Research Assignment | Deadline: February 23

Ancajas, Patrisse Clane

Dela Isla, Bianca Marie
Faune, Kei Aliah
Rivera, Yzabelle Denise
Sebastian, Mickaella Marie

Instructions: You are tasked to create a bulleted list of how you can utilize the
research design assuming you will pursue your proposed research topics. This is
counted as an Assignment and it will be due by February 23.

Narrative Analysis
Kei Aliah Faune
https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=817908749324654
Notes in An Introduction to Narrative Analysis
Speaker: Ms. Angelique Pearl Virtue Villasanta

This talk emphasized on how we could use Narrative Analysis, it’s advantages,
how to interpret and use it in interview, how it could contribute greatly to our
research

Narrative Analysis as an implicit lens(key roles)

● As a space where people construct and negotiate identities
● As a process of sense-making of life and experiences
● As linked to broader narratives (relational, community, societal,historical)

As researchers we are to ask:

● what are the stories that people carry about themselves, relationships,
communities, lives?
As researchers of psychology we are to ask:
● what does it mean for them to hold on to this story?

Like a phenomenological lens, a narrative lens is concerned about subjectivity and

experience

When using Narrative Analysis we should pay attention to:

● The stories that people have about themselves and their lives
● The story as a whole (unfragmented into moments or episodes)
● What people say, how they say it and the particular details they choose to
 include (and those omitted) in their narratives
● Particular narrative elements*

Narrative Analysis assumes that:

● People are continually in a process of creating themselves through the
stories they tell (there is no constant story but is a story in process)
● Meaning is made and negotiated within the stories we tell
● The way we experience ourselves and the world is a product of the narratives
we hold
● narratives are located and limited by social and historical contexts

What Kind of Narrative Analysis should we use:

● Already existing narratives or produced narratives
● Written narratives or Spoken narratives
● Life story or Episodic story
● "small" stories/everyday narratives or "big" stories/life narratives, stories
that one likes to tell; Stories that no one likes to tell/cannot be told

When using a Narrative Interview:

● Assume an open-ended structure that will allow people to construct their
stories
● We can use McAdams' semi-structured interview protocol:
○ life chapters or key events
○ significant people
○ future scripts
○ stresses and problems
○ personal ideologies
○ life themes

*In analyzing the narratives the speaker gave an example on Iterative Reading
and Interpretation of Narrative Elements, such as:
● I. Narrative Elements:
○ Content:
■ Story Type: (Myth, fable, historical fiction, etc.)
■ Characters: (Protagonist, antagonist, secondary characters)
■ Plot: (Sequence of events, rising action, climax, resolution)
■ Direction: (Overall arc of the story)
○ Tone:
■ Delivery: (Flat, emotional, humorous, etc.)
■ Language: (Figurative language, word choice)
■ Emotionality: (Optimistic, pessimistic, comic, tragic)
■ Rhetorical Function: (Persuade, inform, entertain, etc.)
● II. Deeper Analysis:
 ○ Theme:
■ Key themes: (Identified through content analysis)
■ Relationships between themes: (Supporting, contradictory)
○ Social and Psychological Functions:
■ Identity Construction: (How characters are portrayed)
■ Protagonist Positioning: (Power, agency, limitations)
■ Power Dynamics: (Distribution of power within the story)
■ Beneficiaries and Losers: (Who gains/loses from events)

*The Speaker included examples of different directions of narrative research that

could serve as a guide in doing Narrative research.
● In one research example ( The Daily Grind: A Rhizomatic Approach to Narratives of
Managing Commuter Stress During Traffic Congestion in Metro Manila), the
researchers used a Rhizomatic Approach, it is where in essence, the self,
conceived as a rhizomatic story, exists in a state of continuous openness
and receptivity to the integration of change.
● In another research example ( Finding the Introspective Voice: Listening to Public
School Teachers' Narratives of Their Mindfulness Journey) the researcher used
Gilligan's Listening Guide and Hermans' Dialogical Self Theory: Self as
multi-voiced; this theory identify different voices within a narrative using
the listening guide, we can understand how they contribute to the
construction of the self and its moral reasoning. This approach reveals the
complexities and fluidity of our identities, acknowledging the ongoing
dialogue within the self.

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=3387073924951383
Bianca Marie Dela Isla

Discursive Psychology
Patrisse Clane Ancajas
https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=439319831346746
Speaker: Dr. Mira Alexis P. Ofreno

Our proposed topics are mostly mixed-methods and qualitative. We think we can
use this research design based on the following bullet points stated from the
webinar:
 1. Talk is Action
“In Discursive Psychology, the analytic interest is in talk as talk. The object domain
may begin as whatever can be observed about the talk focusing on how talk
performs actions.” (Edwards, 2012)
- One of our research topics focuses on exploring the perception of anik-anik
culture. We want to know how Filipino Young adults view it as it became a
popular trend that they do nowadays. In using Discursive Psychology, it
would be easier for us to understand the talk and the action that our
research demography entails.

