD = €%.,0,0) Wea eseltorsyedie tt al A non-empty subset Vit wos a vectoo duced Op erections.Vv be ON + ON - __n. ts po hae wre © and ae scomibin akiere {Vilssc Aner lee S= Toto pefine LCS)= Sat, t-te Psepesitt o> Roofi[D TF we take oy AV t— — 8 heen =O &- Los) Lés) ao a subspace. 1 V- EO ag =) Eb -bde Nye tem Vey VS ay Ve 2 x, ee : 5 ~ 2-8 mn ¥ fs ew WWI = Oivat ~~ Xm¥in) 5 Cate - eI @ eG= Make jy, 4 = By, 4- > wew? © Les) ()) Lee we ON se ea 800 = Eas > Setter = BY! — 9 Bang tora < ~ owe Lésy Lrearhsy depen dou Lf V be a VS/F ond Wey — We Say Hat vpy- 7 Vin One Sineots ly oLper. { b £ ane Fes CHISTS “ol, o4,- ~ 1 em EF ner ok Fe AN, + ANat- Te Viney aves Oe a trak Vy-- 1 Vn ara, Sindee] Rernorker oo TE My - a Nig Ga ose Uresthy ¢ AN2 - ~ Sam =O MEG 2, v= C,-ih , Swope Pe ee pre Ms Pronple J Conidre GNI Naa” awe alt) + att (ett, ait) 4 Got iy (hi 4 a Citt), =o i ton) = (Kitayirds ; Rie oO (“4 As) i + 13509 AnatBast’s het v be a vertor space oven F. A basis of Vis a Set B= ZV ain f Settésfying dle follared ethos — & ae properties CA) B ds Uneanty inetepenctert omer F. (i) Les) = Ve Clinecee Span 4] S Avene generate v) Example? Ve R* S =F Cue9) » (ote), CQ. year ey ae Re \ 3 UD 2D. Srey Cpe Cyets = ¢0,0,0) 5S eas Gn 0 i = Caibsc) ER we 2 Stet B0o1,0) +e Cl) p = aot bart cx, 3 Bo, Sa basis { ve pe, Se SF C0, 1), LU, ¢1,1,0) ¢ &- ote Lot » ae= C10") y da= Cnt) ty) oT> Cry + Crh + C3 Xs =O ACO nt) + OCU Or aC lst, 9) = Gr 9.0) (Crt Oat a, tls 1 eer) =, 0) CUtCr =O ¢ atc,;=9 + crecs +O 24q7° C725 O- [aso - 3 (DPcK= FE ‘ : ‘ evCabove R > Be ACOH eh EO a e€t tro) Ba hart apo. t aggee te fc N co Dimension Aa Vector gpace oven F | Lat Vv be a vertor re oven ©. The cimentions 4 V's the number ©f vectoss in a basis Notation + cin, Vo er i'm VF) && Take F=R , Ve RY chim, R*= ? &= $(1,0,0), Co,1,0), (0, 0,1) = Standond eons dime R= 3 & Take P=R , V= IR! i g 3 ‘) =. Stand: 8 = 3 (1,0,0), (0,170,0), (011,05, (0/0 0,1) 7+ standar chim R* = 4 ® abing RO =n 7 , eo 9. Ts Pa vs over R% i S= StS is a boasts ¥ ¢ err IR im, =2 Dimensier | C corer R= 2 Clip dim. = ! eA LN - . a. RB a Vesey epee Uwe dim, P=) ; dim an. Lk PR Dy= Rott ybt Fe we One" fareR tao ‘Be Vuxy,- fl ene 2 Stanclork Baws. hecawe @ g b Linwdy in da pone @ 108) = PalxySs eel Be PR pat iz Q We PMO e AO [fOr = fx) Folin Ww = 9 et are Aye aged : pe Ao = AER by ot me QF 7 o A é Saree pode TO a) a Rae ot tax = O > are : eftad = Oe + » = Yur't, din, W = 2 Boasts 7 Ny Or "Ss 2 o deme C Qn o dimeret = 2 Let Vo be a VS/F dieu the no of element In hbasts cane quod. hit v be a vsS/F - “The fedlocuing ase eguiv Th) Boh aw bests of VIE féncorly imdep menoetind bets ale Oa 4 maximal evolu Seb: (®) 8 4 menor oe ge_Hheas “Pransformatfon. het Yond Vi be too Veetor spaces ower P. “RE thea fronsformation 4. a map TT: Was Ve Satisfying He follauuing propesctres Fe QO) Tl) = Oz () Tlesvy= TOD+ TI) 4 uy © NM w ke Pw UEM (8) Tlaw = eeT(uy Se Te RS RS, TOWN) Geng pe CG) To.) = C0,0,0) = (0 +0, 0-0, o) = Co 0,0) {D) Lee Gerry , C7 yt) ER eyes yy?) ser’) Tops Or) = TC = Crete ayy, weeny Ys = (ery y+ Cotes 22-9 2) = lou) + TCP) tii) TlaAboY) = TC Ay 4) (hrctery 4 X1-AY 2096) v a (HY) EY YD) = & TOY) “thewfou Te x dines Evans foomabion ey bb P= IR, WER) Mee pi, Teo)= Cue, Fron) = Crats0) « wists a farruile for TOY) St guy) = C10) (ou! FO ee rent tou)) s eTCn) + 4 T(011) = et oO ty Chl s (uty) = Tee Fe) var Tlku= ATH) 9)Tor) a (C101) O (ny? ge ery SJ eG. aay 3 = (IR? i gw FP: » Y=lRs Vi = 12%, Dew pee exist a Bt TiV3Vis PVM T 1,010) = Cyr) T (0,119) = C2)1,-%) 70,011) = Ct, O-) tp C1113) = (2,24 (1,0,0)4 y Ctr G 260,011) ge Cope) = % sine) Ee iopode 90112) #200011) : se 7 61 019) + y TLIO) + 2760/01!) 1-2) + 2c1or- ye Ci 2) + y Ctr Tlayyie) = Oe FAR HET) ax-24-*) Cih3) ver tf7. Putting oy a jelly 2-2-3) Tl) = (142435 z C6, 21-B) # Gaz ~— > nok a LE from yo Ne Feo — [near Spars Lions Span vf wettors Vi/Vip-— Vn cLeffnedk a9 SPAN Any! Maye Se ‘ v= ¥ Sar laren? tr The cottertion DY cull Lineor. combination <2 Vi Mar — Vn + Called ee neay Span »| veetorS V,,v.,- - Vn OTs the voetow [',0,0)" in she spon of the veetors [4,27] and (ai4]" ? oe f ig et x =| ar] = [2] a» © UT 4. ° 4a, t3M Pl, QaybdypeO, 791+ 4dr 29 an 2 [Ae 2 oda th ~14440 a So, [10,0]7 does not bie in duds spon a Veefors -.So hone fe System ts Inconsistent Theewems Leh $ he « Subset 8{ avettor space V. Then Span) ' a ‘Subspace. a{ Vi and ql is fhe Amablest subspace containing he Xt S. Also cmy Subspace tonfordning fla etemout, | S also antains SPAN (s) % The vectors [i] , (‘| & [5 fos a Spanning, get > Rr I oO . . Vr ' ' ' Br ony vector [ee ° ip sf ff] + of | 3 Is x M3) , Dit dre Von > Sir WoX%3 Aytdadage = pass Ml ay “p wf] 4 vrs] | 7 «s){ 4] V33 The veetows { ‘| [ aba oo? ae . co yw te a . ‘ ype ails da] Vyas ads 4+ dal o Vs | ° o 1 Det dyrdat dae eg Mt dae Ns dit tae Na ly not possible to get Gi diner, we have 2 & % 2 AvadoWe , Th fost, do not foom a volts al diAr My oda So dls gen yorto Spanning set rf IR™. Ook encel Bays Jat Vv be mien Bl Ny & a gegyerce Bf In a bass An ond exch Boud’s 4. veotous Ne R fev example —> he Fe R E , ae ne Y t 7 7, d.c70ok Baws 4 (on) 4 (0) § ~~ “h speu fying Juz pon Hon: Co-oxdtinate [4 Vetter vs /F and £t & be an ondoroch bos Sf Jat V be ow sq-cimentiona® vo and Vev Su, 4- Vn we have om erp session vo AMw- - + nNn Bp > * Co~ codinet® oN ae weet B Ge Pek eR” Corvdder Ihe coclonst bonis. Be SO) (10,0) > (0,0,1) ¥. Ve (813, N) EIR®Kesoned FL x Wesee “Ronsfiemation ey Nut spece be Ts WS VL be GE ag F ; Define. RODS NG = ee ROD NG Svey, | TW) = 03 Repent Lea, eis ce LOD) = NOT) Wow “Subspace ef Vi Bek d) os NC), because To) = 0 (8) Lat 2,00? © ger). fom Thad=0 & Tho) =O” Consider Toei) = Tlw)4+ Tho) =ot+0=0 P weet e Nr) [M) kt © © NC) & wer The) =0 Consiey , Tlaw) = &« Tho) = «x0 =O = awe NT) Tivo, bE/F TS one-one <> NM =Foh Vie L/P lt) = VEVELV= TON) fe Some wens §, Spote a(t) & o subspace 71 Ne 7) Ce RIT) because Tl) =O Thay tye TOV) Tlav) = aT) Be oT: re» 2 ThwyZd= O44) z,4) , wir) § LE Coy) @ NUT). Thn Taye) = (09/0) (ery 4-25 x)= (0,0, ) “ty =0 ( “0 W-K=0 y=o o ReoNOT) = 3 (0,0/0) 8 Tn (T= FO yazye RK] TOW) = GYD) for some Cupare RF j Toga Or yZ?) h(n, eR, Zz) =e G0,9, 29 mayer, wee yr, 22z? pee Yee? Ys AHP zB?) 2=z? Gone) = Cyan, Oyen) 2) ERE RV ee Tm(r)= RF OTs RS RS. TOOYRD = OGY) x2, 9) se TOny*) © NO) T Cue) = (00,0) DEO R07 EO wey =O, Y-2~2>O+ be=-7] » REI (rr yeey = i-&, *) Be ONCTIE TOUGH) |e ERE Commpeler, TOU) = bey yz) (eyo) = CRT TR ) [xe = spon) J y=0- o=-0 Va How, warm 7 Po Ce ae ae yor onto ) ) ROT) = Joxtys xx, 0) Pray ERE ) ; NOT) = Ce, 2, %) , e- Cn tNd Ba bovis | NO) ; dim, NCT) = 2 4 (er¥, x-% 9) = wry Cir0,0) + m-~ CO/110) , @ = FLr9,0) 4 C010) § ) ) ) ) clim gn Cr) a2} Ce dt * Prepes Woyer Jee EMS Vy be ov Lt (F, Suppose Be B¥is—~ nF bs a basis | . “Thow ROY= LOST. —, twat) Se T! ADI —S maar (R) TYo)> | tO+=-a) 7 I ne = plo) Ys Be Flier bast ap PG fod= Aa area FOd= TQ)> [ | - ‘| 0 * 0 eal W=x Ths fo -! : Th oO PFO )=E I TOP> [? a Ro) = AC FT) pte) TONS) ; “ACER CE Ls 1D) Ros 2 (4 [5° y [rd Rema: A basis P| RCT) & subset) MW y~- ~ Tn'& % qe = RO) 4, Cfo > £709 UIE Or Oe aye gare + 3% POO = Ay + ue Se eee ol at 9 4 aaessweth. _ Fant. susie ID font, fo Shee Tethoth, ta te Sinerstor, LE) [bond LTS e din 8 - FTI 0 = eee re on oe OD Willig of e we a [itty OD = ee) Jak Uno, tee WEE Suppers, Sin he < Thon, |e én oT! Re 8" Tn 2) = (4-49 1% 5 ord dir ghLT) hae Canny © NOT) (0,0,050 Then, Taye) = } (191 1-21 0 OY = O01 ET ey were NOTY = Fou a) 1weERT (urna 2 Cr ID) be Feu ys a keys 3 psig (T=) Grew din, = 3 Pn ge oon pil sly Donnir) = inv — M ole Thence a- [Foe = 2 | [iaif . ‘ I Mathix srepresentectiory Sf be ny rs : Ab Ts Vy Ny, bee et /F Lat B= Sv,,-- 9% % and B22 ‘ puapultvel: TMho- Ve tibe eid Lave >p and Ve, sreapeativelay = ; a FON) 4 4 Chom Vin = 4, TM) TUN aM bem ot Chime Vie? TOn) = Oinv)4 GanVy) a — 8 enn Ven? Ou éF MOp)e = far me = ane 9 aaa Gey, ‘ { 7 Am. Om: On| maa 1 » MET) -& calla fhe mabtdy of T ost Bard B B= 30110), (ot) $ en % & T RoR. BY = $(1,0,0)) (hy 1) 0) ) CRE Thuy) = On wry) x-y) ; Tyo) = (iy bel) = O-C110,0) 4 0 (HO vvetn TB) = (8,2, =-1(1 0,0) +8 CU HO) O (U1) eo 9 -l mM(T)e = [ 2 {ogee 3 FR 5) aft 8] deRae, lat RR 5 [ we OY) (4) = Pt] er? [| ake Tome (5 = 9)Co-onetthyatio af a Vorbor Ve walt alm Ve 1 B 4 Vey Nyt basta 9) Vv VeVi , VE mM + Ny te t yn Wle- (PT) er { 3 oe be © is 9X, epee Be dv Not 8 b> Fv- pwn’ be fle. bear's 9) V/F vie Revere Pate © Pin Woe Pavet Raves Py Vn ! \ Vie finv rv Pan ® © Fann 6) * pur fr An ~ ) a » ~ Ww n i) fs