MODULE 1 What do you think?

Globalization 1. Is globalization new or old?

2. Is it a process or a condition?
3. Is globalization good or bad?
Globalization as a concept refers both to
4. Is globalization really “global” or
the compression of the world and the
inclusive of all people?
intensification of the consciousness of the
world as a whole.
- Globalization is a relatively new concept in
~Roland Robertson
the social sciences.
- According to the Oxford dictionary, the
Globalization may be thought of as a
word globalization was first employed in the
process ...which embodies a transformation
1930.
in the spatial organization of social relations
- It entered the Merriam-Webster dictionary
and transactions ...generating
in 1951.
transcontinental or interregional flows and
- The noun appeared in the Oxford English
networks of activity, interaction, and the
dictionary in 1962
exercise of power.
- It was widely used by economists and
~David Held
social scientists by the 1960s.
- “But three decades passed before
Globalization is the intensification of
GLOBALIZATION was developed in social
worldwide social relations which links
sciences as a paradigm 1992” ~Roland
distant localities in such a way that local
Robertson
happenings are shaped by events occurring
many miles away and vice versa.
~Anthony Giddens Globalization involves twin processes:

Globalization can be defined as “the • the physical process of interconnectedness,

increased interconnectedness and or ‘compression’, which implies that the
interdependence of peoples and countries. It world is getting smaller
is generally understood to include two • the awareness that we as individuals have
interrelated elements: the opening of of our relationship to the world
international borders to increasingly fast as a single place.
flows of goods, services, finance, people and
ideas; and the changes in institutions and ➢ A process has a very long-term history
policies at national and international levels given that it refers to an evolutionary
that facilitate or promote such flows.” process of becoming rather than an actual
~World Health Organization state of affairs.
These concepts need to be understood increasingly independent of other forms of
globalization.
Globalism means a conscious process of
globalization or a set of policies designed Please note that these examples are not
specifically to effect greater global rather exhaustive, but they provide a glimpse into
than international interactions. the concept of globality.

Globality is the end-state of globalization – HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF

a hypothetical condition in which the GLOBALISM:
process of globalization is complete or 1. A manufacturer assembling a product for
nearly so, barriers have fallen, and "a new a distant market.
global reality" is emerging. 2. A country submitting to international law.
3. A language adopting a foreign loanword.
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF 4. Social networks.
GLOBALITY: 5. The Wall Street Stock Exchange, and the
1. **Multinational corporations**: These importance of its quotes.
companies operate on a global scale, with 6. The songs most listened to on the radio.
satellite offices and branches in numerous 7. Free trade agreements between countries.
locations. 8. The series that are seen on television in all
2. **Outsourcing**: This practice countries, or on the Internet.
contributes to the economic development of 9. The use of new communications, such as
struggling countries by bringing cell phones or computers.
much-needed jobs. 10. The problem of drug trafficking, which
3. **International supply chains**: Some is spreading more and more in the world.
automobiles use parts from other countries, 11. The Internet, which is a major
which is an example of globalization in contributor to globalization, not only
manufacturing. technologically but in other areas as well,
4. **The European Union**: It is an like the cultural exchanges of art.
economic and political union of 28 12. Global news networks, like CNN, which
countries. contribute to the spread of knowledge.
5. **Religious movements and scientific 13. Cell phones, which connect people all
knowledge**: The movement of religions or over the world like never before.
the diffusion of scientific knowledge can be
considered examples of globality. Please note that these examples are not
6. **Social and cultural globalization**: exhaustive and globalism
The Internet has played a significant role in encompasses various aspects of our
driving social and cultural globalization by interconnected world.
reducing costs and globalizing
communications, making the flow of ideas
GLOBALITY Periods/Waves of Globalization
• The term GLOBALITY signifies a future Five waves of globalization
social condition characterized by thick
economic, political, and cultural • The first wave of globalization is as old as
interconnections and global flows that make human civilization. For more than five
currently existing political borders and thousand years human beings from different
economic barriers are irrelevant. places have interacted, mostly through trade,
migration, and conquest.
Schema/Views of Globalization
Hyperglobalist - also known as • The second wave of globalization is
global optimists, insist that closely associated with the Western
globalization is occurring now and local European conquest of Asia, Latin America,
cultures are being eradicated due to the and Africa and the spread of capitalism to
increase of international capitalism. They these areas.
believe that globalization is a positive
action (hence their given nickname ‘global • The third wave of globalization, which
optimists’) because it is characterized by began around 1870 and declined around
economic uplift, high prosperity and the 1914, was marked by breakthroughs in
spread of democracy. technological development, the global
production of primary commodities as well
Skeptics - insist that their analysis of the as manufactured products, and mass
nineteenth century demonstrate that instead migration.
of witnessing globalization, the world is
going through ‘regionalization’; to organize • The fourth wave of globalization, from
a country on a regional basis. 1945 to 1980, was spurred by the retreat of
nationalism and protectionism and the
Transformationalist - according to them, strengthening of internationalism and global
modern processes of globalization are cooperation, led by the United States. The
historically irrelevant as the government and removal of trade barriers was selective, but
people across the world believe that there is institutions – such as the World Bank, the
an absence of clear distinctions between the International Monetary Fund, and the
global and local. In contrast to the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade
Skeptics and Hyperglobalists views, (GATT) – were formed to encourage global
Transformationalists have made no claims trade and development.
as to the future of globalization, nor do they
vision our current globalization as a version • The fifth wave of globalization, which is
of a ‘globalized’ nineteenth century. the current period, is characterized by
unprecedented interdependence among
nations and the explosive growth of
powerful actors.
ASPECTS/FORMS OF MODULE 2
GLOBALIZATION Theories of Globalization
These aspects are all interconnected!
Immanuel Wallerstein’s
• Economic Globalization -may be defined The World-System Theory
as the intercontinental exchange of products,
- In the 1950s, the dominant theory
services, and labor. Multinational
was modernization theory; its
corporations have been instrumental in
problem was that some countries
globalization of both production and
were not developing/ modernizing as
distribution networks.
predicted ...

• Political globalization is the proliferation

➢evidence did not fit the theory ➔ hence...
of international and regional organizations
World System Theory developed out of
composed of states and the spread of
attempt to explain the failure of certain
non-state political actors.
states to develop

• Environmental globalization refers to

▪Trade is asymmetrical
the interdependence of countries to work
▪ Poor countries are dependent on
together to solve environmental problems.
rich states

• Criminal globalization is the

intercontinental spread of global crime and
Immanuel Wallerstein (The Modern
its impact on governments and individuals. World System, 1976)

• Military globalization is characterized by “Globalization represents the

extensive as well as intensive networks of triumph of a capitalist world economy tied
military force that operate internationally. together by a global division of labor.”

• Cultural globalization refers to the spread Key Structure of the capitalist

of one culture across national borders world-system

The global scholars and the elephant The division of the world into three great
regions, or geographically based and
And so these men of Indostan hierarchically organized tiers
Disputed loud and long,
Each in his own opinion • THE CORE - the powerful and developed
centres of the system, originally composed
Exceeding stiff and strong, of Western Europe and later expanded to
Though each was partly in the right include North America and Japan.
And all were in the wrong!
• THE PERIPHERY - those >incorporate lower levels of education,
regions that have been forcibly lower salaries and less technology
subordinated to the core through > peripheral processes generate less wealth
colonialism or other means, and in the in the world economy
formative years of the capitalist world- >Periphery, Afghanistan, Bolivia, Chad,
system would include Latin America, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Haiti,
Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Philippines, and Vietnam
Europe.