2. From Causality to Normativity

“DP makes no claim to be discovering cause-and-effect relationships. Rather than
conceiving of people’s thoughts and actions as the product of a range of causal
factors and variables, it approaches the things people do and says as done within a
normative framework.” (Edwards, 2012)
- We want to know why people do certain things based on its norms, not just
purely by its cause-and-effect relationship but as to how it connects to
people’s lives and the norms that surround it.

3. The Order of Everyday Life

The assumption of DP is that “everyday social interaction is norm oriented rather
than causally produced… in the intricate orderliness of everyday talk… the
normative talk of everyday talk.” (Edwards, 2012)
- Most of our topics focus on how people react to certain perceptions and how
it affects their way of living. Using Discursive Psychology will give as the
opportunity to connect it to our participant’s order of living that might
influence such patterns and behaviors.

4. Human Action is Voluntary

“Human action is contingent and voluntary.” It reflects the normative organization
of interaction, making forms of action recognizable and conventional. This intricate
social order is central to DP. (Edwards, 2012)
- It was stated in the webinar that in any moment, we can make a choice.
Using Discursive Psychology can give as an overview as to why our research
participants make these choices.

5. Social Interaction in Context

“Key here is the way discourse work… of actual people interacting with another in
real time, and its analysis situates that interaction within the social, physical, and
institutional contexts of what is going on as these things become live and relevant
in the interaction.” (Potter, 2012)
- Because Filipinos are naturally collective, it is also important to
acknowledge social interactions in our research topics. Using Discursive
Psychology can give us insight into how an individual’s social interaction
can be used to see why a person acts a certain way.
 6. Focus on Everyday Life
“Discursive Psychology begins with psychology as it faces people living their life. It
studies psychology is construed, understood, and displayed as people interact in
everyday and more institutional situations.”
- People live with different people. They interact in casual settings with their
family and peers, while they interact more formally in institutional or
workplace settings. Using Discursive Psychology can give us the edge to
check on the different ways people live their life depending on the situation
and setting they are in.

7. Focus on Everyday Talk

“It is focused on discourse (talk and text) because it is the primary arena for action,
understanding, and intersubjectivity; the ways in which discourse is oriented to
action. It starts with a view of people as social and relational.” (Wiggins and Potter,
2018)
- One study that we want to talk about is exploring filipinos engagement with
online fads. Using Discursive Psychology would be essential for this study
because it wants to understand the action and untersubjectivity of why it is
happening. It wants to know how people view it relating to social discourse.

8. DP Principle 1
“First, discourse is both constructed and constructive. It is constructed in that it is
made of linguistic building blocks: words, categories, idioms, repertoires, and so
on. These are used in a wide range of ways to present particular versions of the
world.” (Wiggins and Potter, 2018)
- Discursive Psychology will help with our topics to be put into words while
being open for other perspectives.

9. DP Principle 2
“The second main principle is that discourse is action-oriented. That is, in talking
and writing we are primarily carrying out social actions (blaming, justifying);
rather than talk/attitude as separate from action/behaviour.” (Wiggins and Potter,
2018)
- One of our research topics involve understanding the bandwagon effect in
online fads. We can use discursive psychology to find out actions on how to
prevent negative effects regarding the bandwagon effect on online fads.

10. DP Principle 3
“Third and finally, discourse is situated. It is situated within a specific sequential
environment (e.g. conversation); within a particular setting (e.g. family) and within
a particular argument or rhetoric. (Wiggins and Potter, 2018)
- This principle in discursive psychology can be used in one of our topics
involving psychological inhibitions and risk-taking of individuals. These
discourse is situated in a sequential environment and the researchers will
 find it very useful to further understand the variables.

“Fearless, Powerful, FIlipino”: Identity Positioning in the Hashtag Activism of #BabaeAko

Research conducted by Dr. Mira Alexis Ofreno and Aniceta Patricia Alingasa

Examples of Discursive Research given in the talk:

● Positioning a Woman Politician Through Sexist Humour as Political
Delegitimization in Online Public Discourse
● Social Representations of the Philippine Government’s Militarized Response
to the COVID-19 Pandemic
● A Psychology of Liberation: Positioning, Power, and Pride!

Mediation and Moderation Analysis

YZABELLE DENISE RIVERA Mickaella Sebastian
https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=448225021848986
7
Speaker: Dr. Marshall Valencia

Our proposed topics are either mixed-method or qualitative method. These

information can be utilized for our data gathering procedure for mixed-method
topics only.

Theory Building and Statistical Modeling

● In predicting the link between an IV and DV, we are expected to generate one
or more theories that could account for the hypothesis.
● Most psychological theories are in the form or either mediation or
moderation.
● For example, in the Theory of Planned Behavior, the intention variable
mediates the three predictors: attitude toward behavior, subjective norm,
and perceived behavioral control.

