University of Benin

DYNAMICCS OF FLUID
FLOW

Engr. Martin Osikhuemhe

 Introduction
 The three equations commonly used in fluid mechanics are Mass, Conservation, and Energy equations.

 The mass equation is an expression of the conservation of mass principle.

 Bernoulli equation on the other hand is concerned with the conservation of kinetic, potential, and flow

energies of a fluid stream and their conversion to each other in regions of flow where net viscous forces are

negligible and where other restrictive conditions apply.

 The energy equation is a statement of the conservation of energy principle.

 In fluid mechanics, it is found convenient to separate mechanical energy from thermal energy and to

consider the conversion of mechanical energy to thermal energy as a result of frictional effects as
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mechanical energy loss.

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 Introduction
 The conservation laws we are familiar with are conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and
conservation of momentum.

 Irrespective of the conservation laws being considered, the law first applies to a fixed quantity of matter
called a closed system or simply called a system and then extended to regions in space called a control
volume.

 The conservation relations are also called balance equations since any conserved quantity must balance
during a process.

 The Pelton Wheel and Hydraulic turbines are analyzed using the conservation of mass, momentum, and
energy principles
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Uniben Conservation of Mass

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Uniben Conservation of Mass

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Uniben Mass and Volume Flow Rates

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Uniben Mass and Volume Flow Rates cont’d

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Uniben Mass and Volume Flow Rates cont’d

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Uniben Mass Balance for Steady Flow Processes

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Uniben Mass Balance for Steady Flow Processes Cont’d

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Uniben Examples

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Uniben Examples

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Uniben Examples

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Uniben Acceleration of a Fluid Particle

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Uniben Acceleration of a Fluid Particle

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 Bernoulli Equation
 The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation.

 it is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible.

 Despite its simplicity, the Bernoulli equation has proven to be a very powerful tool in fluid mechanics

 The key approximation in the derivation of the Bernoulli equation is that viscous effects are negligibly small

compared to inertial, gravitational, and pressure effects.

 Since all fluids have viscosity (there is no such thing as an “inviscid fluid”), this approximation cannot be valid

for an entire flow field of practical interest.

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 Derivation of Bernoulli Equation
 Applying Newton’s 2nd law, also known as the conservation of linear momentum relation, in the s-direction on

a particle moving along a streamline gives:

Fs = mas

Resolving forces along the s-direction will give:

PdA − P + dP dA − Wsinθ = mas … … . . (23)
dV
where m = ρV = ρdAds, and as = V
ds
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Derivation of Bernoulli Equation

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 Derivation of Bernoulli Equation
 Since the last two terms are exact differentials. In the case of incompressible flow, the first term also
becomes an exact differential, and its integration gives:
P V2
+ + gz = C … … … (25)
ρ 2
 This is the Bernoulli equation which is commonly used in Fluid Mechanics for steady, incompressible
flow along the streamline in the inviscid region of flow. Between any two points, the Bernoulli equation
can be expanded to give:
P1 V21 P2 V22
+ + gz1 = + + gz2 … … … . . (26)
ρ 2 ρ 2
If we divide equation (25) by the acceleration due to gravity, g, we have:
P V2
+ + z = C … … … (27)
ρg 2g
Where ρg = w = weight density of the liquid, we have
P V2
Total Head = + + z = C … … … (28)
w 2g
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 Derivation of Bernoulli Equation
 Therefore, the Bernoulli equation can be viewed as an expression of mechanical energy balance and can be
stated as follows:

The sum of the kinetic, potential and flow energies of a fluid particle is constant along a streamline during
steady flow when its compressibility and friction effects are negligible
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 Limitation of the use of the Bernoulli’s Equation
 Steady Flow: The Bernoulli equation is applicable only to steady flow. Therefore, it should not be used
during the transient start-up and shut-down periods, or during periods of change in the flow conditions.
 Frictionless flow: Every flow involves some friction, no matter how small, and frictional effects may or may
not be negligible.
 No shaft work: The Bernoulli equation was derived from a force balance on a particle moving along a
streamline. Therefore, the Bernoulli equation is not applicable in a flow section that involves a pump, turbine,
fan, or any other machine or impeller since such devices destroy the streamlines and carry out energy
interactions with the fluid particles.
 Incompressible flow: One of the assumptions used in the derivation of the Bernoulli equation is that
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 and thus the flow is incompressible. There is the compressible form of the Bernoulli
equation.
 No heat transfer of heat: The density of a gas is inversely proportional to temperature, and thus the
Bernoulli equation should not be used for flow sections that involve significant temperature change such as
heating or cooling sections.
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 Examples
Water is flowing from a hose attached to a water main at 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚 gage as shown in Figure below. A child
places his thumb to cover most of the hose outlet, causing a thin jet of high-speed water to emerge. If the
hose is held upward, what is the maximum height that the jet could achieve?

