Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Santa Rosa Campus
City of Santa Rosa, Laguna

____________________________________________________________________________

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL FOR

CONTEMPORARY WORLD
(GEED 003)

COMPILED BY:
JOSEFINA T. COLCOL

October 2023

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNIT 1 - THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

Lesson 1 Introduction to Globalization 5
Lesson 2 Market Globalism 8
Lesson 3 Governments and Citizens in a Globally 11
Interconnected World of States
Lesson 4 The Rise of Global Corporation 15
Lesson 5 The United Nations and Contemporary 19
Global Governance
Lesson 6 A World of Regions 23

UNIT 2 - CULTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

Lesson 7 The Globalization of Religion 25
Lesson 8 Media and Globalization 34
Lesson 9 The Global City 40

UNIT 3 - MOVEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY

Lesson 10 Global Demography 43
Lesson 11 Global Migration 46
Lesson 12 Environmental Crisis and Sustainable 49
Development

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 UNIT 1 – THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

OVERVIEW:

Rich countries like the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy rapidly
caused the industrial development in the late 18th century which spread throughout Europe and
North America. Railroads, steel corporation, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing
greatly increased the use of steam power, telegraph, petroleum, and the beginning of
electrification. This was the period where organizational methods essential in the operation of
large-scale businesses over vast area came into use towards the 19th century. The global
telecommunications industry, which was profiled in the opening case, is one industry at the fore
front of this development. The world moved progressively further away from a world in which
national economies were relatively isolated from each other by barriers to cross-border trade and
investment; by distance, time zones and language; and by national differences in government
regulation, culture, and business systems.

Obviously, globalization is a trend where rich and poor countries would unabatedly desire
with several interconnected dimensions which will be discuss in this subject. Jack Welch, CEO
and Chairman of GE said, “Globalization has changed us into a company that searches the world,
not just to sell or to source, but to find intellectual capital – the world’s best talents and greatest
idea.”

General Objectives:
1. To explain how the Philippines became a part of the global economy.
2. To have a realization on the advantage and disadvantage of globalization.
3. To identify the dimensions and six core claims of globalization
4. To review our rights being part of the global economy.
5. To determine the economic sustainability of our country

COURSE MATERIALS:

 A modular Power point presentation with activity sheets to be uploaded.

via google classroom
 A 3-minute documentary video clips for each lesson and treated as part of the
Modular power point slide presentation

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ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. Measurement either in Quiz or Homework for every Lesson taken
2. Reaction Paper or Essay on every video clip viewed.
3. Midterm and Final Examination
4. Research output

REFERENCES:

Claudio, Lisandro E., Abigale’s, Patricio N., The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing,
Inc., 2018.

Abelos, Tajolosa, Riego De Dios and etc., The Contemporary World. Mutya Publishing
House, 2018

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 Lesson 1
Introduction to Globalization

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

 define globalization.
 differentiate the ideas of personalities mentioned in this lesson.
 identify the elements of globalization; and
 enumerate the trends of globalization.

What is Globalization?

The author of this Instructional Material is cognizant about the change that occurred in the
World and even in our local economy based on business trends in just fifty decades, what more
can we think of the change from 19th to 21st century. Obviously, globalization is unstoppable.
Change has occurred in the world. The result of that change is a deep seat shift in the different
structures and operations in all aspects of human life. Globalization gave us a borderless world,
in which the national is no longer relevant. Peter Dickens in his textbook provides a
comprehensive explanation of economic globalization, examining the role of transnational
corporations, states, labor, and consumers. Jack Welch, CEO and Chairman of GE said,
“Globalization has changed us into a company that searches the world, not just to sell or to source,
but to find intellectual capital – the world’s best talents and greatest idea.”

Because of its vast complexity, globalization takes on different meanings and

interpretations. Globalization means increasing the interdependence, connectivity, and
integration on a global level on the social, cultural, political technological, economic, and
ecological levels. Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among the people,
companies.

and governments of different nations. This is a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology (Bernardo Jr. 2016).

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 Most people view globalization as primarily an economic process, the nationalist resisted
globalization referring to the integration of the national markets to a wider global market signified
by the increase free trade. However, the anti-globalization movement of 1990s resisted the trade
deals among countries which are facilitated and promoted by global organizations like the World
Trade Organization. Manfred Steger defined globalization as the expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space and was
considered as the best scholarly description of globalization. Steger posts that his definition of
globalization must be differentiated with an ideology he calls “globalism.” If globalization
represents the many processes that allow for the expansion and intensification of global
connections, then, “globalism” is a widespread belief among powerful people that the global
integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads freedom and
democracy across the world.

The Elements of Globalization

The different elements of globalization are:

1. Trade Agreements – bilateral, regional, or multilateral economic arrangements designed

to reduce or eliminate trade barriers.
2. Capital Flow – measurement of an increase or decrease in a nation’s domestic or foreign
assets.
3. Migration Patterns – impact of labor market fluidity on production costs through the
loss(emigration) or gain(immigration) of potential workers, especially those with particular
skills.
4. Information Transfer – communication trend that helps mitigate the asymmetric functioning
of markets and economies.
5. Spread of technology – rapid dispersion of the means and methods of producing goods
and services.

Trends in Globalization

Below are the major trends pertaining to globalization, which consists of demographic,
scientific, governance and economic interdependence. These trends are often interdependent
and cannot be easily separated. The various factors associated with trends in globalization has
been shown to affect population growth.

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 1. Population trends – decreasing population in developed countries, while increasing
population in developing countries, and increased life expectancy.
2. Science and technology – Science and technology have made a great contribution to the
field of education. The process of science is intertwined with technology applications.
3. Increasing integration and interdependence - increasing integration of economies around
the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services,
4. Governance - a process by which the legitimized power had been exercised for the
utilization of resources of a country for development but not growth.

ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:

After the lecture/discussion, the class has to divide themselves into five - six groups and
discuss the six (6) core claims, an alternative method for learning. A summary of discussion will
be submitted at the end of the period.
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in-charge of globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.
6. Globalization requires a war on terror.

REFERENCES:

Claudio, Lisandro E., Abigale’s, Patricio N., The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing,
Inc., 2018.

Abelos, Tajolosa, Riego De Dios and etc., The Contemporary World. Mutya Publishing
House, 2018

https://www.scientificworldinfo.com/2021/03/importance-of-science-and-technology-in-our

Governance: Meaning, Definition, 4 Dimensions, And Types (schoolofpoliticalscience.com)

International Integration and the Interdependence of Economic Variables on JSTOR

Low-Income Countries 2023 (worldpopulationreview.com)

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 Lesson 2 – Market Globalism

Learning Objective:

1. To understand the different types of economics system.

2. To analyze the advantage and disadvantage of each economic system.

Learning Outcome:

At the end of this module, the student should be able to:

1. identify the three forms of the economic system.
2 identify the economic system of countries under Asia, Europe, Russia, and United
States of America.

Overview:

This lesson will help the students look at the fundamental problem in the management of
economic resources and how resources will be best used to achieve different economic goals.
The type of economic system used will help the students understand the reason why we remain
competitive and are able to reach more markets for good and services.

The economic system is a set of economic institutions that dominates a given economy.

Institution is a set of rules of conduct, established way of thinking or ways of doing things.

Types of Economic System

 Capitalism - it is an economic system where the private individuals own the

resources. click https://bit.ly/2BxDIlP

 Socialism - it is an economic system where there is shared ownership of resources

and central planning offer a more equitable distribution of goods and services.
click https://stanford.io/3fNRXSg

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  Mixed Economic System - it is a combination of free market and some form of
government intervention.

For this topic, the students will be tasked to enumerate the characteristics of the types of
economic system, which they need to write in their own notes. References are given above so
readings can be done. This is good for 20 minutes.

