96 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION ‘The second section of the TOEFL test is the Structure and Written Expression section. This section consists of forty questions (some tests may be longer). You have twenty-five minutes to complete the forty questions in this section. There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test: 1 Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of the sen- tence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choices. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in a grammati- cally correct way. Written Expression (questions 16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the under- lined word or group of words that is not correct. GENERAL STRATEGIES Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every TOEFL test are the same, so it is ot necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the test. You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test. Begin with questions | through 15. Anticipate that questions | uhrough 5 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions I! through 15 will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions I through 15. There will be easier questions that come later Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through 20 will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will be the most difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 36 through 40. If you have time, return to questions I | through 15. You should spend extra time on {questions 11 through 15 only after you spend all the time that you want on the easier questions. . Never leave any answers blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are not sure of the correct response, you should answer each question. There is no penalty for guessing,STRUCTURE 97 THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS In the TOEFL test, questions 1 through 15 of the Structure and Written Expression sec- tion test your knowledge of the correct structure of English sentences. The questions in this section are multiple-choice questions in which you must choose the letter of the answer that best completes the sentence. Example is taking a trip to New York, (A) They (B) When (©) The woman (D) Her In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has a verb (is taking), and that the verb needs a subject. Answers (B) and (D) are incorrect because when and herare not subjects. In answer (A), they is a subject, but they is plural and the verb is taking is singular. The correct answer is answer (C); the woman is a singular subject. You should therefore choose answer (C). STRATEGIES FOR THE STRUCTURE QUES |. First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to complete the sentence correctly. 2. Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence. Eliminate || answers that do not complete the sentence correctly 3. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers. The incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves. The incorrect answers are generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence. 4, Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are unsure of the correct response. 5. Do not spend too much time on the Structure questions. Be sure to leave adequate ‘ime for the Written Expression questions, The following skills will help you to implement these strategies in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.98 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION, SENTENCES WITH ONE CLAUSE. Some sentences in English have just one subject and verb, and it is very important for you to find the subject and verb in these sentences. In some sentences it is easy to find the subject and verb, However, certain structures, such as objects of prepositions, appositives, and participles, can cause confusion in locating the subject and verb because each of these structures can look like a subject or verb. The object of the preposition can be mis- taken for a subject. Therefore, you should be able to do the following in sentences with one subject and rb: (1) be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb, (2) be careful of objects of prepo- ions and appositives when you are looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of present participles and past participles when you are looking for the verb. Skit I: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND AVERB You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb, The most common types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure séction of the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the yerb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb. Example ‘was backed up for miles on the freeway. (A) Yesterday (B) Inthe morning (©) Traffic () Cars In this example you should notice immediately that there is a verb (was), but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it is a singular subject that agrees with the singular verb was. Answer (A), yesterday, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subjects so they are not correct. Although answer (D), cars, could be a subject, it is not correct be- cause cars is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was. Example I for work on the new space program, Engineers. (A) necessary (B) are needed (©) hopefully (D) next month In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject (engineers), and that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.STRUCTURE 99 Example The boy (a) heis (B) he always was (©) is relaxing (D) will be going to the movies with a friend. This sentence has a subject (4oy) and has part of a verb (going); to be correct, some form of the verb deis needed to make the sentence complete. Answers (A) and (B) are incor- rect because the sentence already has a subject (boy) and does not need the extra subject he, Answer (C) is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb part that is unnecessary be- cause of going. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with goingis a complete verb. ‘The following chart outlines what you should remember about subjects and verbs: SUBJECTS AND VERBS ‘A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb, EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). Last week fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake. a £2 Aschedu of the day's events can be obtained at the front desk. —— 3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available. —— 4. The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications. ‘The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver. —— 6. The assigned text for history class it contains more than twenty chapters, —— 7. The papers in the wastebasket should be emptied into the trash can outside. —— 8. Departure before dawn on a boat in the middle of the harbor. — 9. Yesterday found an interesting article on pollution. ——10. The new machine is processes 50 percent more than the previous machine. Skit 2: BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS An object of a preposition isa noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as, in, at, of to, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase. (After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat) This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exams is the object of the preposition afier and boat is the object of the preposition by.100 STRUCTUREAND WRITTEN EXPRESSION An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject ofa sentence. Example With his friend (A) has (B) he (© later (D) when found the movie theater. In this example you should look first for the subject and the verb. You should notice the verb found and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that friend is the subject; /riendis the object of the preposition with, and one noun cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because a subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B), he, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects. The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about objects of prepositions: ‘OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS ‘A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object of the preposition Ifa word Is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject. NOTE: A lengthy list of prepositions and practice in recognizing prepositions can be found in Appendix D at the back of the text. You may want to complete these exercises before continuing with Exercise 2. EXERCISE 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or in- correct (I). —&_ 1. The interviews (by radio broadcasters) were carried live by the station, {in the last possible moment) Gefore takeoff) took his seat in the airplane. At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or a half dozen can be delivered for free. —— 4. The progressive reading methods at this school are given credit for the improved test scores, —— 5. For the last three years at various hospitals in the county has been practicing, medicine, In the past a career in politics was not considered acceptable in some circles. —— 7. Shopping in the downtown area of the city it has improved a lot in recent years. _—— 8. Atthe building site the carpenters with the most experience were given the most intricate work.STRUCTURE 101 —— 9. For the fever and headache took two aspirin tablets. 10. The report with complete documentation was delivered at the conference. Skit 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES Appositives can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because an appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning. Sally, the best studentin the class, got an A on the exam, In this example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of the commas. The sentence says that Sally and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense (Sally got an A on the exam) The following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of a sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. Example I —— George, is attending the lecture. (A) Right now (B) Happily (C) Because of the time (D) My friend In this example you should recognize from the commas that Georgeis not the subject of the sentence. Georgeis an appositive. Because this sentence still needs a subject, the best answer is (D), my friend, Answers (A), (B), and (C) are incorrect because they are not subjects. The next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject; an appositive can also come at the beginning of the sentence. Example 1 _—— Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots. (A) Anexcellent basketball player (B) An excellent basketball player is (©) Sarah is an excellent basketball player (D) Her excellent basketball play In this example you can tell that Sarah is the subject and missesis the verb because there is, no comma separating them. In the space you should put an appositive for Sarah, and Sarah is an excellent basketball player, so answer (A) is the best answer, Answers (B) and (G) are not correct because they each contain the verb és, and an appositive does not need a verb, Answer (D) contains a noun, play, that could possibly be an appositive, but play is not the same as Sarah, so this answer is not correct.102 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about appositives: ‘APPOSITIVES ‘An apposiive isa noun that comes before or after another noun and Is generally set off from the noun with commas. Ia word is an appositive, itis not the subject. The following appositive structures are both possible in English: s APP, v Tom, areally good mechanic, is fixing the car. APP, s vy Areally good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car. EXERCISE 3: Each of the following sentences contains an appositive. Underline the sub- jects once and the verbs twice. Circle the appositive phrases. Then, indicate if the sen- tences are correct (C) or incorrect (1) (Ghe son oF the previous ownen) the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad ‘changes in management policy mn Last semester, (@ friend, gradi ‘Valentine’s Day, February 14, is a special holiday for sweethearts, ted. cum laude from the university At long last, the chi f executive officer, has decided to step down. ‘Tonight's supper; leftovers from last night, did not taste any better tonight than last night. —— 6. The only entrance to the closet, the door was kept locked at all times, —— 7. In the cold of winter, a wall heating unit, would not turn on. —— 8 The new tile pattern, yellow flowers on a white background, really brightens up the room. —— 9 The high-powered computer the most powerful machine of its type, was finally readied for use, 10. A longtime friend and confident, the psychologist was often invited over for Sunday dinner. Ski. 4: BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES A present participle is the -ing form of the verb (talking, playing). In