VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangam, Machhe, Belagavi-590018

Internship Report on

“Familiarization To Various Department of HESCOM

And Technical Operations And Maintenance”
at
Hubballi & Gadag
In Partial fulfillment of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

Submitted By

JANNATBI F.BIJAPUR
USN: 2TG21EE402

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MUNDARGI ROAD, GADAG-582 101

2023-2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the successful completion of this internship work, I would like to acknowledge and extend
my heartfelt gratitude to the following people who supported me to complete the internship.

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to "HUBLI ELECTRICITY SUPPLY COMPANY

LIMITED" for providing me an opportunity to do my internship.

I also wish to express my gratitude to the officials and other staff members of HESCOM
Hubballi and Gadag for their guidance and encouragement during the period of internship.

I would take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Executive Engineer (Ele), HRD Section,
HESCOM Hubballi for his valuable suggestions and support during the period of internship.

I would like to thank my Internship Coordinator Prof. Jagadeesh G.Shivangutti Asst. Professor,
Department Electrical and Electronics of TCE Gadag for his guidance and immense support
throughout the internship for successful completion at HESCOM Hubballi..

I also sincerely thank Dr. Iranna Korachagaon, HoD, Electrical and Electronics department, TCE
Gadag for his valuable suggestions and support.

I also sincerely thank Dr. M.M. Awati, Principal, Tontadarya College of Engineering, Gadag, for
the support he provided me to undertake this internship

Jannatbi F.Bijapur

2TG21EE402
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgement i
Contents ii
List of Figures iii
List of Abbreviations iv

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

Chapter-1 Organizational Profile 1

Chapter-2 Introduction 2
Chapter-3 Substations 3
Chapter-4 Supervisory Control and 17
Data Acquisition

Chapter-5 Division Office 19

Chapter-6 Mt Station And 25
Transformer Repair
Center

Outcome 31
Snapshots during 32
Internship
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES TITLE PAGE NO

Fig 3.1 33kv S&L Subdivision 4

Hulkoti, Gadag

Fig 3.2 33kv S&L Sub Division 4

Lakkundi ,Gadag

Fig 3.3 Remote Control Desk With 5

Annunciation Panel

Fig 3.4 Elements Of Substation 6

Fig 3.5 Power Transformer 7

Fig 3.6 Lightning Protection 7

Fig 3.7 Isolators 8

Fig 3.8 Circuit Breaker 9

Fig 3.9 Current Transformer 10

Fig3.10 Potential Transformer 10

Fig 3.11 Control Panel 11

Fig 3.12 Station Battery And DC 12

Supply Arrangement

Fig 3.13 Earth Fault Relay 14

Fig 3.14 Line Diagram Of GIS Station 14

Fig 3.15 Control Panel Of GIS 15

Fig 3.16 Construction Of UG Cable 16

Fig 3.17 Different Types UG Cables 16

Fig 4.1 Real Time Data Acquisition 17

Fig 4.2 RTU Panel 18

Fig 5.1 HT-2 Bill Formation: 24

Education Institute

Fig 5.2 HT-2 Bill Formation : 24

Hospital

Fig 6.1 Meter Testing Board 26

Fig 6.2 Meter Testing Megger 26

Fig6.3 OC & SC Test Bench 28

Fig 6.4 Transformer Oil Test Kit 29

 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

RTU -Remote Terminal Unit

LT Lines -Low Tension Lines

HT Lines - High Tension Lines

MT -Meter Testing

UG -Under Ground
Internship Report On HESCOM

Chapter -I

ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE

About the Company

Electricity is a vital resource for development. An efficient, reliable and well organized power
sector capable of delivering quality power along with quality service is a necessity for any
progressive community. Earlier, the power sector in the state of Karnataka was serviced by
Karnataka Electricity Board. In the year 1999, the state government initiated the reforms process
of the power sector to meet the needs of the burgeoning economy. In the subsequent stage of
reforms, the transmission and distribution activities carried out by KPTCL were unbundled and
four power distribution companies were formed in June, 2002. HESCOM is one of the
companies thus formed, with its headquarters at Hubballi

Vision
Likely involves modernizing infrastructure, incorporating renewable energy sources, and
fostering sustainable development in the region.
Mission
To ensure uninterrupted power supply and customer satisfaction while adhering to safety and
environmental standards.

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Chapter-II

INTRODUCTION

The area of operation of the HESCOM is wide spread. The Company is covering the areas where
the agricultural consumption is comparatively on higher side.