The Philippine Economic System

The Philippines is an example of a mixture of free market system and some form of
government regulation and control. Many individuals enjoy the right to private property. Its
economy operates on a system of voluntary exchange and cooperation among private individuals
and organizations. It places a high value on individual freedom and allows self-interest to be the
motivating force. Potential market players will be able to determine how resources can be
allocated given the rights that they can enjoy in the Philippine economy.

The World Bank made groupings for all countries and categorized as follows.
Four Category System
• Low-Income Countries – 2021 GNI per capita of US$ 1085, characterized
by poverty, malnutrition, conflict, disease, poor infrastructure, and weak governance.
(i.e. Afghanistan, North Korea, Yemen, Togo, Mozambique)

• Low- Middle Income Countries - 2021 GNI per capita of $1,086 to $4,255
(i.e. India, Nigeria, Egypt, Vietnam and Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka)

• Upper-Middle Income Countries - 2021 GNI per capita of $4,256 to $13,205.

According to the World Bank, UMIC’can result in benefits including increased

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 international trade, greater sustainable energy development, improved food and
water security, and a reduction in border conflicts, which can ripple out to other
countries as well. (i.e. Argentina, China, Colombia, Iraq, Mexico Souh Africa,
Thailand, etc.)

• High Income Countries - 2021 GNI per capita of $13,206 or more (i.e. United States,
Canada, Japan, Israel, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Singapore, Hongkong)

Six Core Claims of Market Globalism

1. Liberalization and Global Integration of Markets

2. Globalization is inevitable and Irreversible.
3. Nobody is in Charge of Globalization
4. Globalization Benefits Everyone
5. Globalization Furthers the Spread of Democracy in the World
6. Globalization Requires War on Terror
Click https://bit.ly/32W8sZh

Readings: Page 11-23, Market Globalism, The Contemporary World by Abelos, Tajolosa,
Riego De Dios by Mutya Publishing

https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-world-bank-group-country-
classifications

Measurement:
1. The student will be measured by giving a ten (10) point quiz.
Via google forms.
2. Online recitation will be given online.

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Lesson 3 – Governments and Citizens in A Globally Interconnected World of States

Learning Objective:
1. To define state, territory, and sovereignty.
2. To articulate the students in realizing how the political, legal and regulatory
environment affect the behavior of the nation.

Learning outcome:

At the end of this topic the student will be able to:

1. distinguish nation from state.
2. identify the elements of the state.
3. explain the political, legal, and regulatory environment of global states.
4. explain the impact of political risks on governments; and
5. explain the principles and concepts of bribery and corruption.

Overview:

The formation of a state is the highest expression of a political act of men conforming to
promote their interest, advance their common welfare, secure their collective rights, optimize their
available common resources, promote their common heritage, and harness their common
potentials for the general well-being of the citizens. A state is a community of people, more or
less numerous, occupying a definite territory, possessing an organized government, and enjoying
independence from external control. It is dwelled by people permanently occupying a fixed
territory and bound by common-law habits and customs into one body politics, exercising through
the medium of an organized government, independent sovereignty and control over all persons
and things within its boundaries, capable of making war and peace and entering international
relations with other communities of the world.

Nation and State

Under the International Law, state is not equivalent to nation. Nation is defined as people
or aggregation of men, existing in the form of an organized society, usually inhabiting a distinct
portion of the earth , speaking the same language, using the same customs, possessing historic

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continuity, and disguised from other like groups by their racial origin and characteristics, and
generally, but not necessarily , living under the same government and sovereignty. State is
more of a political concept while nation is racial or ethical. However, state and nation are often
used interchangeably. For example, the nations referred to United Nations are estates. It must
be a fixed territory which the inhabitants occupy. Nomadic tribes, who travel from place to place
may not establish a state since they are not occupying a fixed territory. A state must have a
territory sufficient in extent to provide for its maintenance and growth (Aerugo 1975: DeLeon and
De Leon Jr., 1974).

An example of this is an Arab nation, it is not an estate but a nation which consist of several
states such as Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran
(with Farsi language), Oman, Lebanon, and United Arab Emirates. On the other hand United
States of America is a state and not a nation but it consists of several nationalities such as
Caucasians, Africans, Chinese, Filipinos, Latin Americans, Koreans, etc.

The Three (3) elements of State?

1. People

This is the entire body of those citizens of a state who are invented with political power for
political purposes. It is necessary to the existence of the state. There can be no functionaries to
govern and no subjects to be governed without the people. The number should be neither too
small not too large. It should be large enough to be self-sufficient and small enough to be well
governed. It must be sufficient and number to maintain and perpetuate itself. A casual gathering
of individuals by chance,a group of bandits or a society of pirates does not constitute people as
an element of state.

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2. Territory

It is a geographical area under the jurisdiction of another country or sovereign power or

state. It must be a fixed territory which the inhabitants occupy.

There are four modes by which a state can acquire territory. (Students should find the meaning
of this for better understanding)

 Discovery and occupation

 Prescription

 Cession

 Subjugation and annexation

3. Government

Government is the totality of authorities which rule a society by prescribing and

carrying out fundamental rules which regulate the freedom of its members. It is composed
of the executive, legislative, judiciary, and administrative with corresponding roles in
administering the affairs of the state.

What is Sovereignty?

It is the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is

governed. It is the paramount control of the constitution and the frame of government and its
administration.

The two kinds of sovereignty are internal and external. We can categorize the concept of
sovereignty into internal sovereignty and external sovereignty. The main difference between
internal and external sovereignty in sociology is that internal sovereignty refers to absolute
authority within one’s own territory, whereas external sovereignty refers to the ability of the state
to act independently and autonomously in the face of external forces.

The Political Environment

Globalization is the context of governance which takes place within the political
environment of governmental institutions, political parties, and organizations through which a
country’s people and rulers exercise power. Each nation as we know has a political culture, which

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reflects the relative importance of the government and legal system and provides a context within
which individuals and corporations understand their relationship to the political system. Hence,
every corporation doing business outside its home country should carefully study the political
culture in the target country and analyze salient issues arising from the political environment.
These include the governing party’s attitude toward sovereignty, political risk, taxes and seizure
of assets.

Political Risk

Political Risk is the risk of a change in political environment or government policy that
would adversely affect a company’s ability to operate effectively and profitably. It can deter a
company from investing abroad. When the perceived level of political risk is high, a country will
have greater difficulty in attracting foreign investment. Political forces can drastically change the
business environment with little advance. Valuable sources of information include the Economist,
Financial Times, and other business periodicals.

Political risk maybe categorized into, War, Social Unrest, Orderly Political Transfer and Politically
Motivated Violence, International Disputes, Change in Government or Pro-business Orientation,
Bureaucracy, transparency and Fairness, Corruption and Crime.

READINGS:

A Journal on the Definition and Assessment of Political Risk

The Definition and Assessment of Political Risk in International Business: A Review of the
Literature on JSTOR

List of Nations

List of Countries of the world in alphabetical order (A to Z) - Worldometer (worldometers.info)

LEARNING ACTIVITY:

Answer the questions below on your CW Activity Sheet.

1.0 Differentiate a Nation from a Estate.

2.0 Describe Eleazar’s State Political Culture?

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 Lesson 4 - Economic Relations and The Rise of the
Global Corporation

Learning Objective:

1. To define economic globalization, global corporation and Business Triad

2. To know what are the competitive strategies of global corporation.
3. To understand the different Preferential Trade Agreements Between Developing
Countries

Learning Outcome:

At the end of this module the student should be able to:

1. identify the competitive strategies of global corporations.
2. explain the relevance of changing regulatory environment to the structure and
operation of global corporations
3. To be to identify the major concerns of global managers in operating a global corporation.

Overview.

In this lesson we can have a picture of globalization as a business initiative based on the
belief that the world is becoming more homogenous while the distinctions between national
markets are not only fading. Some products eventually disappear because of severe competition.
Consequently, companies need to globalize their international strategy by formulating it across
markets to take advantage of underlying market, cost, environmental and, competitive factors.