the Structure section of the TOEFL testa present participle can cause confusion because it can be either a part of the verb or an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be. The man és talking to his friend. In this sentence talking is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is.STRUCTURE 103 A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. ‘The man talking to his friend has a beard. In this sentence talking is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompa- nied by some form of be. The verb in this sentence is has. ‘The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. Example The child (a) now (B) is © he (D) was playing in the yard is my son. In this example, if you look at only the first words of the sentence, it appears that child is the subject and playing is part of the verb. If you think that playing is part of the verb, you might choose answer (B), is, or answer (D), was, to complete the verb. However, these two answers are incorrect because playing is not part of the verb. You should recognize that playing is a participial adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence (is). In this sentence there is a complete subject (child) and a complete verb (i), so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The best answer here is (A). The following chart outlin 's what you should remember about present participles: PRESENT PARTICIPLES A present participle is the -ing form of the verb. The present participle can be (1) part of the verb or (2) an adjective. It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be. It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be. |. The boy ls standing in the corner. 2. The bay standing in the-comer was naughty. EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the present participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). 1, ‘The companies (fering) the lowest prices the most customers 1 2 Those travelers are Completing) their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three. ‘The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair, The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges. —— 5. The first team-winning four games is awarded the championship.104 STRUCTUREAND WRITTEN EXPRESSION. —— 6. The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously. —— 7. The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to market Any students desiring official transcripts should complete the appropriate form, —— 9. The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of attention, 10. The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive. Sk. 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be, It often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English. (See Appendix F for a list of irregular past participles.) ‘The family has purchased a television. ‘The poem was VERB In the first sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because it is accompa- nied by Aas, In the second sentence the past participle written is part of the verb because it isaccompanied by was. A past participle isan adjective wher iis not accompanied by some form of be or have. The television purchased yesterday was expensive. ADIECTIVE The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine. ADIECTIVE In the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompa- nied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence written is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of beor have (and there is a verb, appeared, later in the sentence). The following example shows how a past participle can be confused with the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. Example ‘The packages mailed at the post office will arrive Monday. (a) have (8) were (©) them (D) justSTRUCTURE 105 In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears that pack- ages is the subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you look further in the sentence, you will see that the verb is will ar rive. You will then recognize that mailed is a participial adjective and is therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because mailed is an adjective and does not need a helping verb such as have or were. Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for the object tem. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question. The following chart outlines what you should remember about past participles: PAST PARTICIPLES ‘A post participle often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. For many ‘verbs, including -ed verbs, the simple past and the post participle are the same and can be easily confused. The -ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past, (2) the past participle of a verb, or (3) an adjective. |. She painted this picture. 2. She has painted this picture. 3. The picture painted by Karen is now in a museum. EXERCISE 5: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Un- derline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles and label them as adjectives or verbs, Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). D by the client was not @ccepted) 2 in the advertisement had already lied) The chapters w € taught by the professor this morning will be on next week's —— 4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven ata low temperature for many hours. —— 5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation, ~ 6. Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by the police. ‘The pizza is served in this restaurants the tastiest in the county: pi y, == 8. The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several prerequisites. —— 9 All the tenants we apartment complex. invited to the Independence Day barbecue at the —+— 10. Anybills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your account by the next day,106 ‘STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISE (Skills 1-5): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). For three weeks at the beginning of the semester students with fewer than the ‘maximum number of units can add additional courses. 2 Onher lunch hour went to a nearby department store to purchase a wedding gift ‘The fir trees were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November, 4, In the grove the overripe oranges were falling on the ground. ‘The papers being delivered at 4:00 will contain the announcement of the president's resignation. 