Solution
Assumptions:
 The flow exiting into the air is steady, incompressible, and irrotational (so Bernoulli equation is applicable).
 The water pressure in the hose near the outlet is equal to the water main pressure.
 The surface tension effects are negligible.
 The friction between the water and air is negligible.
 The irreversibilities that may occur at the outlet of the hose due to abrupt expansion are negligible.

This problem involves the conversion of flow, kinetic, and potential energies to each other without involving any
pumps, turbines, and wasteful components with large frictional losses, and thus it is suitable for the use of
the Bernoulli equation
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V1 = velocity inisde hose is low as such ≈ 0, ρ density of water 1,000 kgm−3 , z1 =

take the hose outlet as reference 0, P1 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚, 𝐏𝟐 = 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐦 , 𝐕𝟐 = 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐥𝐠𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 = 𝟎,

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 Examples
Recall Bernoulli’s equation,

P1 V21 P2 V22
+ + gz1 = + + gz2
ρ 2 ρ 2
Which simplifies to:
P1 P2
= + gz2
ρ ρ
Making 𝑧2 subject of the equation will give:
P1 − P2 400 ∗ 103
𝑧2 = = = 40.774𝑚
ρg 1000 ∗ 9.81
,
CLASS WORK
Water flows from A to D and E through the series pipeline shown in the figure below. Given the pipe diameters,
velocities and flow rates below, complete the tabular data for this system
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 EULER’S EQUATION FOR MOTION
Let:
Pressure at L = P
Pressure at P = P + dP, Velocity of fluid element = V
The external forces tending to accelerate the fluid element in the direction of streamline are:
Net pressure force in the direction of flow:
𝑃𝑑𝐴 − P + dP dA = −dPdA
Component of the weight of fluid element in the direction of flow is:
𝑑𝑧
−ρg ∗ dAds ∗ cosθ = −ρg ∗ dAds ∗ cos = −ρg ∗ dAdz
𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑧
From triangle, cos𝜃 =
𝑑𝑠
Mass of fluid element = ρdAdz
The acceleration of the fluid element is given by :
dv dv ds
a= = ∗
dt ds dt
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=𝑉
𝑑𝑠
From Newton’s second law,
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𝑑𝑣
F = m ∗ a = ρ ∗ dAds ∗ 𝑉
𝑑𝑠

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 EULER’S EQUATION FOR MOTION
Let:
Summing up all force
𝑑𝑣
−dPdA − ρgdAdz = ρ ∗ dAds ∗ 𝑉
𝑑𝑠
Which simplifies to:
−dPdA − ρgdAdz = ρ ∗ dA ∗ 𝑉 ∗ 𝑑𝑣
Divide through by ρdA,

−dP
− gdz = Vdv
ρ

dP
+ Vdv + gdz = 0
ρ
This is the required Euler’s equation

Integrating the above equation:

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dP + Vdv + gdz = 0
ρ
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 EULER’S EQUATION FOR MOTION
P V2
+ + gz = C
ρ 2
divide through by g to give:
P V2
+ +z=C
ρg 2g
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌𝑔 = 𝜔, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒:
P V2
+ +z=C
𝜔 2g

Example; Brine of specific gravity 1.15 is draining from the bottom of a large open tank through an 80 𝑚𝑚 pipe.
The drain pipe ends at a point 10 𝑚 below the surface of the brine in the tank. Considering a streamline
starting at the surface of the brine in the tank and passing through the center of the drain line to the point of
discharge and assuming the friction is negligible, calculate the velocity of flow along the streamline at the
point of discharge from the pipe

Solution
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P1 = P2 = Patm
𝑉1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑧1 −𝑧2 ) = 10 𝑚

Applying Bernoulli's equation

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 EULER’S EQUATION FOR MOTION
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + gz1 = + + gz2
ρ 2 ρ 2
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜
V22
gz1 = + gz2
2

𝑉2 = 2𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 10 = 14 𝑚𝑠 −1
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 THANK YOU

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