HESCOM Limited was incorporated on 30.04.2002 under the Companies Act, 1956 (No. 1 of
1956) and the company started operation on. 01.06.2002 with the headquarters at Hubli. The
Company came into existence with geographical jurisdiction of seven Districts comprising of
Dharwad, Belgaum, Gadag, Haveri, Uttar Kannada, Bagalkot & Bijapur with an objective to
carry on the business of distribution and supply of electricity more efficiently and economically.

The area of operation of the Company is wide spread. The Company is covering the areas where
the agricultural consumption is comparatively on higher side.

It purchases power mainly from Karnataka power Corporation and also a number of Independent
Power Producers and sells the same on retail to its consumers. Karnataka Government has
designated Power Company of Karnataka Limited (PCKL) as nodal agency to purchase power
from Independent Power Producers. Purchase price is regulated by the Power Purchase
Agreements while the retail sale price is regulated by the Karnataka Electricity Regulatory
commission. Consequently, the Company does not have the freedom of altering the purchase and
sale price.

The cumulative effect of transmission losses, power thefts, regulated price mechanisms, capital
investments for infrastructure renewal as well as replacement etc., put the Company in a tight
spot. The company finds meeting its monthly cash needs hard. To prevent power thefts, the
Company introduced a new scheme called Nirantara Jyothi which requires a parallel system of
transmission lines involving massive capital investment in the order of hundreds of crore rupees
over the next few years. The area of operation of the Company is wide spread. The Company is
covering the areas where the agricultural consumption is comparatively on higher side.

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Chapter-III

SUBSTATIONS

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage level. A substation may include transformers to
change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at
the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The substation has an additional
function like they provide points where safety devices may be installed to disconnect equipment
or circuit in the event of the fault.

THE SUBSTATIONS WE VISISTED DURING OUR INTERNSHIP ARE:

1. 33/11KV SUB STATION INDUSTRIAL ESTATE HUBLI.

2. 33KV S&L SUB DIVISION GADAG. ( HULKOTI AND LAKKUNDI)

3.1. 33KV/11KV INDUSTRIAL ESTATE SUBSTATION

The substation at industrial estate udyam nagar gokul road hubballi is 33/11kv substation.It
receives the power through the SRS hubli and TARIHAL lines at 33kv. It sends two voltage
levels 33kv and 11kv.A two 5MVA transformers are used to step down the voltage and transmits
the power to different feeders and 33kv power is directly given to HT SOUTHERN FERRO Ltd.
There are two banks bank-1 has three feeders of 11kv and bank-2 has four feeders of 11kv. For
the protection of switchgear, transformers, associated equipment of 11 kV and 33 kV lines
against large over-voltages/ surges, Lightning arrestors/surge arrestors are used in each line.

Line isolators or GOS are used to isolate the lines from healthy lines, under maintenance. SF6
circuit breakers are used for protection from damage caused by over currents resulting from
overload or faults. Current and voltage transformers are used to electrically isolate the high
voltage primary circuit from the low voltage secondary circuit and, thus provide a safe means of
supply for indicating instruments, meters and relays.

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Fig 3.1: 33kv S&L Subdivision Hulkoti, Gadag

This is 33/11kv substation at hulkoti gadag. Here Incoming feeders lines are from gadag
substation. Here 33kv voltages received from 110/33kv substation. this voltage is step down to
11kv by 5 MVA power Transformer and this voltage is supplied to the consumer ends.This
substation consists of 8 outgoing feeders including exclusive irrigation pump.

3.2. 33KV S&L SUB DIVISION LAKKUNDI GADAG

Fig 3.2: 33kv S&L Sub Division Lakkundi ,Gadag

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This is 33/11kv substation at lakkundi gadag. Here Incoming feeders lines are from gadag
substation. Here 33kv voltages received from 110/33kv substation. This voltage is step down to
11kv by 5 MVA power Transformer and this voltage is supplied to the consumer ends.This
substation consists of harlapur, lakkundi, nagavi, kalasapur, sambapur paapnashi, outgoing
feeders including exclusive irrigation pump

3.3. REMOTE CONTROL DESK WITH ANNUNCIATION PANEL

Annunciators in electrical substations and generating plants provide immediate visual indication
of alarm conditions, accompanied by audible sounds to call attention to the visual information
displayed. Typically, the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems that linked
substations and control centre’s were entirely separated from the annunciators. Applying
microprocessor technology to protective relays, SCADA systems, meters, and other intelligent
electronic devices enabled new system architectures. Annunciators in electrical substations
provide concise visible and audible notification.