Common Types of Theoretical Frameworks

● Typologies
○ Theories that specify the “types of” something. (E.g. Types of
Organizational Commitment)
● Simple Chains
 ○ There is a process or a sequence of what happens first up to what
happens last. (E.g. Value-Belief-Norm Theory, Theory of Cultural
Adjustment)
● Inventory of Causes
○ You have a construct and then you start to hypothesize or specify
what its drivers are or its predictors.
● Inventory of Effects
○ Looking at the consequences of a construct.
● Combination of Causes and Effects
○ Looking at the “combination” of the predictors of the construct and
its consequences.
● Cause and Effect Models with Intervening Variables
○ Same with the combination of causes and effects type but there is a
mediating variable. (E.g. Theory of Planned behavior)
Three General Types of Effects
● Direct effect
○ What is the impact, effect, and relationship of X and Y.
■ T-test (when X is dichotomous)
■ ANOVA (When X has more than 2 categories)
■ Linear Regression (When X is continuous)
■ Logistic Regression (When Y is categorical)
■ Chi-square (When X is categorical, and Y is categorical)
● Indirect (or mediating) effect or “Mediation Analysis”
○ If variable X has a relationship with variable M and variable M has an
effect on variable Y, M is the mediator.
○ X has an indirect effect towards Y and that indirect effect goes
through M.
● Conditional (or moderating) effect
○ In this effect, X leads to Y but in certain conditions. It depends on the
value of another variable.
Note: The aim in quantitative research is to test models: We want to mode how X
affects (or predicts) Y.
Correlation Analysis
● It measures the extent to which two variables are related.
● The Correlation Coefficient (r) is a measure of linear relationship between
two variables.

r² coefficient of determination
● By squaring the value of r, you get the proportion of variance in one variable
shared by the other.
Note: Correlation does not imply causality

The third-variable problem

● In any correlation, causality between two variables cannot be assumed
because there may be other measured or unmeasured variables affecting
the results.
Directing of causality
● Correlation coefficients say nothing about which variable causes the other
to change.
Linear Regression Analysis
● Allows us to predict an outcome score (DV) on the basis of scores on several
predictors (IVs).
F-test
 ● Looks at whether the variance explained by the model is significantly greater
than the error within the model.
● Tells us whether using the regression model is significantly better at
predicting values of the outcome than using the mean.
Regression coefficients are estimated using the method of least squares– known
as ordinary least squares (OLS)
Statistical inference in regression analysis involves either:
● Testing a null hypothesis (p-value)
● Interval estimation (confidence interval)

Mediation
● A variable is a mediator (M) between a predictor (X) and an outcome (Y) if
the predictor variable first has an effect on the mediator variable, and this in
turn influences the outcome variable.
● The mediator is called an intervening or process variable.
● “Because of” statements. For example X is workplace conflict, M is stress,
and Y is Job performance. Following the “because of” statements: Workplace
conflict leads will affect job performance because of stress.
● Tend to change in relation to other variables/process (e.g. stress,
commitment, self-efficacy)
● Answers “why” questions.
Mediation Analysis
● Answers “how” questions; mechanisms which explain the relationship
between X and Y
● 21st century practice of mediation analysis no longer imposes evidence of
simple association between X and Y as a precondition.
Step 1
● Estimate the direct and indirect effects (through a series of regression
analysis)
Step 2
● Statistical Inference (test the significance of the indirect effect)
Inference test for the direct effect
● Null hypothesis test
● Interval estimation
Inference test for the indirect effect
● Normal Theory approach (also known as Sobel Test)
● Bootstrap Confidence Interval
● Bias-corrected bootstrap
● Monte Carlo
● Distribution of the product
Sample write-up
Moderation
● A third variable (Z) is said to have a moderate relationship between two
other variables (X and Y) if the degree of relationship between X and Y is
affected by the level of Z.
● “Especially if” statements. For example, X is workplace conflict, Z is
sensitivity, and Y is stress. Following the “especially if” statements:
Workplace conflicts lead to stress, especially if employees are high in
sensitivity.
● Relatively immune to change over time (gender, individual differences, etc,)
● Answers “when” questions
● Similar to “interaction” effects in ANOVA

Testing for moderation

Data requirements
● IV is continuous
● DV is continuous
● MV is either continuous or categorical

Step 1: Estimate the conditional effect or the interaction effect

Step 2: Statistical inference test
Step 3: If interaction is significant, then probe the interaction by doing a simple
slopes analysis.

Two approaches

1. Pick-a-point approach
● When the moderator is dichotomous, the conditional effect is derived to the
two values of the moderator.
● When the moderator is continuous, M is set to represent low, moderate, and
high. Another approach is to use 25%, 50th, 75th percentiles.

2. Johnson-Neyman technique
 ● Derives the value of M at which the effect of X on Y transitions between
statistically significant and not significant at a chosen α level of
significance.
● Categorical variable can be a moderator.

Types of interaction

Exacerbator
● It is a moderation variable that shows an increase in the association
between a negative IV and a negative DV.
Buffer
● It is a moderating variable that shows a decrease in the association between
a negative IV and a negative DV.
Amplifier
● It is a moderating variable that shows an increase in the association
between a positive IV and positive DV.
Blunter
● It is a moderating variable that shows an decrease in the association
between a positive IV and positive DV.
3-way interaction
● If you are too ambitious you can try to do a multiplicative interaction,
modeling 3-way interactions (Dr. Marshall highly discourage students to use
this type of interaction)