• THE SEMI-PERIPHERY - comprised of The Network Society

those states and regions that were previously By Manuel Castells
in the core and are moving - A network society is a society whose
down in this hierarchy, or those that were social structure is made of networks
previously in the periphery and are moving powered by microelectronics-based
up. Semi-peripheral states act as a buffer information and communication
zone between core and periphery, and have a technologies.
mix of the kinds of activities and institutions
that exist on them (Skocpol, 1977).
This new economy is:
1. informational, knowledge-based
CORE 2. global, in that production is organized on
developed countries a global scale
> incorporate higher levels of salaries, and 3. networked, in that productivity is
more technology core processes generate generated through global networks of
more wealth in the world economy. interaction.
>core processes generate more wealth in the
world economy The Internet constructs a new symbolic
>Canada, France, Germany, Japan, United environment, global in its reach, which
Kingdom, and United Statess makes

SEMI-PERIPHERY “virtuality a reality”.

developing countries
>places where core and periphery education,
CENTRAL THEME
higher processes are both occurring
> places that are exploited by the core (Global Network Society)
but in turn exploit the periphery.
>China, India, Ireland, Mexico, Pakistan, The division of the world into those
and Panama areas and segments of population

PERIPHERY ❑ switched on to the new technological

underdeveloped countries system
❑ and those switched off or intentionally or, more often than not,
marginalized unintentionally produced.
Theories of Global Culture
digital divide Tomlinson 1999;
Nederveen Pieterse 2004
Types of Digital Divide
There are three main bodies of
theory regarding the effects of
The Access Divide: It refers to the
globalization on local culture:
socioeconomic differences among people
and the impact on their ability to afford homogenization,
the devices necessary to get online. hybridization and heterogeneity or
polarization.
The Use Divide: This refers to the
difference in the level of skills possessed Homogenization
by individuals. There is a generation gap
when it comes to the skills necessary to • Homogenization is the name given to
use the internet. the process whereby globalization causes
one culture to consume another.
The Quality-of-use Gap: It refers to the
different ways that people use the • Homogenization theories see a global
internet and the fact that some people are cultural convergence and would tend to
far more able to get the information they highlight the rise of world beat, world
need from it than others. cuisines, world tourism, uniform
consumption patterns and
Global Risk Society cosmopolitanism (Appadurai).
By Anthony Giddens
Hybridization
In Runaway World, Giddens provocatively • Hybridization occurs when people mix
argues cultural forms, genres or styles to create
that globalization has led to the creation of a
something new.
“global risk society.”

Heterogeneity
➢ human social and economic activities,
• Burundi drummers and dancers in New
especially in modernity, produce various
risks such as pollution, crime, new illnesses, Zealand
food shortages, market crashes, wars, etc.,
and societies have become more responsible • Heterogeneity approaches see
for managing these risks that their activities continued cultural difference and
highlight local cultural autonomy, “the process whereby the principles of the
cultural resistance to homogenization, fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate
cultural clashes and polarization, and more and more sectors of American society
distinct subjective experiences of and the world” (Ritzer, 1993:19).
globalization
The Four Main Dimensions of
McDonaldization
The Global Village
• Efficiency - The optimum method of
By Marshall McLuhan
completing a task. The rational
determination of the best mode of
>McLuhan chose the insightful phrase
production. Individuality is not allowed.
"global village" to highlight his observation
that an electronic nervous system (the
• Calculability - Assessment of outcomes
media) was rapidly integrating the planet --
based on quantifiable rather than subjective
events in one part of the world could be
criteria. In other words, quantity over
experienced from other parts in real-time,
quality. They sell the Big Mac, not the Good
which is what human experience was like
Mac.
when we lived in small villages.