Fig 3.3: Remote Control Desk with Annunciation Panel

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An alarm indicator illuminates for the visible indication of the alarm condition. Different
annunciator models use light bulbs or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as separate indicators or to
backlight an engraved, translucent window. An audible alarm demands the attention
of people near the annunciator. Pushbuttons allow the audible horn to be silenced and toacknowl
edge that the operator has observed an alarm

3.4. ELEMENTS OF SUBSTATION

Fig 3.4: Elements of Substation

ELEMENTS OF SUBSTATION
i. Primary power lines' side
ii. Secondary power lines' side
Equipment in a substation can broadly be categorized as follows:
Structures are required to provide entry from the overhead line to the substation and to extend
out required number of feeders. The numbers of structures should be kept to a minimum, as large
number of structures would not only be uneconomical but give an ugly look to the substation and
may prove to be obstructions in extending bus-bar, lines, etc. The main structures required for
33/11 kV substations are:
 Incoming and outgoing gantries;
 support structures for breaker, isolators, fuses, insulators, CTs and PTs; and
 Bus- bars.
 Switchyard structures can be made of fabricated steel, RCC or PSCC, Rail or RS Joist

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3.4.1.POWER TRANSFORMER
A transformer is employed in a substation to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages or at the interconnection of two different transmission
voltages.

Fig 3.5: Power Transformer

3.4.2. LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
Lightning arrestors are commonly used in power distribution systems, communication networks,
and other sensitive installations to safeguard against the destructive effects of lightning-induced
surges. The rated voltage of arrestors for 33 kV should be 30 kV for use on 33 kV systems and
with nominal discharge current rating of 10 kA. The rated voltage of lightning arrestors
should be 9 kV (rms) for effectively earthed 11 kV system with all the transformer neutrals
directly earthed. The nominal discharge current rating should be 5 kA.

Fig 3.6: Lightning Protection

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3.4.3. ISOLATORS
In a power grid, an isolator, or disconnect switch, is a device used to physically disconnect a part
of the electrical system for maintenance or in case of emergencies. It's primarily a safety measure
to ensure that a specific section of the grid can be isolated and de-energized when needed,
allowing maintenance crews to work safely. Isolators are typically used in conjunction with
circuit breakers for effective control and protection of the power grid. The rated normal current is
630 A at 36kV. For 11 kV, both horizontal and vertical mounting isolating switches of 400 Amps
at 12kV are used.

Fig 3.7: Isolators

3.4.4. CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is a switching device built ruggedly to enable it to interrupt/ make not only the
load current but also the much larger fault current, which may occur on a circuit .A circuit
breaker contains both fixed contacts and moving contacts. The purpose of circuit breakers is to
eliminate a short-circuit that occurs on a line.
The types of breakers used in a distribution system are:
1. Air break type
2. Oil break type
3. Vacuum type and
4. SF6 gas breaker

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Fig 3.8: Circuit Breaker

3.4.5. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

The substations have current and voltage transformers designed to isolate electrically the high
voltage primary circuit from the low voltage secondary circuit and, thus, provide a safe means of
supply for indicating instruments, meters and relays.

3.4.6. INSULATORS

An electrical insulator resists the flow of electricity. Application of voltage difference across a
good insulator results in negligible electrical current. Adequate insulation is of prime importance
for obvious reasons of reliability of supply, safety of personnel and equipment, etc. The
insulators in use at substations are post insulators of pedestal type. The station design should be
such that the number of insulators is kept at a minimum at the same time ensuring security of
supply.

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3.4.7. POWER AND CONTROL CABLES

Power and control cables of adequate current carrying capacity and voltage rating are provided at
the substation. Power cables are used for 33kV,11 kV or LT system to carry load current. The
control cables are required for operating and protection system connections. The cables are
segregated by running in separate trenches or on separate racks.

3.4.8. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer is a device that transforms high currents in power systems into
standardized, lower currents for measurement and protection purposes. It's commonly used in
conjunction with instruments and relays to monitor and control electrical currents in various
applications.

3.4.9. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

A potential transformer, also known as a voltage transformer, is a device that transforms high
voltage levels in power systems into standardized, lower voltages for measurement and
protection. Like current transformers, potential transformers are essential for accurate voltage
measurement and ensuring the safety of instruments and equipment in electrical systems.