Cra) Pa fh ~. Ya The Pan Ener Wy Baneschar Matots Roman B! te 20, 4 I [ ae DiveréblePear one, Sh ee ee a mao ty E Enke | Plementony Rew Ppenalfons — Plementesy Roo poration ena mabeix wnetse | dle Fallon cee &) Avy (F9) We cm muttiply any non-xe%o sealar into any 0d. (FS) Any you was Preplasedd by co now uit addition fo a aonstont Muetfigle >] dnodhey 2v0ed s S . \ Row wis treated aa of vertoy $ two %eL9 Can be inkerchang ed. Photon fiom a This fxm | matokx hung {woo poopesties > io) The fixst non-xexo enby Mm ench yao i 4. WY) The mumber BL Kees on fle eft siele 7[ A 7OW 4s move sth That 5] poewious 2000 - ele) Keak 7 2 5| Bap7ap | O 5 t -l Ro RyRy o 4 -4 JRow Roa ie te oO 1 -e——/ 0 I lie A gg Lg OF aoa 2 Rs a ¢ nee a > Echelon Pom 0 oO (Bonk >| a mater dot AS Mam LF): Ronk (8) = . ie gas : aah 1 a ees ti a 1 * oO ° ( Ui 4 bo. © oO i z ° yao ,yHO, X20 ge pp fs 2 St | Ree eee = pert tleow fs 2 za ee el se See | oe Rg es 2 gs fee al elie oe ir ‘ o t £0 RRs ht | 1 16 10. Rn, > 4-4-2} ¢ ae % z -i 2 2 ft 2 1 -! 1 1 aT i 5 | Rexret® [Oo | ‘ sg 6-28 2 0 8 TT } ° i ol g -\ -e 4 one Ra- Ro 1 cl tT = t U Ra goa 8% a a ; L Area ee oval ae 6 4 ° a 2g 2 o Oo -6 7! 0 0 76 Se , yop) B78 (ay 1 l Cee aes ane o | ¢ 8 ° eee ileee oe a eons 3 oo 7 S . Oe a i -8 io-t ot Rsk 6 t 6 0 ie oe: [3/42 Reareg | Ge T Ros R Toupee Oey) yx, 0) B= ¥Ci0,0), Co,1,0), (0,01) Fink aank 4° medily M¢T)— and Rank CT) ‘i | = (CWO) = (1, 6,0) T(ONoOy= (44 14 0) T Co%1)= (0,-1,0) A en ie are mM (r)y > | a i | | Rank (MUDGY= 2 38h 0 0 ° Rir) = L(g TO100) 4 T(0,1,0) 7 (0,0,))}) > LC% (0,0); (40), Co,-1, 03) R= C4 (040), C21, hoyt) Ronk. Cr) « dim, KOT) 2(CCCCICECCCOOLLLELEALaa oquctions System oy Creat equoéfons oo LEP bec: fetel A - system ef Linear aqusat unknacons it | the form fons fn an tyre sam %n wel ) An wt tyne © b y » (@ Ayrrent * 4m Xn = bm We can wate @ as forlovsa~ Ax = 8 A> [aij jmn Be [ *y ne (7. | sz af If B> [ ‘] then AX = % ° C homogen eu + ( Tf 8+ ("| then AX = 8, : ee nen- homogenous eo nes SL ystem >| Linco eq” et ol © TF we tT. © sys Goes: Horm eee ystem Removt! J Pe NO ag & clink Por 0, then WE erecies eer 3 eerie ® have infinitely mony Sot? s. a ay EES = 9 =x, twin XS = a ae Reels Sees a a a AK=O 32 4 | Rich, fo: Ames toh ol i a2 4 32 2ac = ee = > Be qo Snel 1 as t 1 l x ° Wr %r.+%, =O Mt % eey— 70) aS dimension *{ Sol” space det xgeb eR weTh $ (-# > #9 “ “£ (6) 11-5) a bax's solutions (44% %) (611-8) a Qty tH TPO ya =O a—%y + Wa — xe = © i Ri -Fi eee aor, [3 2 a aE Ne eM ra VAT eee Tt i a ‘e ‘ :y|eLe Sole 1575. System | 21 sesices fo d = . fen VOTRE or a eNeUaeed Ny kL Met he Mth - BY = =0 = =e KeCoser Non Lb .Aqget y XS » tis eR yy ees ee = © woe eS a \Xr= 2! ae ~3t~ 68/5" —~3E \: ee } i 2s Na / + Z : s = ft ee E 3 a te ° L Boxis = $ (3,2, 05), (66-1 99h Hus is basis 2 Soletfon space Homogenous aystern Pf equation