• Predictability - The production process is

>The late Marshall McLuhan, a media and
organized to guarantee uniformity of
communication theorist, coined the term
product and standardized outcomes. All
“global village” in 1964 to describe the
shopping malls begin to look the same and
phenomenon of the world’s culture
all highway exits have the same assortment
shrinking and expanding at the same time
of businesses.
due to pervasive technological advances that
allow for instantaneous sharing of culture
• Control - The substitution of more
(Johnson 192).
predictable non-human labor for human
labor, either through automation or the
>McLuhan's second best known insight is
deskilling of the workforce.
summarized in the expression "the medium
is the message", which means that the
qualities of a medium have as much effect as
the information it transmits.
Glocalization
By Roland Robertson
McDonaldization
>Roland Robertson’s concept of
By George Ritzer
glocalization suggests that the global is only
manifest in the local.
>McDonaldization theory is defined as
Glocalization is basic to an organization’s
capability of entering diverse markets across
the globe while ensuring each local • Ideoscapes deal with exchanges of
geography’s needs are met. ideas and ideologies; the realm where
political ideas move around.
Examples of Glocalization
• Technoscapes refer to flows of
Coca Cola technology and skills to create linkages
- In 1955, a Coca -Cola advertisement between organizations around the
or documentary (almost 20 mins world; the circulation of mechanical
long) referred to as the “Pearl of the goods and software
Orient” shows Coca-Cola’s
popularity in the Philippines and Financescapes relate to the interactions
how Coke has merged itself into the associated with money and capital.
Philippines economy and culture.
Appadurai uses the suffix SCAPE to
- KFC has a vegetarian thali (a mixed connote the idea that these processes have
meal with rice and cooked fluid, irregular, variable shapes.
vegetables) and Chana Snacker
(burger with chickpeas) to cater to
vegetarians in India.

- McDonald’s - some of its local

favorites around the world include MODULE 3
the McItaly burger in Italy, Maharaja The Globalization of Economic
Mac in India, the McLobster in
Relations
Canada, the Ebi Filit-O in Japan.
From the gold standard to the World Trade
Think Globally
Organization, the globalization of economic
Act Locally
relations has shaped our world. Let's take a
journey through time and explore the major
Landscapes or Dimensions of milestones of this economic revolution.
Cultural Flows by Gordon Q Guillergan
(Arjun Appadurai)
The International Monetary System
• Mediascapes are about the flows of
image and communication; the flow of The Gold Standard (1875- 1914)
culture. - A monetary system that used gold as
the basis of international currency
• Ethnoscapes are concerned with the exchange.
flows of individuals around the world.
The Bretton Woods System System 2. The Single European Act (1986)
(1944-1971) - Member states agree to create a
- A system created to stabilize the single market, removing trade
global economy after World War II, barriers and creating the concept of
based on the US dollar and gold. European citizenship.

The IMF and IBRD (1944) 3. The Maastricht Treaty (1991)

- The International Monetary Fund - The creation of the European Union
and International Bank for is signed, establishing a common
Reconstruction and Development currency and foreign policy.
were created to promote international
economic cooperation and 4. The Brexit Vote (2016)
development. - The United Kingdom votes to leave
the European Union, triggering a
period of political and economic
The GATT and WTO uncertainty.
GATT (1948)
- The General Agreement on Tariffs The Asian Century
and Trade, aimed to reduce tariffs The Chinese Economic Reform (1978)
and promote international trade. - A series of market-oriented reforms
that started China's economic rise.

The Uruguay Rounds (1986-1994) The Asian Tigers (1960s-1990s)

- A negotiation to reduce trade barriers - The economic boom of Hong Kong,
and create the World Trade Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.
Organization.
The Plaza Accord (1985)
WTO (1995) - An agreement to depreciate the US
- The World Trade Organization dollar to boost the competitiveness
replaced the GATT as a permanent of other currencies, especially from
organization to regulate international Japan and Europe.
trade.

The European Union The Latin American Paradox

1. The Debt Crisis (1980s)
1. The Rome Treaty (1957) - A period of economic hardship
- Six European countries signed a triggered by high external debt and
treaty to establish the European low commodity prices.
Economic Community, the
predecessor of the EU.
 2. The Washington Consensus (1990s) MODULE 4
- A set of economic policies imposed Global Governance
by Western institutions, criticized for
their harmful social impact and lack The world is becoming more interconnected
of accountability. than ever before, leading to an
increased need for global governance.
3. The Pink Tide (2000s-2020s)
- A wave of left-wing governments by Gordon Q Guillergan
that challenged neoliberal policies
and championed social justice, but
struggled with corruption and The History of Global Governance
economic stagnation.
League of Nations
The Future of Globalization - Created after World War I, it sought
1. Technology to prevent another global conflict but
- The Fourth Industrial Revolution and ultimately failed.
digital platforms offer new
opportunities and challenges for United Nations
global economic integration. - Formed after World War II to
maintain international peace and
2. Politics security and promote cooperation
- The rise of populism and among nations.
protectionism threatens the liberal
international order. World Trade Organization
- Regulates international trade and
3. Environment resolves disputes between member
- The urgency of climate change and countries.
sustainability requires a global
response and rethinking of the G20
current economic model. - A forum for the governments of 19
countries and the EU to discuss
international economic cooperation
Conclusion and decision-making.
- The globalization of economic relations
has transformed our world and created
opportunities and challenges for all of us.
Key Actors in Global Governance
Let's continue to explore and learn from this International Organizations
complex and dynamic process, to build a - Organizations like the UN and WTO
better future for ourselves and the make and enforce rules that affect
generations to come.
 countries and individuals around the global governance and its ability to
world. respond effectively.

NGOs
- Non-governmental organizations like Challenges Faced by Global
Greenpeace and Amnesty Governance Today
International play a role in shaping
global policies and advocating for 1. Lack of Enforcement Mechanisms
change. - International laws and norms are
only effective if they are enforced,
Multi-National Corporations and there is no global police force or
- Companies like Google and court system.
Coca-Cola have significant influence
over global policy and can impact 2. Political Divisions
the economies of countries around - Countries have differing interests
the world. and beliefs which can lead to
disagreement and inaction in global
Individuals governance.
- Everyone has a role to play in
shaping global governance through 3. Complexity of Global Issues
participation in elections, activism, - Problems like climate change and
and social media. poverty are complex and
interconnected, making it difficult to
find effective solutions.
Current State of Global Governance
4. Power Imbalances
1. Globalization - Some countries and actors have more
- Increased interconnectedness has power and influence in global
created a need for greater global governance than others, which can
cooperation on issues like trade, lead to unequal outcomes and
health, and the environment. decisions.

2. COVID-19 Pandemic
- The pandemic has highlighted both Role of International Organizations
the strengths and weaknesses of
in Global Governance
global governance structures and
cooperation.
UN
- The UN is responsible for
3. Humanitarian Crises
maintaining international peace and
- Conflicts and natural disasters
security, promoting human rights,
around the world have put a strain on
 and fostering economic and social Potential Future Developments in
development. Global Governance
World Bank Greater Cooperation on Climate Change
- The World Bank provides financial - The Paris Agreement and other
and technical assistance to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
developing countries and helps emissions may lead to greater global
reduce poverty around the world. cooperation on environmental issues.

International Court of Growth of Regional Organizations

Justice - Regional organizations like the
- The ICJ settles legal disputes European Union may become more
between states and gives advisory prominent as countries seek to work
opinions on legal questions referred together on common issues.
by UN bodies and agencies.
Tech Regulation
- The rise of technology has created
Pros and Cons of Global Governance new challenges for global
governance, and there may be greater
1. PROS efforts to regulate tech companies
• Provides a platform for cooperation on and protect user data.
global issues.
• Allows countries to work together to solve Pandemic Preparedness
problems that no single country can solve - The COVID-19 pandemic has
solve alone. highlighted the need for greater
• Ensures that international human rights global cooperation on public health
and environmental standards are upheld. and pandemic preparedness.

2. CONS
• Influenced by wealthy and powerful
countries and actors.
• Lacks democratic accountability and
representation.
• Can be slow and ineffective in responding
to crises.
Conclusion and Takeaways

What We've Learned

• Global governance is necessary in a world
world that is becoming more interconnected
• International organizations play an
important role in global governance
• There are pros and cons to global
governance.

What's Next
• There will likely be greater efforts to
cooperate on global issues like climate
change and pandemics
• The role of regional organizations may
become more prominent
• Regulating technology and protecting user
user data may become more important