Fig 3.10: Potential Transformer

Fig 3.9:Current Transformer

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3.4.10.CONTROL PANELS
Control panels installed within the control building of a switchyard provide mounting for bus,
relays, and meters, indicating instruments, indicating lights, control switches, test switches and
other control devices. The panel contains compartments for incoming lines, outgoing lines, bus-
bars with provision for sectionalizing, relays, measuring instruments, etc.
The panel is provided with:
 Suitable over-current and earth fault relays to protect the equipment against short circuit
and earth faults; and
 Measuring instruments such as ammeter, voltmeter and energy meter for 33kV and 11 kV
systems.

Fig 3.11: Control Panel

3.4.11. EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS

Earthing has to be provided for:
 Safety of personnel.
 Prevention of and minimizing damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault
currents.

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 Improved reliability of power supply. Large sub-stations -1 ohm Small sub-stations -2

ohms Power stations -0.5 ohms Distribution transformer stations- 5 ohm.

3.4.12. STATION BATTERY/DC SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT

Station batteries supply energy to operate protection equipment such as breakers and other
control, alarm and indicating equipment. The station batteries are a source for operating DC
control system equipment during system disturbances and outages. During normal conditions the
rectifier provides the required DC supply. However, to take care of rectifier failure, a storage
battery of adequate capacity is provided to meet the DC requirements.
Normally, in a 33/11 kV substation, the DC system is of 30 cells consisting of 15 lead acid
storage batteries or Nickel-Cadmium batteries. The battery is connected in parallel with a
constant voltage charger and critical load circuits. The charger maintains the required voltage eat
battery terminal and supplies the normally connected loads. This sustains the battery in fully
charged condition. The correct size battery charger has to be selected for the intended
application.

Fig 3.12: Station Battery And DC Supply Arrangement

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3.4.13. AUXILIARY SUPPLY TRANSFORMER

An Auxiliary Supply Transformer of adequate capacity is required to be provided for internal use
for lighting loads, battery charging, oil filtration plant, etc. The supply should be reliable. In a
substation, it is normally provided from a station transformer connected on 33 or11 kV bus bar.

3.4.14. RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
numbers of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts break contacts or
combinations.

Various types of relays used in fault detection are:

 Over current relay

 Earth fault relay
 Distance relay
 Differential relay
 Master trip relay
 Buchholz relay.

OVER CURRENT RELAY

The over current relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when the value of the current
is greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the system from the faukt
current. Depending upon the time of the operation the over current relay is categorized into
different types. They are; instantaneous over current relay, inverse over current relay , definite
over current relay, inverse definite over current relay, very inverse definite over current relay.

EARTH FAULT RELAY

The devices give the tripping command to break the circuit when earth fault occurs. The fault
current is restricted and the fault is dispersed by the restricted earth fault protection (REFP)
scheme. It is a safety device used in electrical installation with high earth impedance. It detects

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small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment. The result is to interrupt the
circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected.

Fig 3.13: Earth Fault Relay

3.5. GIS - GAS INSULATED SUB STATION

Fig 3.14: Line Diagram Of GIS Station

The increasing demand of electrical power in cities and industrial centres necessities the
installation of a compact and efficient distribution and transmission network.

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High voltage gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is ideal for such applications. The range of
application of SF6 Gas Insulated Switchgear extends from voltage Ratings of 72.5 kV up to
800 kV with breaking currents of up to 63 kA, and in special cases up to 80 kA. Both small
transformer substations and large load-centre substations can be designed with GIS technology.

The distinctive advantages of SF6 Gas Insulated Switchgear are: compact, low Weight, high
reliability, safety against touch contact, low maintenance and long life. Extensive in-plant
preassembly and testing of large units and complete bays reduces assembly and commissioning
time on the construction site.GIS equipment is usually of modular construction. All components
such as busbars, disconnectors, circuit-breakers, instrument transformers, cable terminations and
joints are contained in earthed enclosures filled with sulphur Hexafluoride gas (SF6 ).

Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is a compact, multi component assembly enclosed in a ground
metallic housing in which the primary insulating medium is compressed. Sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6) gas. SF6 acts as insulation between live parts & the earthed metal closure.

Fig 3.15: Control Panel of GIS

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3.6. UNDERGROUND CABLES

Underground cables in a grid are used for electrical power transmission and distribution. They
are buried beneath the ground to minimize visual impact and reduce the risk of damage. These
cables play a crucial role in delivering electricity to homes, businesses, and industries while
maintaining a more aesthetic and less disruptive infrastructure compared to overhead lines.

Fig 3.16: Construction Of UG Cable

Classification of Cables
 Low tension (LT)-----up to 1000V
 High tension (HT)-----up to 11000V
 Super tension(S.T)-----from 22KV to 33KV
 Extra high tension (E.H.T)----- from 33KV to 66KV
 Extra super voltage cables----- beyond 132K
Different Kinds Of Underground Cables

Fig 3.17: Different Types UG Cables

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Chapter-IV
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of software and hardware element
that allows industrial organizations to:

 Control industrial processes locally or at remote locations

 Monitor, gather, and Process real-time data
 Directly interact with device such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more
through human-machine interface (HMI) software
 Record events into a long file

Fig 4.1: Real Time Data Acquisition

4.1.Modern SCADA Systems

Modern SCADA system allow real time data from the plant floor to be accessed from anywhere
in the world. This access to real time information allows government, businesses, and individuals
to make data driven decisions about how to improve their processes. Without SCADA software,
it would be extremely difficult if not impossible to gather sufficient data for consistently well
informed decisions. Also, most modern SCADA designer application have rapid application
development (RAD) capabilities that allow users to design application relatively easily, even if
they don’t have extensive Knowledge of software development.

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SCADA software that utilizes the power of SQL databases provides huge advantages over
antiquated SCADA software. One big advantages of using SQL databases with a SCADA system
is that it makes it easier to integrate into existing MES and ERP system, allowing data to flow
seamlessly through and entire organization.

4.2. RTU

An RTU monitors the field digital and analog parameter and transmits data to the central
Monitoring Station. It contains setup software to connect data input streams to data output
streams, define communication protocols, and troubleshoot installation problems.

An RTU may consist of one complex circuit card consisting of various section needed to do a
custom fitted function or may consist of many circuit cards including CPU or processing with
communication interface(s), and one or more of the following: (AI) analog input, (DI) digital
(status) input.(DO/CO) digital(or control relay) output, or (AO) analog output card(S).

Fig 4.2: RTU Panel

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Chapter-V

DIVISION OFFICE

Fig shows the block diagram of gadag division office, this division is divided into sub division
office and this office contains the rural and urban areas details.

From fig we get know about the different levels, every level as its own motivation to work and
this level are divided on the basis of the cost.

Division office supply all the necessary equipment’s which are ordered by the sub division. In
division we have the SR book which contain all equipment’s price and cost based on their

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purpose. This SR book is created every year based on the present market, which is emailed by
the main head office Bangalore.

First purpose is to read clearly and understand the estimated paper which is provided by the
section office based on the site analysis, if the paper contains some wrong information based on
price or anything else will be corrected with the help of the SR book provided to them.

In division we also have the energy audit where we get to know all details of energy utilized and
it also maintain the record of energy taken from KPTCL and distributed to consumers.

In gadag division the power is supplied from the gadag KPTCL 110/33/11 KV station and totally
we have 134 feeder which are distributed to various places based on the consumer need.

Feeders distribution by the consumer needs

1. Exclusive irrigation pumps

2. Water supply pumps
3. Industries
4. Urban and rural areas

Exclusive irrigation pumps are the irrigation pump sets which are used by farmers to water the
crops. where they use different kind of motors which may be a high voltage motor of 11KV, so
they need separate feeder to feed their needs.

Water supply pumps are used to supply the water to the required places, where again use high
voltage motor to supply the water, it also requires separate feeder of 11KV.

As we are in modern generation many industries are build which require very high voltage to
gain their aim or to complete the task, so again separate feeder is placed to supply all the
industries near the stations.

Expect this, other feeders are placed to supply normal consumer like domestic and commercial.

Feeder wise loss of all feeder in gadag division as follows,

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Every division have the subdivisions, which look after certain area allocated to it. Subdivision
accepts the all type of complaints under their coverage and also required installation of various
transformers, lines which have damaged due to the certain problem.

Types of lines that are distributed from feeders are as follows :

1. LT Lines
2. HT Lines

LT lines distributed as :

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LT-1 This line is employed for the scheme like (Bhagya Jyothi) where we have up to
40 units
LT-2a Residential house lighting, motors up to 200w
Fixed charge/kwh to 50w=110rs and above 50w = 210rs
LT-2b Educational institute, hospitals
Fixed charge = 50kw=180rs and above 50w=250rs, Energy charge/kwh= 775
paisa/unit
LT-3a Commercial lighting, hotels, theatres
Fixed charge = 50w=200rs and above 50w=300rs, Energy charge = 850paisa

LT-3b Advertisement board

Fixed charge = less than 67hp=200rs, Energy charge = 1050paisa
LT-4a IP SET up to 10hp
LT-4b IP SET above 10hp
Fixed charge per hp = 135rs, Energy charge = 410paisa
LT-4c Horticulture
Fixed charge 135rs, Energy charge = 425paisa
LT-5 Industry, railway workshops, sugarcane crushers, cold storage plant, KSRTC
Fixed charge below 100hp=140rs and above 100hp= 250rs,
Energy charge=500units=610paisa and above = 710rs
LT-6a Water supply
Fixed charge = up to 67hp=175rs and above 67hp= 275rs, energy charge=
LT-6b 550paisa
Public lighting
LT-6c Fixed charge = 175rs, energy= 700 paisa
Electrical vehicle charging station, battery swapping station (both LT & HT)
Fixed charge= up to 50kw=70rs and above 50kw= 170rs and for the HT 200rs,
energy charge= 450paisa
LT-7 Temporary supply
Fixed charge= less than 67hp=200rs, energy charge= 1500paisa

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HT lines distributed as:

HT lines are employed where bulk power supply at 11kv and also include 2.3 to 4.6kv and extra
high voltage when demand is 50kw or 67hp above.

HT-1 Water supply

Demand charge= per KVA= 350% and Energy charge= 600paisa
HT-2a Industries, flour mill, rice mill
Demand charge= 350% and Energy charge= 740paisa
HT-2a(1) Railway traction
Demand charge= 350% and Energy charge= 700paisa
HT-2a(2) Effluent treatment plants
Demand charge= 350% and Energy charge= 7000paisa
HT-2b Commercial complexes, cinema, hotels, TV station, all India radio
Demand charge= 375% and Energy charge=925paisa
HT-2c(1) Government hospital, educational institute
HT-2c(2) Private hospital
Demand charge= 300% and Energy charge= 750paisa
HT-3 Lift irrigation scheme
Demand charge= hp/month= 150% and Energy charge= 350paisa
HT-4 Residential apartments and above 67hp colonies, temple, canteen
Demand charge= 300% and Energy charge=725paisa
HT-5 Temporary power supply
Demand charge= 400% and Energy charge= 1150paisa
HT-6 Irrigation and agriculture farms and horticulture farm
Demand charge= 150% and Energy charge= 550paisa

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Fig 5.1:HT-2 Bill formation: Fig 5.2:HT-2 Bill formation :

Education institute Hospital

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Chapter-VI

MT STATION AND TRANSFORMER REPAIR CENTER

Meters: Meters are the device used to measure the energy and it also maintain record of the
average and peak voltage used, it records for every hour.

Types of the meters are as follows:

1. Single phase meter

2. Three phase meters
3. Bidirectional meters

Single phase meters are employed for the consumer who use single phase like residential areas,
where the meter has the rated value of 230v 50hz and power factor of 0.9pf.

Three phase meters are employed for the commercial consumers like hotel and shop, where the
meter has the rated value of 400v 50hz

Bidirectional meters are employed for the consumer, who have their own solar roof top on their
own house and this meter read the energy used and remained energy which is exported to the
HESCOM or which is sold to the HESCOM.

6.1. METER TESTING

Meter testing by automation process. Single and three phase meter testing by automation is by
the software, this software has the ability to check meters faults and damage like failure to the
rated current and voltage and power factor and others.

The procedure to conduct this test is by connecting the meters to the board where it has the
variable current, voltage and power factor reading component as shown in below diagram.

When the meters are varied and passed in all the test conducted by the software and then sealed
by the tag and a certificate of correction and good working condition is issued and packed and
exported to required place.In this station, it takes contract of testing the meters, each meter test
has its cost to be payed and this contact should be completed in given period and certificate to be
issued in a given period.

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Fig 6.1: Meter Testing Board.

Meter testing by manual process: This is similar to automation process but here CT are used.

Fig 6.2: Meter Testing Megger

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In this process CT are used to check meters rated current, this is done by passing line through the
CT which is connected to the meter and value is displayed in megger kit which is shown above
and every meter as the scanner in it, from where we get the information of the meters.