We need to understand that Economic globalization is a historical process, a result of

human innovation and technological progress. Unless a firm has made its decision to compete
in the global environment, it will subject itself to the pressures single-country firms normally
operate in a relatively homogenous market for their products and services. Consequently, product
design can be fairly standardized for each firm to achieve economies of scale and deliver a
product that appeals to its entire market.

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What is a Global Corporation

A global company is generally referred to as a multinational corporation (MNC). An MNC

is a company that operates in two or more countries, leveraging the global environment to
approach varying markets in attaining revenue generation. These international operations are
pursued because of the strategic potential provided by technological developments, making new
markets a more convenient and profitable pursuit both in sourcing production and pursuing
growth.

International operations are therefore a direct result of either achieving higher levels of
revenue or a lower cost structure within the operations or value-chain. MNC operations often
attain economies of scale, through mass producing in external markets at substantially cheaper
costs, or economies of scope, through horizontal expansion into new geographic markets. If
successful, these both result in positive effects on the income statement (either larger revenues
or stronger margins) but contain the innate risk in developing these new opportunities.

“As gross domestic product (GDP) growth migrates from mature economies, such as the US
and EU member states, to developing economies, such as China and India, it becomes highly
relevant to capture growth in higher growth markets. is a particularly strong visual representation
of the advantages a global corporation stands to capture, where the darker green areas represent
where the highest GDP growth potential resides. High growth in the external environment is a
strong opportunity for most incumbents in the market.”

Challenges

However, despite the general opportunities a global market provides, there are significant
challenges MNCs face in penetrating these markets. These challenges can loosely be defined
through four factors:

1. Public Relations: Public image and branding are critical components of most businesses.
Building this public relations potential in a new geographic region is an enormous
challenge, both in effectively localizing the message and in the capital expenditure
necessary to create momentum.

2. Ethics: Arguably the most substantial of the challenges faced by MNCs, ethics have
historically played a dramatic role in the success or failure of global players. For example,
Nike had its brand image hugely damaged through utilizing ‘sweat shops and low wage

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 workers in developing countries. Maintaining the highest ethical standards while operating
in developing countries is an important consideration for all MNCs.

3. Organizational Structure: Another significant hurdle is the ability to efficiently and

effectively incorporate new regions within the value chain and corporate structure.
International expansion requires enormous capital investments in many cases, along with
the development of a specific strategic business unit (SBU) to manage these accounts
and operations. Finding a way to capture value despite this fixed organizational investment
is an important initiative for global corporations.

4. Leadership: The final factor worth noting is attaining effective leaders with the appropriate
knowledge base to approach a given geographic market. There are differences in
strategies and approaches in every geographic location worldwide, and attracting talented
managers with high intercultural competence is a critical step in developing an efficient
global strategy.
Combining these four challenges for global corporations with the inherent opportunities
presented by a global economy, companies are encouraged to chase the opportunities while
carefully controlling the risks to capture the optimal amount of value. Through effectively
maintaining ethics and a strong public image, companies should create strategic business units
with strong international leadership to capture value in a constantly expanding global market.
Ref: https://bit.ly/331bc7F

How is Triad Formed?

We have to understand that the United States, Japan and Western Europe account for
almost half of the world’s total consumption. All of them share in certain economic and
demographic conditions such as high GNP values. Therefore, we can say that a firm cannot truly
compete on a global scale if it is not present in this “triad.”

Competitive Strategies of Global Corporation

1. Cost Leadership
2. Differentiation
3. Focus

Globalization Drivers

1. Market Factors

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 2. Cost Factors
3. Environmental Factors
4. Competitive Factors

Global Corporation

A contemporary global corporation is also known as

1. Multi-national Corporation (MNC)
2. Transnational Corporation
3. International Company
4. Global Company

Readings:

A Research Report on entitled “How are Citizen’s Affected by Corruption?”, page 16-25,
Jestor Library ( https://bit.ly/39xb3tY)

Measurement:

1. Graded Recitation

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 Lesson 5 – The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance

Learning Objective:
1. To understand how the Bretton Wood system was formed.
2. To discuss the role and function of United Nations in the World
3. To know what are the competitive strategies of global corporation.

Learning Outcome:
At the end of the topic, the student will be able to:
1. differentiate the two institutions created by the Bretton Woods system.
2. identify which countries benefited most from the Unites Nations; and
3. define Global governance.

Instructions: The faculty will check the status of connection thirty (30) minutes before the start
of classes, followed by an opening prayer. Engagement will be done using a Poll question through
google form. For example, “1. Describe President Rodrigo Roa Duterte in one word which will
be answered in 5 minutes.”

The World War II and The United Nations.

World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi
Germany under Adolf Hitler invade Poland and controlled much of continental Europe in military
alliance called Axis while Japan which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific, was at war with
the Republic of China by 1937. Japan attacked American and British territories with near-
simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific, including an attack on
the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor which resulted in the United States and United Kingdom declaring
war against Japan. This really created several attacks and lead many countries to global war
where buildings, properties and civilian people was fatally wounded and badly.

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 As written, “The United Nations (UN) was formed in 1945
as an international peacekeeping organization and a forum
for resolving conflicts between nations and was created to
prevent another world war and promote international peace.
It has six active organs namely - The General Assembly,
The Security Council, The Trusteesship Council, The
Economic and Social Council, The International Court of
Justice, and The UN Secretariat.

The UN has 193 member states and is headquartered in New York City. Its major initiatives
include preventing conflict, providing food and medical assistance in emergencies, and offering
humanitarian support to millions of people around the world. The UN replaced the ineffective
League of Nations, which had failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II. The UN Charter was
drafted and signed by representatives of 50 countries at the United Nations Conference on
International Organization in San Francisco in 1945. All UN Member States are members of the
General Assembly. States are admitted to membership by a decision of the General Assembly
upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

UN has five (5) active organs namely - The General Assembly, The Security Council, The
Trusteesship Council, The Economic and Social Council.

The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944 at the Mount
Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, where delegates from forty-four nations
created a new international monetary system known as the Bretton Woods system. These
countries saw the opportunity for a new international system after World War II that would draw
on the lessons of the previous gold standards and the experience of the Great Depression and
provide for postwar reconstruction. It was an unprecedented cooperative effort for nations that
had been setting up barriers between their economies for more than a decade.

John Maynard Keynes, one of the most influential economists of the time (and arguably still
today), called for the creation of a large institution with the resources and authority to step in when
imbalances occur. The Bretton Woods system was largely influenced by the ideas of the British
economist John Maynard Keynes (founder of Macroeconomics) who believed that economic crisis
occurs when money is not being spent and thereby, not moving. He emphasized that the
government must reinvigorate markets with infusions of capital. This active role of government is

20
managing spending served as the anchor for what would be called a system of “Global
Keynesianism”.

For this reason, the delegates agreed to create two financial institutions namely- The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD or the World Bank) and
International Monetary Fund (IMF). To this day, both institutions remain key players in economic
globalization. (Page 16, The Contemporary World by Claudio & Abinales, 2018; Ref: You Tube
Video https://youtu.be/-6bVeDab6UA).

This approach was consistent with his belief that public institutions should be able to
intervene in times of crises. The Keynes plan envisioned a global central bank called the Clearing
Union. This bank would issue a new international currency, the “bancor,” which would be used to
settle international imbalances. Keynes proposed raising funds of $26 million for the Clearing
Union. Each country would receive a limited line of credit that would prevent it from running a
balance of payments deficit, but each country would also be discouraged from running surpluses
by having to remit excess bancor to the Clearing Union. The plan reflected Keynes’s concerns
about the global postwar economy. He assumed the United States would experience another
depression, causing other countries to run a balance-of-payments deficit and forcing them to
choose between domestic stability and exchange rate stability.

What is Global Governance

Global governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the
level of the planet. The goal of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global public
goods, particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning
markets and unified standards for trade and industry. One crucial global public good is
catastrophic risk management – putting appropriate mechanisms in place to maximally reduce
the likelihood and impact of any event that could cause the death of people across the planet, or
damage of equivalent magnitude. See here for a list of global catastrophic risks.

The leading institution in charge of global governance today is the United Nations.
Pls click https://bit.ly/3jGoVqh

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LEARNING ACTIVITY:

Questions to Answer: Submit in your G drive within 48 hours.

1. What are the two financial institutions created under the Bretton Woods System?
2. How did the two institutions reinvigorate the economically devastated and
poor countries?
3. Who is John Maynard Keynes? Kindly explain Global Keynesianism?

MEASUREMENT:
1. At the end of this lesson a ten (10) point quiz will be given to my student before the
class ends.

REFERENCES:

https://bit.ly/30MlMwF
https://bit.ly/30MlMwF)
https://bit.ly/3jGoVqh

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 Lesson 6 – A World of Regions

The nations were viewed as the central, and frequently only, economic players. Nation-
to-nation economic relationships dominated the political policy making process, primarily driven
by an ideology of national interest and a penchant for wealth accumulation. These robust beliefs
led to grand economic strategies implemented on a purely national level. While 18th century
mercantilism may be seen as the epitome of this type of policy making, this mindset persisted
throughout the 20thcentury. However, regardless of the merits or drawbacks of such thinking,
conceptions of economic relationships have profoundly shifted in recent decades. While the
nation remains the highest authority, regions and even cities have claimed a growing influence in
driving and maintaining economic vitality.

The world economy, distinguished by international trade flows and capital accumulation, has
largely existed in the West since the 15th century. However, the contemporary economy can be
viewed in different perspective, but some investigates the current system as a global economy,
“whose core components have the institutional, organizational, and technological capacity to work
as a unit in real time, or in chosen time.

What is a Region?

Regions are group of countries located in the same geographically specified area or can be a
union of two regions, organized to regulate and oversee flows and policy choices. The words
“regionalization” and “regionalism” are not the same. Regionalization refers to the regional
concentration of economic flows while regionalism is a political process characterized by
economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.

The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has divided the planet into
eight distinct inhabited regions, listed and detailed below. Note that this is distinct from the G8,
or group of eight industrialized nations recognized by the United Nations (UN). These eight
geographic regions of the world provide a helpful analytical and practical framework for national
defense, commerce, and other geopolitical considerations.
 Africa
 Asia

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  The Caribbean
 Central America
 Europe
 North America
 Oceania
 South America

Non-State Regionalism

In this lesson we will discover that it is not only states that agree to work together in the name
of a single cause. Communities also engage in regional organizing called “new regionalism”
which varies in form; they can be tiny associations that include no more than a few actors and
focus on a single issue or huge continental unions that address a multitude of common problems
from territorial defense to food security. Organizations representing this “new regionalism”
likewise rely on the power of individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
associations to link up with one another in pursuit of a particular goal or goals. The “new
regionalism” is identified with reformist who share the same values, norms, institutions, and
system that exist outside of the traditional established mainstream institutions and systems. An
example of this is ASEAN, NAFTA, CARAM. SAFTA. Etc. (Claudio & Abigale’s, p. 53, The
Contemporary World, 2018).

LESSON ACTIVITY:

Answer the question “ why countries form and join regional association”?

Watch the video View Video https://youtu.be/f08xFo7s0jo

REFERENCES: https://sciencing.com/10-geographic-regions-world-8774247.html

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 Lesson 7 - The Globalization of Religion

LEARNING MATERIAL:

Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are five of the biggest religions in the
world. Over the last few thousand years, these religious groups have shaped the course of history
and had a profound influence on the trajectory of humans. Through countless conflicts, conquests,
missions abroad, and simple word of mouth, these religions spread around the globe and forever
molded the huge geographic regions in their paths.

Religion much more than culture has the most difficult relationship with globalism. The two
are entirely contrasting belief systems. Religion is concerned with the sacred, while globalism
places value on material wealth. Religion follows diving commandments, while globalism abides
by human – made laws. Religion assumes that there is the “possibility of communication between
humans and the transcendent”. Religious people are less concerned with wealth and all that
comes along with it (Higher social status, a standard of living similar with that of the rest of the
community, exposure to “culture,” top-of-the-line education for the children). They are ascets
precisely because they shun anything material for complete simplicity-from their domain to the
clothes they wear, to the food they eat, and even to the way they talk (lots of parables and
allegories that are supposedly the language of the divine). It is the main duty of a religious person

25
to live a virtuous, sin-less life such that when he/she is assured of a place in the other world known
as heaven.

On the other hand, globalists are less worried about going to heaven or hell. Their skills are
more pedestrian as they aim to seal trade deals, raise the profits of private enterprises, improve
government revenue collections, protect the elites from being excessively taxed by the state, and,
naturally enrich themselves. (Claudio, Lisandro E.Abinales,, 2018)

Varieties of Religion

 Animatism - refers to the belief that all things (objects) animate and inanimate are
endowed with an impersonal, supernatural life force hat influences people and events.
 Animism - refers to the belief that non-human entities are spiritual beings, either
intrinsically or because spirits inhabit them for a period. Unlike supernatural forces, animist
spirits may be inherently good or evil.
 Theism - refers to the belief in the existence of God as the creator of the universe and
regarded as sexless. The important attributes of God is his infinity, omnipotence (all
powerful), omniscience (all knowing) and omnipresence (he is everywhere).
 Ethical Religions - Ethics involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts
of right and wrong behavior. A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life worth living
or life that is simply satisfying, which is held by many philosophers to be more important
than traditional moral conduct.

26
Top 10 Religion in The World

1. Christianity - Christianity is a religion that resonates with over 2 billion believers. The core
of the belief, despite the glaring differences between Protestants, Catholics, and Orthodox,
revolves around the 1st-century figure that is Jesus of Nazareth. As an Abrahamic
religion, Christians claim a belief in a singular god, who represents himself through three
identities: Jesus, the Holy Spirit, and God the Father. Another essential aspect is the death
and resurrection of Jesus, in which humanity is allowed to repent of all misdeeds, and
eventually spend the afterlife with their beloved deity. The philosophical values and codes
of Christianity have been influential enough to form the backbone of Western institutions,
despite a growing acceptance of secularism.

27
2. Islam - Most active towards the end of the 6th century, the Prophet Muhammed is
celebrated by Muslims today for founding the religion of Islam. Roughly 1.8 billion followers
populate the world, the majority of which are spread between northern Africa and West
Asia and Indonesia. The prophet desired to repair the Abrahamic religions, which he
believed to be corrupted.

3. Hinduism - The origin of Hinduism, a religion with 1.1 billion followers, is difficult to pin
down because it began as an amalgamation of different beliefs. Officially formed between
2300 B.C. and 1500 B.C., the Indus Valley near modern-day. Pakistan is the location in
which it first blossomed. Typically thought of as the 'religion with 330 million gods,’ the
majority of Hindus worship one god alone, albeit they accept the existence of other gods.

Core values are ones such as Karma and Samsara. Karma dictates that the moral sum of
the deeds we produce will be returned to us eventually, through consequence or reward.
Samsara is a model for the cyclical nature of life, a symptom of which is reincarnation.
Historical contributions to the world include mathematics as well as astronomy and yoga.

4. Buddhism- A prince who renounced his wealth to pursue wisdom, the Buddha is an
eclectic figure from the 5th century B.C. who brought together many different beliefs in
order to develop a revolutionary philosophy on human identity and purpose. The goal is
to achieve an enlightenment called Nirvana, through meditation, kindness, and hard work.
Values revolve around the absence of an ‘essential self,’ impermanence, and the reality

28
 that life is suffering. Therefore, a primary aim for mankind is the elimination of suffering in
all its forms.

5. Shinto - Shinto beliefs have developed since the 6th century as a nature-focused series
of scattered beliefs, that merged and then split with Buddhism as well as Confucianism.
With 104 million followers and a focus on ancestry and nature, the belief can be
understood through indulging in Japanese storytelling; wherein, the horror of 20th-century
industry threatens the magic of the world around us.

6. Sikhism - In 1469, the first Guru of Sikhism was born. Guru Nanak, a northeast Pakistan
native, migrated to India and began to record and teach his revelations during journeys
around the Islamic and Hindu world throughout the early 1500s. These revelations are few
but substantial: Share with others, earn an honest living, meditate on God’s name and
resist negative behaviors.

29
7. Judaism - The original Abrahamic faith, Judaism has been practiced for over 3500 years.
Archaeological evidence confirms the existence of two adjacent Jewish kingdoms
between 900 and 700 B.C., and the religious texts assume a confederacy of 12 tribes
united in faith before that. Each tribe, and subsequent kingdom, claim descent from
Abraham.

8. Taoism - The Tao is the natural order of the universe and is not worshipped as a god, and
it is believed that humans merge with the Tao upon death. By adhering to the lifestyle of
De, the 12 million followers of Taoism trust that they will experience less suffering. Inaction
and a passive effort to synchronize with this balance is the key differentiation from the
more intentional Confucianism.

9. Confucianism - Despite dancing around spirituality, leading many to consider

Confucianism as a philosophy only, the religion establishes a theological understanding
of the Universe, albeit an impersonal one. In it, the priority of humankind is to strive to

30
 synchronize with the order of the universe to achieve oneness with heaven for the
tranquility of community and self. This order is defined by “Tiān,” a non-speaking ‘God of
Heaven’ which can be best translated as “the way things are.”

10. Caodaism - Caodaism, also known as Cao Dai, was founded in Vietnam in 1926 as a
mixture of several other religions, including Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism, and
Confucianism. This belief system began in 1921 when a man received a vision of the
Divine Eye, an important symbol to Caodaists today. Four years later, God showed himself
to 3 other people. Believing that God had told them to form a new religion, the 4 original
visionaries, 1 government official, and a group of over 200 followers signed a declaration
of the foundation of the religion on October 7, 1926. Due to its nationalistic ideologies and
the promise that all followers, whether sinful or innocent, would find a home in heaven
upon death, Caodaism attracted over half a million followers in its first few years.

31
What is the difference between ethics and morals

Ethics and morals both relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct, but they are not the same.
The main difference is that ethics refer to rules provided by an external source, such as a code
of conduct, a religion, or a philosophy. Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding
right and wrong.

The Relationship of Globalization and Religion

Globalization and religion are a relationship that goes hand in hand, this kind of relationship
has many positives and challenges. Religion starts with a culture of people and expands as the
people migrate globally as a result ideas are passed on and traded. Religions then tend to share
common ideas and these ideas in the modern age are passed on through technology nationwide.
The biggest challenges with religion that is globalized is when it incorporates terrorist groups and
makes their ideas spread faster globally making the threat widespread.

The Changing Nature of Religion

The information revolution in general and the Internet in particular, are having enormous
effects on the economic, social, and political lives. We are already seeing a rapidly growing
number of religious organizations posting their own website and chat rooms. This means it is
now possible to spread every religious ideas cheaply, instantaneously all over the world.

READINGS:

Religious Religion by Country 2021 (worldpopulationreview.com)

LEARNING ACTVITY:

Form a group of five members, each to choose a topic below (no duplication of topics) and
discuss the statement written in letter B.

A. Topics
1. Fashion (garments shoes, accessories)
2. Food (fusion of various dishes
3. Movies

32
 4. Music
5. Reigion
6. Language
7. Sports

B. Agree or Disagree
1. I dislike seeing similar things everywhere.
2. Globalizations broaden my ideas particularly on this topic.
3. Negative impact of globalization on your topic

REFERENCES:

Claudio, Lisandro E., Abigale’s, Patricio N., The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing,
Inc., 2018

https://youtu.be/AvFl6UBZLv4

https://www.diffen.com/difference/Ethics_vs_Moral

The Relationship Between Globalization And Religion | ipl.org

33
 Lesson 8 - Media and Globalization

LEARNING MATERIAL:

The Internet and the World Wide Web.

The phenomenal recent growth of the internet and the associated World Wide Web (which
utilizes the internet to communicate between World Wide Web sites) is the largest expression
of this development. In 1990 with less than 1 million users connected to the internet. By mid-
1998 the internet had about 147 million users, of which some 70 million were in the United
States. By the year 2000, the internet may have over 330 million users. In July 1993, some
1.8 million host computers were connected to the internet (host computers host the World
Wide Web pages of local users). By July 1998, the number of host computers had increased
to 36.8 million and the number is still growing rapidly.
The internet and World Wide Web (www) promise to develop into the information backbone
of tomorrow’s global economy. From virtually nothing in 1994, the value of Web-based
transactions hit $7.5 billion in 1997. According to a recent report issued by the United States
Department of Commerce, this figure could reach $300 billion in the United States alone by
2003. Companies such as Dell Computer are booking over $4 million a day in web-based
sales, while internet equipment giant Cisco Systems books more than $20 million per day in
web-based sales. Included in this expanding volume of web-based electronic commerce – or
e-commerce as it is commonly called – is a growing percentage of cross-border transactions.
When viewed globally, the web is emerging as the great equalizer. It rolls back some of the
constraint of location, scale, and the time zones. The web allows businesses, both small and
large, to expand their global presence at a lower cost than ever before. One example is a
small California-based start-up, Cardiac Science, which makes defibrillators and heart
monitors. (Steger, 2008)

What is Media?

The Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian communications theorist stated in Counterblast

(1954) that “The media are not toys; they should not be in the hands of Mother Goose and Peter
Pan executives. He said this can be entrusted only to new artists because they are art forms." By
the mid-1960s, the term had spread to general use in North America and the United Kingdom.
The phrase mass media was, according to H.L. Mencken, used as early as 1923 in the United
States.

34
The term medium (the singular form of media) is defined as "one of the means or channels of
general communication, information, or entertainment in society, as newspapers, radio, or
television.

A Brief History

Pre-Industrial Age

During the pre- industrial age, the earliest known printed book is the ancient Buddhist text
“The Diamond Sutra, 868 AD was printed using clay type which was the first movable clay type
used throughout China by 1041. During the Middle Ages, wooden type was used throughout
Europe but, like clay type, the carvings and impressions wore down quickly, this problem was
solved in 1440 with the invention of the metal printing press by Johannes Gutenberg.

Industrial Age

In 1714, the English inventor Henry Mill received a patent for the first known typewriter.
The first commercially successful typewriter was not produced until 1874, and the first electric
typewriter was released in the 1930's. In 1923, the first news magazine. TIME premiered. With
the invention of the radio in 1894 and television in 1920, mainstream culture had entered what is
known as the Golden Age for Television, Radio, and Cinema by the early 1900's.

Electronic Age

With the 1940's came the introduction of community antenna television (CATV) and early
cable systems. In 1960, we had the rise of FM Radio, and in 1963 audio cassette tapes were
released. Email was created in 1972 and a year later the first handheld mobile phone was
introduced.

Government regulations

A broadcast license is typically given to broadcasters by communications regulators,

allowing them to broadcast on a certain frequency and typically in a specific geographical location.
Licensing is done by regulators in order to manage a broadcasting medium and as a method to
prevent the concentration of media ownership.

Licensing has been criticized for an alleged lack of transparency. Regulatory authorities
in certain countries have been accused of exhibiting political bias in favor of the government or
ruling party, which has resulted in some prospective broadcasters being denied licenses or being
threatened with license withdrawal. Consequently, there has been a decrease in diversity of
content and views in certain countries due to actions made against broadcasters by states via

35
their licensing authorities. This can have an impact on competition and may lead to an excessive
concentration of power with potential influence on public opinion] Examples include the failure to
renew or retain licenses for editorially critical media, reducing the regulator's competences and
mandates for action, and a lack of due process in the adoption of regulatory decisions.

Government endorsed appointments.

State control is also evident in the increasing politicization of regulatory bodies

operationalized through transfers and appointments of party-aligned individuals to senior
positions in regulatory authorities.

Internet regulation’

Governments worldwide have sought to extend regulation to internet companies,

whether connectivity providers or application service and whether domestically or foreign based.
The impact on journalistic content can be severe, as internet companies can err too much on the
side of caution and take down news reports, including algorithmically, while offering inadequate
opportunities for redress to the affected news producers.

Self-regulation

Public pressure on technology giants has motivated the development of new strategies
aimed not only at identifying “fake news” but also at eliminating some of the structural causes of
their emergence and proliferation. Facebook has created new buttons for users to report content
they believe is false, following previous strategies aimed at countering hate speech and
harrashment online. These changes reflect broader transformations occurring among tech giants
to increase their transparency. The study signaled a number of companies that have become
opaquer when it comes to disclosing how they enforce their own terms of service, in restricting
certain types of content and account. State governments can also use "Fake news" to spread
propaganda.

Developments in telecommunication has provided media the ability to conduct long-

distance communication via analog and digital media:

Modern communication media includes long-distance exchanges between larger numbers of

people (many-to-many communication via e-mail, Internet forums, and telecommunications
ports). Traditional broadcast media and mass media favor one-to-many communication
(television, cinema, radio, newspaper, magazines, and social media).[34][35]

36
Social Media

Electronic Media, specifically social media, has become one of the top forms of media that
people use in the twenty-first century. The percentage of people that use social media and social
networking outlets went from 5% in 2005 to 79% in 2019. Instagram, Twitter, Pinterest, Tiktok,
and facebook are all the most used social media platforms. The average time that an individual
spends on social media is 2.5 hours a day. With the exponential increase of social media, it has
also caused a change in which people communicate with others as well as receive information.
About 53% use social media to read/watch the news.

Media And Technology

It is any hardware, software or tool that is used to compose, create, produce, deliver and
manage media including audio, images, information, interactive media, video games, virtual.

reality and augmented reality environments. This ranges from low tech tools used to create art
to the global media processing and distribution systems of large media organizations.

Media Power and Limits

Talking about media, the students would

easily point to the means of communication. as
radio and television, newspapers, magazines,
and the Internet, that reach or influence people
widely. Each type of media involves both content,
and also a device or object through which that
content is delivered.

In modern societies media is called “Information Power” because media control such a
large and diverse flow of information. The power of the media becomes especially urgent when
one imagines what could happen if control fell in the hands of groups that oppose democratic
institutions. In such a case, could the persuasive power of the media be used to destroy individual
and political freedom. Can you think of the recent problem we are facing in our society?

THE BIRTH OF ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE

the birth of the artificial intelligence conversation was denoted by Alan Turing's seminal
work, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (PDF, 92 KB) (link resides outside of IBM), which

37
was published in 1950. In this paper, Turing, often referred to as the "father of computer science",
asks the following question, "Can machines think?" From there, he offers a test, now famously
known as the "Turing Test", where a human interrogator would try to distinguish between a
computer and human text response. While this test has undergone much scrutiny since it
publishes, it remains an important part of the history of AI as well as an ongoing concept within
philosophy as it utilizes ideas around linguistics.

Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig then proceeded to publish, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach (link resides outside IBM), becoming one of the leading textbooks in the study of AI. In
it, they delve into four potential goals or definitions of AI, which differentiates computer systems
based on rationality and thinking vs. acting:

Human approach:
 Systems that think like humans
 Systems that act like humans
Ideal approach:
 Systems that think rationally
 Systems that act rationally

Over the years, artificial intelligence has gone through many cycles of hype, but even to
skeptics, the release of Open AI’s ChatGPT seems to mark a turning point. The last time
generative AI loomed this large, the breakthroughs were in computer vision, but now the leap
forward is in natural language processing. And it’s not just language: Generative models can also
learn the grammar of software code, molecules, natural images, and a variety of other data types.
The applications for this technology are growing every day, and we’re just starting to explore the
possibilities. But as the hype around the use of AI in business takes of conversations around
ethics become critically important.

The Impact of Media in the World

The process of globalization, which many times is considered as new world order is
affecting all spheres of modern society but also the media. In this paper specifically we will see
the impact of globalization because we see changing the media access to global problems in
general being listed on these processes. We will see that the greatest difficulties will have small
media as such because the process is moving in the direction of creating mega media which
thanks to new technology are reaching to deliver news and information at the time of their
occurrence through choked the small media. So it is fair to conclude that the rapid economic

38
development and especially the technology have made the world seem "too small" to the human
eyes, because for real-time we will communicate with the world with the only one Internet
connection, and also all the information are taken for the development of events in the four corners
of the world and direct from the places when the events happen. Even Albanian space has not
left out of this process because the media in the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo
are adapted to the new conditions under the influence of the globalization process. This fact is
proven powerful through creating new television packages, written the websites and newspapers
in their possession.

LEARNING ACTIVITY:

Answer the following questions and submit in g-drive on or before June 21, 2023.

1. What is an Artificial Intelligence?

2. What are the pros and cons of Artificial Intelligence?

REFERENCES:

https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/other/artificial-intelligence-got-you-freaked-out-watch

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) ? | IBM

https://simplicable.com/new/media-technology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2Tq2gvGt80
https://www.sociologygroup.com/media-and-its-effects-on-soci

39
 Lesson 9 - The Global City

Much of the analysis of globalization has looked at how ideas of internationalism shaped
modern world politics. Most of you have probably noticed how cultural movements like K-pop,
spread through the media like internet. Globalization is spatial because of two things.

First, globalization is spatial because it occurs in physical spaces meaning foreign investments
and capital move through a city, and when companies build skyscrapers. In this businesses-the
Filipinos working abroad- start to purchase or rent high rise condominium units and better homes.
All these events happen, more poor people are driven out of city centers to make way for the new
developments. Second, globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that is
based in places. Example, Los Angeles is the home of Hollywood is where movies are made for
global consumption. The main headquarters of Sony is in Tokyo, and from there, the company
coordinated the sale of its various electronic goods to branches across the world. This means
cities acts on globalization and globalization acts in cities. They are the sites as well as the
mediums of globalization, just as the internet enables and shapes global forces too.

In the years to come, more and more people will experience globalization through cities. In
1950, only 30 percent of the world lived in urban areas. By 2014, that number increased to 54
percent, and by 2050, it is expected to reach 66%. This lesson studies globalization through the
living environment of a rapidly increasing number of people.

Today, the largest cities are linked to the following factors:

1. Agricultural improvement that reduces the number of workers needed in food production.
2. Stabilization of political and economic institutions, which enhance safety and distribution
of goods and services.
3. Improvements in transportation and communication, which enhance trade and social
interaction among large number of people.
4. The rise of industrial and post-industrial economies, which demand concentrated
population to provide labor and services.

40
Urbanization

Refers to the movement of masses of people from rural to urban areas and an increase in
urban influence over all spheres of culture and society.

Human Ecology and Environmental Concerns in Global Cities

 Overpopulation

 Depletion of Natural Resources

 Pollution: Water, Air and Land

41
LEARNING ACTIVITY:

Have you been to provinces like Camarines Sur, Pangasinan, Mimaropa and
Calabarzon? Enumerate the attributes of tourist spots in the above provinces.