Agmen Swe, > Brel Augmented omadoatces R= [at @l mnt § Coneton fowm > mecsix A ey Qt GW = FB = 2 — wt¥s ~ \ 3 t2-%s = 7! Ax= B os fe ee eee eee ie ey Ly a, he? th sae Rie 2Rt BeRomk(A) = 3, Renken) = 3 Tr aris cose well get uotiqus, Aol” seank (BH) = same. (A) = ni: #7 vaseebles- Geel) > panklay = goak CR) Solution exists Gseli > pany (ny % fonk (A) Solution doo of exists Unigue —santttn) = vant (fi) + 0 vartables Coase (i) | orl ie Pie spank (nye ream’ (A) < 70°41 variables Sof"s SR yt am Me = 2 — 2%, —G+t% = | spank (A) = wank (A) < ne: 2] vyeow'acbles Infineteby mows gatution - Nos flee vantasle = Nef Omemeen oo = 3-2 = Sup pore MgFk , Mie eae oe = a ae MrietgeS OF) Fee BLE my (>()-(2) He) 3 AS Nen- Home geuout peck» --0 HD ay sO aye Nhe =O = + ( SS Heme, YZ Gere® #F es Z Bnd Gonditfon on ahb St the System &{ Hinson 90 yy — Xt Ks = | ie WY te t+axz,=-3 EEN eye B home @ no Sor” (1) Unigue- Set” [ii) Tafnitby: mony Sat = Te aes rae te eel ne As = LAKHS roe ae eset Ne to gat: 6-3 ar oc) at: by” ee a [) TP -Saa2 =o ond i ic 20) = 2 Ronk (AY=3 pont. (i) 27 =) Ronk (A) F pone (A) > Sse has no- Sol” Rok (A) = 27 Rank (A) = 2 aoe CT esta bls > We hove infmatsdy mor] Ser” A= (pee! omic ae |e 1 ie te e oC o : 0 Syste # a pede 4o - wh He tH OF \2 - Yo Covtiion Jo oe vy; #0 02 opplieck Rov (ads Rank (A) = 3 2 Nos 4) Verdables Wwe get untyue set a © oF Ms = Nye AX, = X24 Qa- oa - Ce-3) eae cnn (Be Se i. = Ba-> (3b-5) 4b- 3) ) +(2=8) : +(o-3) + at | ( (20-14 San?Let Te VV be w Gt UF A non-zero vector VEV is Ace fo be ayer veetors oT tf jhe extats ACF such dhat Tv) = av. TRO efgen vl ccosrespon hing fe efgen vertor diy ccctled ow matsr> bet AE Mnen & caltod efgen verkow a(t) ~ Cf) eee A = Mri (F) Suppare Qus---%m) € FO “then ote CA- XTnm) = 8-0) Yo ptm) EF st yA nen-rec vectos” (ma? dhewe exists 6 F CE OC COI IIIE SSL SH as an efgen veetow o{ A+ eco NS > > > ) ) : ) ) ) der(O- ~2Tron)( WD) - ee vector let [act (A-ATam) =] ee a4 a Find eigen Valins: ot debs Matar. ae per i an efgen Valu 4 A, dhere det (A- AL) = O 3 1 sar (I-r)(2-d) - 12-0 [ x } yi siChestacterristic Polynomfal ©( 4 Def LE A € Mra (F) det (BL Nun) Js a potyrombal i Ay Calle elheeucetesishe polynomiat °/ A Act (AH MTs) = O BS called heowesterishic <7” fe AS 2 , duppase Our) € res an) efgen veetor Cosmexponding fo de -2 (A+ 2t)( 3!) ie Oo [: ‘Ves (el 2 wyreee © : ou fae) 2 agen Neko’ 4 4 re, &)°C9 ay PO) = ole (A= \ Inn) seloscattewish ¢ polynomiat of Ae 2 iy oh covusponst & A= C4 ¢) € Maga (IR) fad Wo, eb “ 4 a ([ a) ° (ay = Sot =O aos be 3,-\ eben vets d=8 Svppere (mare) BO eigen rector fos PMN, es pete = = t= on we = 294 Gy C25; () x = Q,2) & an eigen veuor corvexpencding fo »Smmilanty , Suppose Ct) ik on eigen vector Nee fe WAH O 4 4 T2%2= O Pees rp i) (a) (,-2) 28 em eigen vertor coosraypon'clig do d= -l ©. TT: Pale) > ROOD eigen vetor 91 T: