❑ Population and Sample

❑ Census and Sampling Techniques

1. Define and differentiate between population
and sample
2. Identify the sample size in each case by
applying the Sloven’s Formula.
3. Define and Differentiate the Sampling
Techniques

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SYMBOLS for STATIC
❖ Sample size…………………….…………… n
❖ Sample mean ………………………………. 𝑥
❖ Sample standard deviation……………… 𝑠
❖ Sample variance……………………………. 𝑠 2
❖ Sample coefficient of correlation……… 𝑟

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SYMBOLS for PARAMETER
❖ Population size…………………………...… N
❖ Population mean…………………………… 𝜇
❖ Population standard deviation…………. 𝜎
❖ Population variance……………….…..…. 𝜎 2
❖ Population coefficient of correlation…. 𝜌

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Let N be the population size and the margin of error
e denotes the allowed probability of committing an
error in selecting a small representative of the
population. The sample size can be obtained by the
formula:

𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
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 𝑵
𝒏=
𝟏 + 𝑵𝒆𝟐
This margin of error, e, could range between 1% and 10%
depending on the desire or intention of the researcher.
However, the researcher should be aware of the Law of Large
Numbers which states, “The larger the size of the sample, the
more certain we can be sure that the sample mean is a good
estimate of the population mean.” The larger size of the sample,
the closer its characteristics would be to the characteristics of
the entire population. 6
In your study, the size of your population is
10, 000. What is the size of your sample if
you allow a 2% margin of error?
Suppose that a company wants to conduct
marketing supply research to know about
consumer preferences. The company
estimates that a total of N = 10000 people are
regular loyal customers of the company. How
many of these people should be interviewed
to understand customer preferences? Take
the margin of error to be 5%.
Suppose that the population size in a study is
N=5000 and the margin of error is 3%. How
many units should be chosen in a randomly
selected sample?
Suppose that you have a group of 1,000 city
government employees and you want to
survey them to find out which tools are best
suited to their jobs. You decide that you are
happy with a margin of error of 0.05. Using
Slovin's formula, you would be required to
survey n = N / (1 + Ne^2) people:
Random Sampling is the most commonly used
sampling technique in which each member in the
population is given an equal chance of being selected
in the sample.

While non-random sampling is a method of collecting

a small portion of the population by which not all the
members in the population are given the chance to
be included in the sample.
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Certain elements in the population are
deliberately left out of the selection for varied
reasons. Random sampling is usually called
fair sampling while non-random sampling is
a biased sampling

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1. Equiprobability – means that each member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected and
included in the sample.
For instance, there are 10,000 tickets, and one ticket
is assigned to each faculty or employee of a
company, to be raffled for a prize of Php10,000. The
probability of each member of this population being
drawn and getting the prize is 1/10,000 or 0.0001 or
0.01%. 13
2. Independence – means that the chance of one
member being drawn does not affect the chance of
the other member.
In conducting a study on the product preference of
customers, the choice of one member of the family
cannot be assumed as the choice of the entire family
members.

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1. Restricted Random Sampling – involves certain
restrictions intended to improve the validity of the sampling.
This design is applicable only when the population being
investigated requires homogeneity.
A study on the effectiveness of a new drug can be tested to two
groups of animals, the control and experimental groups. Those
animals that belong to the controlled group will not be treated
with a new drug while those that belong to the experimental
group will be treated with a new drug. The selection of paired
animals should be with restrictions according to their degree of
illnesses so that significant difference between the two groups
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will be accepted.
One of the most important parts of the research
work that needs preparation and planning is
choosing the right and appropriate sampling method.

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1. Lottery of Fishbowl Sampling
This is done by simply writing the names or
numbers of all members of the population on small
rolled pieces of paper which are later placed in a
container. The researcher shakes the container
thoroughly and then draws n out of N pieces of
paper as desired for a sample. This is usually done in
a lottery.
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2. Sampling with the use of Table of Random Numbers
If the population is large, a more practical procedure is
the use of a Table of Random Numbers which contains
rows and columns of digits randomly ordered by a
computer.
A sample of size n can be generated by beginning at an
arbitrary point in a Table of Random Numbers, closing your
eyes and haphazardly pointing at an entry in the table. Then
proceed in any direction, vertically, horizontally, or diagonally
until n distinct numbers could represent the numerically coded
elements in the population. 18
3. Systematic Sampling
This method of sampling is done by taking every kth
element in the population. It applies to a group of
individuals arranged in a waiting line or in a methodical
manner.
For instance, the objective is to get the opinion of
employees regarding employee-management relations, a
sample size n will be selected from a list of employees
arranged alphabetically or according to age, experience,
position, or academic rank. 19
3. Systematic Sampling
By systematic sampling, every kth employee from the
listed order will be included in the sample. If N is known,
the k value can be calculated as:

Where,
𝑵
𝒌= N, the population size
𝒏 N, the sample size

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4. Stratified Random Sampling
When the population can be partitioned into several strata
or subgroups, it may be wiser to employ the stratified
technique to ensure a representative of each group in the
sample.
Random samples will be selected from each stratum.
Selecting a sample with this technique is quite difficult
and costly since it requires a complete listing, called a
frame, of all elements in the population. There are two
kinds of stratified random sampling. 21
A. Simple Stratified Random Sampling
When the population is grouped into homogeneous
classes, that is, different groups but with a relative
common characteristic, then each can be sampled
independently by taking an equal number of elements
from each stratum. This method is called simple random
sampling.

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A. Simple Stratified Random Sampling
Suppose a population of students taking History of size N=800
can be grouped according to year levels, then using simple
random sampling, 50 students will be taken randomly from
each of the 4 groups and that comprises a sample size of 200
students.

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B. Stratified Proportional Random Sampling
In some cases, the characteristic of the population is such that
the proportions of the subgroups are grossly equal. The
researcher may wish to maintain these characteristics in the
sample with the use of the stratified proportion technique.

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5. Multi-stage or Multiple Sampling
This technique uses several stages or phases in getting
the sample from the population. However, the selection of
the sample is still done at random.
This method is an extension or a multiple application of
the stratified random sampling technique. The number of
stages depends on the number of population and the
sample size needed in the survey.

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1. Judgement or Purposive Sampling
This method is also referred to as non-random or non-
probability sampling. It plays a major role in the selection
of a particular item and/or in making decisions in cases of
incomplete responses or observation. This is usually
based on a certain criteria laid down by the researcher or
his adviser.

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1. Judgement or Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling is used in cases where the specialty
of an authority can select a more representative sample
that can bring more accurate results than by using other
probability sampling techniques. The process involves
nothing but purposely handpicking individuals from the
population based on the authority's or the researcher's
knowledge and judgment.

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1. Judgement or Purposive Sampling
In a study wherein a researcher wants to know what it
takes to graduate summa cum laude in college, the only
people who can give the researcher first hand advise are
the individuals who graduated summa cum laude. With
this very specific and very limited pool of individuals that
can be considered as a subject, the researcher must
use judgmental sampling.

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2. Quota Sampling
This is a relatively quick and inexpensive method to
operate since the choice of the number of persons or
elements to be included in a sample is done at the
researcher’s own convenience or preference and is not
predetermined by some carefully operated randomizing
plan.

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2. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is defined as a non-probability
sampling method in which researchers create a sample
involving individuals that represent a population. Researchers
choose these individuals according to specific traits or qualities.
They decide and create quotas so that the market research
samples can be useful in collecting data. These samples can be
generalized to the entire population. The final subset will be
decided only according to the interviewer’s or researcher’s
knowledge of the population.
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2. Quota Sampling
𖤓 A researcher wants to survey individuals about what smartphone
brand they prefer to use. He/she considers a sample size of 500
respondents. Also, he/she is only interested in surveying ten states
in the US. Here’s how the researcher can divide the population by
quotas:
𖤓 Gender: 250 males and 250 females
𖤓 Age: 100 respondents each between the ages of 16-20, 21-30, 31-40,
41-50, and 51+
𖤓 Employment status: 350 employed and 150 unemployed people.
𖡼 (Researchers apply further nested quotas . For eg, out of the
150 unemployed people, 100 must be students.)
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𖤓 Location: 50 responses per state
2. Quota Sampling
𖤓 Depending on the type of research, the researcher can apply
quotas based on the sampling frame. It is not necessary for the
researcher to divide the quotas equally. He/she divides the quotas
as per his/her need (as shown in the example where the researcher
interviews 350 employed and only 150 unemployed individuals).
Random sampling can be conducted to reach out to the
respondents.

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3. Cluster Sampling
This is sometimes referred to as area sampling because it
is usually applied on a geographical basis. The population
is grouped into clusters or small units, e.g.., blocks or
districts, in a city or municipality. Area sampling usually
requires larger samples of elementary units than those
required in simple random sampling. It is not a common
practice, however, that every individual located in a
selected area is interviewed. Often additional sampling
stages are introduced. 33
3. Cluster Sampling
𖤓 In cluster sampling, researchers divide
a population into smaller groups known
as clusters. They then randomly select among these
clusters to form a sample.
𖤓 Cluster sampling is a method of probability
sampling that is often used to study large populations,
particularly those that are widely geographically
dispersed. Researchers usually use pre-existing units
such as schools or cities as their clusters. 34
4. Incidental Sampling
This design is applied to those samples which are taken
because they are the most available. The investigator
simply takes the nearest individuals as subjects of the
study until it reaches the desired size.
In an interview for instance, an interviewer can simply
choose to ask those people around him or in a coffee shop
where he is taking a break.

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5. Convenience Sampling
This method has been widely used in television, and radio
programs to find out the opinions of TV viewers and
listeners regarding a controversial issue. While the issue is
being discussed in a talk show, the host will immediately
get responses and comments from those who will call
their telephone operators. This method, of course, is
biased against those without telephones in their houses.

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