MEASUREMENT:

Graded Recitation

REFERENCES:

https://simplicable.com/new/media-technology

Smart City Indicators: Six Fields of Action for Success (beesmart.city)

42
 Lesson 10 – The Global Demography

LEARNING MATERIAL:

Demography is the branch of social sciences concerned with the study of human populations,
their structure and change (through births, deaths, and migration), and their relationship with the
natural environment and with social and economic change. Demographic indicators could include
population size, population growth rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, total fertility rate, life
expectancy and infant mortality. As well, it would include estimated and projected gender and age
distributions according to medium, high, low, and constant fertility variants. In short, demographic
changes affect all areas of human activity: economic, social, cultural, and political.

Those who follow this field of social science believe demographics can play a crucial role in
understanding past trends and in preparing for future developments and policies. Furthermore,
they believe that understanding demographic developments can provide important explanations
of observed economic and social trends. Consequently, demography becomes an important
ingredient in public policy analysis and development.

In the Philippines, having a child is a symbol of a successful union for many people because
it ensures that a family will have a successor generation that will continue the name. The kinship
is preserved while the family’s story continues. There is a difference between how the rural
communities and urban people view their way of life.

The Perils of Population

Thomas Robert Mathus is a British scholar who wrote his essay in 1798 entitled “The Principle
of population,” This theory stated that since the population grows geometrically while food
production grows arithmetically, the population growth will inevitably exhaust food supply by the
middle of 19th century.

The World’s Population.

The current world population is 7.8 billion as of July 2020 according to the most recent United
Nations estimates elaborated by Worldometer. The term "World Population" refers to the human
population (the total number of humans currently living) of the world. Does this figure exceeded
the actual population the earth can hold?

43
 Most contemporary estimates for the carrying capacity of the Earth under existing conditions
are between 4 billion and 9 billion. Depending on which estimate is used, human overpopulation
may have already occurred. Nevertheless, the rapid recent increase in human population has
worried some people. On the other hand, Google suggest the Earth can support at most one-fifth
of the present population, 1.5 billion people, at an American standard of living.

This is a clear indication that the world has been starving for a long time ago. The world
leaders must collaborate and regain the energy of the economy by investing more capital.

The Feminist Perspective

The feminist is against any form of population control because they are compulsory by nature,
resorting to a carrot-and-stick approach that actually does not empower women. They believe
that government assumptions that poverty and environmental degradation are caused by
overpopulation are wrong. These factors ignore other equally important causes like the unequal
distribution of wealth, the lack of public safety nets like universal health care, education, and
gender equality programs. Feminist also point out that there is a very little evidence that point to
overpopulation as the culprit behind poverty and ecological devastation.

READING MATERIAL:

Read the following articles to support this lesson, be ready for an essay quiz, on the next
meeting,

Covid-19, A Bio Weapon

Click https://bit.ly/30VxPrE

World Health Organization Family Planning Contraception Methods

Click https://bit.ly/30VxPrE

Prostitution Is Illegal Nationwide Except Nevada

Click https://bit.ly/30VxPrE

44
 How to Control World Population (ok)
Clcik https://bit.ly/30VxPrE

MEASUREMENT:

Oral Quiz base on the Reading Materials

Group Activity

REFERENCES:

https://www.gnb.ca/legis/business/committees/previous/reports-e/demog/what-e.asp

https://www.google.com/search?q=the+right+population+that+the+earth+can+accommodate&o
q=the+right+populati

45
 Lesson 11 - Global Migration

LEARNING MATERIAL

Documentary on International Migration

Click Video https://bit.ly/30VxPrE

The movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently
or temporarily, at a new location is called “Human Migration.” The movement is often over long
distances and from one country to another.

There are two types of migration:

1. Internal Migration - refers to people moving from one area to another within one country
2. International Migration - refers to people crossing borders of one country to another
a. Immigrants - move permanently
b. Workers who stay in another country for a fixed period (at least 5 months in a year)
c. Illegal immigrants
d. Migrants whose families have petitioned them to move to the destination country
e. Refugees (also known as asylum-seekers)

According to studies, 50% of global migrants have moved from developing countries to the
developed zones of the world and contribute anywhere from 40 to 80% of their labor force. The
migrant influx has led to a debate in destination countries over the issue of whether migrants are
assets or liabilities to national development.

46
Benefits To Immigrant-sending Countries

Free migration creates several benefits for the people who choose to remain in countries that are
net sources of migrants. Some important benefits are listed below:
1. Ghosts versus zombies: When certain poor countries experience a contraction of their
economies, then it may make economic sense for them to lose some population as
economic opportunities within those areas have declined. If people are free to leave, these
places become ghosts of their past selves: doing fine, but not thriving. This is regrettable,
but not as bad as the alternative: if people aren’t allowed to leave, the places become
“zombies” with terrible living conditions. This line of argument was developed by Lant
Pritchett in his book Let Their People Come. See also emigration as disaster relief.

2. Remittances sent by migrants to their family, friends, and local communities, together
constitute a much larger fraction of global financial flows than all foreign aid.

3. Incentives for human capital development: With the option of migrating to a country where
high-paying high-skilled jobs are available, people may pay more attention to developing
high skills. Some of these people may ultimately choose not to migrate for personal or
family reasons.

4. Exit and competitive government: The threat of exit leads to more competitive government.
Rulers who know that their subjects can quit are more constrained in the policies they can
adopt.

In the Philippines, a lot of professional practitioners work abroad for better remuneration
package and takes the opportunity to live a better life. Primarily, the exchange rate for their dollar
rate earns a better purchasing power when remittances are sent to their relatives.

Consequently, the loss of professionals in certain key roles such as doctors, has been
detrimental to the migrant’s home countries for losing good citizens whose services are valuable
in this country.

47
The Problem of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking is a global problem and one of the world's most shameful crimes, affecting
the lives of millions of people around the world and robbing them of their dignity. Traffickers
deceive women, men and children from all corners of the world and force them into exploitative
situations every day. India has been named the most dangerous country for women in terms of
human trafficking according to a new Thomson Reuters Foundation survey of 550 experts on
women’s issues. The survey asked respondents which 5 of the 193 United Nations member states
they believed to be most dangerous for women and which country was the worst in terms
of healthcare, economic resources, cultural or traditional practices, sexual violence and
harassment, non-sexual violence, and human trafficking. ( https://bit.ly/30VxPrE)

In conclusion, demography is a complex discipline that requires the integration of various

social scientific data. Demographic changes and policies have impact on the environment,
politics, resources and others.

LEARNING ACTIVITY:

Prostitution Is Illegal Nationwide Except Nevada

Click https://bit.ly/30VxPrE

MEASUREMENT

Answer the following questions:

1. What causes migration?

2. How do we benefit from immigrants and FW’s?
3. Why most countries dislike accepting refugees?
4. Name countries in the world which are the common source of refugees?

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 Lesson 12 – Environment al Crisis and Sustainable Development

Throughout the entire world, humanity is facing a serious environmental challenge. Part of this
problem is population increase, which is greatest in poor societies But part of the problem is also
high levels of consumption, which mark rich nations such as those in Europe and North America.
By increasing the planet’s environmental deficit, our present way of life is borrowing against the
well-being of our children and their children. Globally, members of rich societies, who currently
consume so much of the earth’s resources, are mortgaging the future security of the poor
countries of the world.

What is Pollution?

Pollution is the process of making land, water, air or other parts of the environment dirty and
unsafe or suitable to use. This can be done through the introduction of a contaminant into a natural
environment, but the contaminant doesn't need to be tangible. Things as simple as light, sound
and temperature can be considered pollutants when introduced artificially into an environment.

Toxic pollution affects more than 200 million people worldwide, according to Pure Earth, a non-
profit environmental organization. In some of the world's worst polluted places, babies are born
with birth defects, children have lost 30 to 40 IQ points, and life expectancy may be as low as 45
years because of cancers and other diseases.
Land pollution

Land can become polluted by household garbage and by industrial waste. In 2014,
Americans produced about 258 million tons of solid waste, according to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. A little over half of the waste — 136 million tons— was gathered in landfills.

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 Only about 34% was recycled or composted. Organic material was the largest component
of the garbage generated, the EPA said. Paper and paperboard accounted for more than 26%;
food was 15% and yard trimmings were 13%. Plastics comprised about 13% of the solid waste,
while rubber, leather and textiles made up 9.5% and metals 9%. Wood contributed 6.2% of the
garbage; glass was 4.4% and other miscellaneous materials made up about 3%. Commercial or
industrial waste is a significant portion of solid waste. According to the University of Utah,
industries use 4 million pounds of materials in order to provide the average American family with
needed products for one year. Much of it is classified as non-hazardous, such as construction
material (wood, concrete, bricks, glass, etc.) and medical waste (bandages, surgical gloves,
surgical instruments, discarded needles, etc.). Hazardous waste is any liquid, solid or sludge
waste that contains properties that are dangerous of potentially harmful to human health or the
environment. Industries generate hazardous waste from mining, petroleum refining, pesticide
manufacturing and other chemical production. Households generate hazardous waste as well,
including paints and solvents, motor oil, fluorescent lights, aerosol cans and ammunition.

Water pollution

Water pollution happens when chemicals or dangerous

foreign substances are introduced to water, including
chemicals, sewage, pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural
runoff, or metals like lead or mercury. According to the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 44% of assessed
stream miles, 64% of lakes and 30% of bay and estuarine
areas are not clean enough for fishing and swimming. The
EPA also states that the United States most common
contaminants are bacteria, mercury, phosphorus, and nitrogen. These come from the most
common sources of contamination, that include agricultural runoff, air deposition, water diversions
and channelization of streams.

Warming water can also be harmful. The artificial warming of water is called thermal pollution. It
can happen when a factory or power plant that is using water to cool its operations ends up
discharging hot water. This makes the water hold less oxygen, which can kill fish and wildlife. The
sudden change of temperature in the body of water can also kill fish. According to the University
of Georgia, it is estimated that around half of the water withdrawn from water systems in the
United States each year is used for cooling electric power plants.

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 "In nearly all cases, 90% of this water is returned to its source, where it can raise the water
temperature in an area immediately surrounding the water discharge pipe. Depending on water
flow, the water temperature quickly returns to ambient temperatures that do not harm fish." Donn
Dears, former president of TSAugust, a not-for-profit corporation organization focused on energy
issues, told Live Science.

Nutrient pollution, also called eutrophication, is another type of water pollution. It is when
nutrients, such as nitrogen, are added into bodies of water. The nutrient works like fertilizer and
makes algae grow at excessive rates, according to NOAA. The algae block light from other plants.
The plants die and their decomposition leads to less oxygen in the water. Less oxygen in the
water kills aquatic animals.

Air pollution

The air we breathe has a very exact chemical composition; 99% of it is made up of
nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Air pollution occurs when things that aren't
normally there are added to the air. A common type of air pollution happens when people release
particles into the air from burning fuels. This pollution looks like soot, containing millions of tiny
particles floating in the air.

Another common type of air pollution is dangerous gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions
once they are in the atmosphere, creating acid rain and smog. Other sources of air pollution can
come from within buildings, such as secondhand smoke.

Finally, air pollution can take the form of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide or
sulfur dioxide, which are warming the planet through the greenhouse effect. According to the EPA,
the greenhouse effect is when gases absorb the infrared radiation that is released from the Earth,
preventing the heat from escaping. This is a natural process that keeps our atmosphere warm. If

51
too many gases are introduced into the atmosphere, though, more heat is trapped and this can
make the planet artificially warm, according to Columbia University.
Air pollution kills more than 2 million people each year, according to a study published in
the journal of Environmental Research Letters. The effects of air pollution on human health can
vary widely depending on the pollutant, according to Hugh Sealy, professor, and director of the
environmental and occupational health track at the Department of Public Health and Preventive
Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada. If the pollutant is highly toxic, the effects
on health can be widespread and severe. For example, the release of methyl isocyanate gas at
Union Carbide plant in Bhopal in 1984 killed over 2,000 people, and over 200,000 suffered
respiratory problems. An irritant (e.g., particulates less than 10 micrometers) may cause
respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease and increases in asthma. "The very young, the old
and those with vulnerable immune systems are most at risk from air pollution. The air pollutant
may be carcinogenic (e.g., some volatile organic compounds) or biologically active (e.g., some
viruses) or radioactive (e.g. radon). Other air pollutants like carbon dioxide have an indirect impact
on human health through climate change," Sealy told Live Science.

Noise pollution

Even though humans can't see or smell noise pollution, it still affects the environment.
Noise pollution happens when the sound coming from planes, industry or other sources reaches
harmful levels. Research has shown that there are direct links between noise and health,
including stress-related illnesses, high blood pressure, speech interference, hearing loss. For
example, a study by the WHO Noise Environmental Burden on Disease working group found that
noise pollution may contribute to hundreds of thousands of deaths per year by increasing the
rates of coronary heart disease. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA can regulate machine and
plane noise.
Underwater noise pollution coming from ships has been shown to upset whales' navigation
systems and kill other species that depend on the natural underwater world. Noise also makes
wild species communicate louder, which can shorten their lifespan.
Light pollution

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 Most people can't imagine living without the modern convenience of electric lights. For the natural
world, though, lights have changed the way that days and nights work. Some consequences of
light pollution are:

 Some birds sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light.

 Scientists have determined that long artificial days can affect migration schedules, as they
allow for longer feeding times.
 Streetlights can confuse newly hatched sea turtles that rely on starlight reflecting off the
waves to guide them from the beach to the ocean. They often head in the wrong direction.
 Light pollution, called sky glow, also makes it difficult for astronomers, both professional
and amateur, to properly see the stars.
 Plant's flowering and developmental patterns can be entirely disrupted by artificial light.
 According to a study by the American Geophysical Union, light pollution could also be
making smog worse by destroying nitrate radicals that helps the dispersion of smog.

Turning on so many lights may not be necessary. Research published by International Journal of
Science and Research estimates that over-illumination wastes about 2 million barrels of oil per
day and lighting is responsible for one-fourth of all energy consumption worldwide.

Other pollution facts:

 Americans generate 30 billion foam cups, 220 million tires, and 1.8 billion disposable diapers
every year, according to the Green Schools Alliance.
 According to the WHO, ambient air pollution contributes to 6.7% of all deaths worldwide.
 The Mississippi River drains the lands of nearly 40% of the continental United Sates. It also carries
an estimated 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen pollution into the Gulf of Mexico each year,
resulting in a dead zone each summer about the size of New Jersey.

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 Pollution in China can change weather patterns in the United States. It takes just five days for the
jet stream to carry heavy air pollution from China to the United States, where it stops clouds from
producing rain and snow.
 About 7 million premature deaths annually are linked to air pollution, according to WHO. That is
one in eight deaths worldwide.

Additional resources
 WHO: World Water Day Report
 EPA: Water Quality Facts
 Columbia University: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
 U.S. National Library of Medicine: Noise Pollution
 Green School Alliance: Pollution Facts

VIEWING MATERIALS:
To show a related and most recent video of The Planet Earth.

LEARNING ACTIVITY:

A.Plan an ocular visit in one of the depressed areas in your community. Described the condition
of the households and their livelihood if any. Discuss in the class, in what action plan can you
suggest improving their living condition. As a responsible citizen how can you help them?

B.Write a particular pollution that annoys you daily, how will you prevent or rid it off?

REFERENCES:

Types of Pollution - Effects of Various Types of Pollution (byjus.com)

https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/addressing-plastic-pollution-crisis-philippines-new

What Are the 7 Different Types of Pollution? | YourDictionary

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 END OF COURSE

By:

Prof. J.T. Cocol, MBA

Original File/JTC-2324

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