6.2. TRANSFORMER REPAIR CENTER

Transformer: we all know that transformer is static device which decrease and increase the
voltage and we have two types of transformer like step up and step-down transformer.

Transformer testing and repair: All the distribution transformer which are located near to
consumer come under this centre, the transformer may fail to operate due to many reasons like
faults on the line and failure of insulation and due to some of the climatic conditions etc.

When a transformer is failed a complaint is raised to the section office, section officer estimate
the place and create a file and submitted to the division office, where it send the file to the
transformer repair centre and transformer is replaced and failed transformer under go for the
testing process.

Types of test conducted are as follows

Open circuit test

Short circuit test

Double voltage and double frequency

High voltage test

6.2.1. OC & SC TEST:

Open circuit test primarily focuses on identifying electrical faults and abnormalities in a
transformer winding and electrical components. The test is not specifically designed to quantify
losses but rather to detect issues that can lead to losses or efficiency reduction in the transformer.
Some of the losses and problems that can identified by the OC test include:

1. Copper losses
2. Eddy current losses
3. Hysteresis losses

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4. Dielectric losses
5. Efficiency losses

Fig 6.3 : OC & SC Test Bench

Its important to note that while the OC test can detect issues related to losses, quantifying the
exact extent of these losses may require additional testing, such as load loss and no-load loss
tests, which are specifically designed to measure the losses in a transformer accurately.

Short circuit test is also known as impedance test, is primarily used to determine the impedance
of transformer and to evaluate its short-circuited characteristics. While it doesn’t directly
quantify losses, this test can provide information about certain losses and transformer
characteristics, this test has losses like core losses and short circuit losses and load losses, which
can indirectly provide insights into copper losses, and potential core related issues. For a precise
measurement of losses, additional tests such as the load loss and no-load losses tests are typically
conducted.

6.2.2 . DOUBLE VOLTAGE AND DOUBLE FREQUENCY

Double voltage: In this test the transformer is subjected to a voltage that is twice its rated
voltage. For example, if transformer is rated for 480volts, it would be subjected to 960volts

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during this test. The transformers insulation and winding materials are checked to ensure they
can withstand this increased voltage without breakdown or damage.

Double frequency test: In this test, the transformer is subjected to a frequency that is twice its
rated frequency. For example, if a transformer is designed for 60 Hz, it would be tested at
120Hz. This test checks the transformers core and winding for any issues related to the increased
frequency.

This test helps identify weakness or potential issue in the transformer’s insulation, winding, and
core, ensuring it can operate safely and efficiently under the extreme conditions. It’s important to
follow established standards and guidelines for conducting such tests.

6.3. TRANSFORMER OIL TEST

Fig 6.4: Transformer Oil Test Kit

These device is used to test the transformer oil or insulating oil. Transformer oil testing is a
crucial maintenance practice for ensuring the reliability and safety of electrical transformers. It
helps identify potential issues and assess the condition of the transformer oil. Common test
includes:

Oil quality tests: These tests assess the oils physical and chemical properties, including moisture
content, acidity, dielectric strength, and color.

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Interfacial tension test: It measures the oils ability to separate from water, indicating its ability
to insulate.

Dielectric response analysis: This test evaluates the dielectric properties of the oil to detect
insulation issues.

Flash point test: It determines the oils ability to resist ignition when exposed to open flame.

Furan analysis: Furan tests determines the extent of paper degradation within the transformer.

Dissolved gas analysis: This test detects the gases produced by electrical and thermal faults in
the transformer, providing early warning signs of problems.

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OUTCOME

In a nutshell, the internship at HESCOM has been an excellent and rewarding experience. We
have been able to meet and network with so many people that I am sure will be able to help us
with opportunities in the future. This internship has been very beneficial in bridging the gap
between our theoretical knowledge and the practical scenario.

The substation visits helped us immensely in through learning and understanding of all the
equipment in the substation, their working and the protective measures employed there. At the
O&M department, we studied the different kinds of tariffs and the billing procedures. We also
calculated the losses for different feeders and learnt about transformer testing. At the SRS, we
learnt about the history of energy meters and how meter testing is done. We also had a good
understanding of the SCADA system implemented at ALDC, HESCOM. Overall, this internship
was very useful in gaining the practical understanding of our theoretical knowledge. We believe
this training would help us in building a good platform for our career.

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SNAPSHOTS DURING INTERNSHIP

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