6. A specialty shop with various blends from around the world in the shopping mall. 7, The portraits exhibited in the Houston Museum last month are now on display in Dallas. 8. With a sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball across the field to one of the other players. 9. Construction of the housing development it will be underway by the first of the month. 10. Those applicants returning their completed forms at the earliest date have the highest priority, ‘TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 1-5): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1 ‘The North Platte River. Wyoming into Nebraska. from 4, tea plant are small and white () The (a) it flowed (B) Onthe (B) flows (C)_ Having flowers the (©) flowing, (D) The flowers of the (D) with flowing water 5. The tetracyclines, antibiotics, are Biloxi received its name from a Sioux word meaning “first people.” (A) The city of (B) Located in (C) Itisin (D) The tour included 3. Apride of lions up to forty lions, including one to three males, several females, and cubs. (A) can contain (B) itcontains (©) contain {D) containing used to treat infections. (A) area family of (B) being a family (©) a family of (D) their family is Any possible academic assistance from taking stimulants marginal at best (a) itis (B) there is © is () asSTRUCTURE 107 7. Henry Adams, born in Boston, 9, Suilla novelty in the late nineteenth famous as a historian and novelist century, limited to the rich, (A) became (a) was (B) and became (B)_ was photography (©) hewas (C)_itwas photography (D) and he became (D) photography was 8, The major cause the pull of the 10. Acomputerized map of the freeways using ‘Moon on the Earth. information gathered by sensors embedded in the pavement ona local cable channel during rush hours. (A) the ocean tides are (B) of ocean tides is (C) of the tides in the ocean (a) airs {D) the oceans’ tides (B) airing (©) air (0) toair SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES. Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words con- taining a subject and a verb.) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject. Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are correctly joined. There are various ways to join clauses in English. Certain patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test. You should be very familiar with these patterns. Skit 6: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses cor- rectly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, 07 s0, or yet between the clauses. i, and Paull tall, but Paul is short. Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it, Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed. Tom is tired, yethe is not going to sleep. In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordi- nate conjunction and, but, oF, so, or yet, and a comma (,)108 STRUCTUREAND WRITTEN EXPRESSION The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Struc- ture section of the TOEFL test. Example A power failure occurred, the lamps went out. (A) then (B) so (© later (D) next In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, @ power failure oc curred and the lamps went out. This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then, later, and next are not connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses. ‘The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with hem oe zs Be . ie s 8 : eens Be oes xenon Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sen- tences are correct (C) or incorrect (1) —£_ 1, The software should be used on an IBM computer, @nd) this computer is an IBM. ‘The rain clouds can be seen in the distance, (but)no has fallen. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the toner cartridge. ‘The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water, —— 6 You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished today. — to get mud The phone rang again and again, so the receptionist was not ab work done. Get 8. The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed. Or you can drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed. 10. The chemist was awarded the Nobel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it.STRUCTURE Skit. 7; USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences will sign the check before you leave Before you leave, I will sign the che: In each of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and Iwill sign the check, and the clause you leave is an adverb time clause because itis introduced with the connector before. In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sen- tence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence. ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Struc- ture section of the TOEFL test. Example ‘was late, I missed the appointment, «1 (B) Because (©) The train (D) Since he In this example you should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject. There is also another clause, I missed the appointment. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb was, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb was. Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there is a con- nector, since, to join the two clauses ‘The following chart lists adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns ed with them ‘ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS: TIME CAUSE ofter fassoonas once when as now that as before since whenever because since aslong os by the time _until__—while jinasmuch as Sy Gaverb connector) SV Teresa went inside because it was raining. Ginmemesr) sys ¥ Because it was raining, Teresa went inside. 109110 STRUCTUREAND WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sen- tences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). C6) the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be tallied diately. 2. Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated. organization. e admitted to the 3. The citizens are becoming more and more incensed about traffic accidents whenever the accidents occur at that intersection 4. Theground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted We can start the conference now that all the participants have arrived. —— 6. The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm windows are installed. Once the address label for the package i typed, can be sent to the mail room. —— 8. Because the recent change in work shifts was not posted, several workers missed their shifts. 9. The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long he misbehaves so much. —— 10. Inasmuch as all the votes have not yet been counted the outcome of the election, cannot be announced. SKILL 8: USE OTHERADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb Clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following examples: Iwill leave at 7:00 if Lam ready. Although I was late, L managed to catch the train. In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb con- nectors. In the first sentence the adverb condition connector if comes in the middle of the sentence. In the second sentence the adverb contrast connector although comes at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,) is used in the middle of the sentence. ‘The following example shows a way that this sentence pattern can be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. Example ‘You will get a good grade on the exam provided (A) studying (B) study (©) tostudy ©) you studySTRUCTURE In this example you should quickly notice the adverb condition connector provided. This connector comes in the middle of the sentence; because it is a connector, it must be fol. lowed by a subject and a verb. The best answer to this question is answer (D), which con- tains the subject and verb you study. ‘The following chart lists the adverb contrast, condition, manner, and place connec- tors and the sentence patterns used with them ‘OTHER ADVER CONNECTORS cONOITION CONTRAST | nner PLACE if although [> = es where incase even though inthat __ wherever provided | thougt ioviding | mile unless whereas whether sv sv Gaver’ connector) Bob went to school even though he felt sick. (adverb connector) «Ss sv Even though Bob felt sick, _he went to school, NOTE: A comma Is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector The Smith family arrived t 2:00, while the Jones family orived on hour later EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sen- tences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). impossible to enter that program (@)you lack experience asa teacher, 2. The commanclant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post anyway. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements While most stuclents turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an extension. 5. Iwill take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures —— 6 Iwill wait here in the airport with you whether the plane leaves on time or not. —— 7. Providing the envelope is postmarked by thig Friday, your application still acceptable. “ ——— 8 Asthe nurse already explained all visitors must leave the hospital room now. —_% Thisexam wi be more ail than eval in chat aR eT s instead —— 10. Though snow had been falling all day lor yo the chur the wedding.112 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). Until the registrar makes a decision about your status, you must stay in an unclassified category. —— 2% Or the bills can be paid by mail by the first of the month. ‘The parents left a phone number with the babysitter in case a problem with the children, 4 The furniture will be delivered as soon it is paid for. —— 5. Whenever you want to hold the meeting, we will schedule it. ‘The government was overthrown in a revolution, the king has not returned to his homeland. ——— 7. Whereas most of the documents are complete, this form still needs to be notarized. Trash will be collected in the morning, so you should put the trash cans out tonight. —— 9 _Itis impossible for the airplane to take off while is snowing so hard. We did not go out to dinner tonight eventhough I would have preferred not to cook. TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1. The president of the U.S. appoints the cabinet members, —_ appointments are subject to Senate approval. (A) their (B) with their (©) because their (D) but their 2, The prisoners were prevented from speaking to reporters because (A) not wanting the story in the papers. (B) the story in the papers the superintendent did not want (©) the public to hear the story (D) the superintendent did not want the story In the papers 3, Like Thomas Berger’ fictional character Little Big Man, Lauderdale managed to find self where of important events took place. (A) it was an extraordinary number (B) there was an extraordinary number (©) anextraordinary number (D) an extraordinary number existed sucked groundwater from below, some parts of the city have begun to sink as much as ten inches annually. (A) Pumps have (B) As pumps have (©) So pumps have (D) With pumps Case studies are the target of much skepticism in the scientific community, used extensively by numerous researchers. (A) they are (B) are (©) yet they (D) yet they are According to the hypothesis in the study, the monarchs pick up the magnetic field of the migrate by following magnetic fields. (A) target monarchs (B) target since monarchs (C) target since monarchs are (D) targetis show the relations among neurons, they do not preclude the possibility that other aspects are important, (A) Neural theories (B) Ancural theory (C) Although neural theories (D) However neural theories or refinanced, the lender will ‘generally require setting up an escrow account to ensure the payment of property taxes and homeowner's insurance, (A) Ahomeis (B) Ahome is bought (©) When a home (D) When a home is bought TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-8): Choose that best completes the sentence. 1. The three basic chords in 1 the tonic, the dominant, and the subdominant. (A) functional harmony (B) functional harmony is (C)_ Functional harmony are (D) functional harmony they are 2, Hale Telescope, at the Palomar Observatory in southern California, scientists can photograph objects several billion light years away. (A) The (B) With the (©) They use the (D) Itis the 3. Without the proper card installed inside the computer, impossible to run a graphical program, (A) is definitely (B) because of (© itis (D) is 4, The charter for the Louisiana lottery was coming up for renewal, spared no expense in the fight to win renewal (A) the lottery committee (B) so the lottery committee and (©) so the lottery committee (D) the lottery committee made 10. STRUCTURE 113 If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth’s atmosphere, generally blocked by the ‘ozone concentrated in the atmosphere. ww it (B) itis (©) soitis (D) then it Among human chromosomes, the ¥ chromosome is unusual ___ most of the chromosome does not participate in meiotic recombination. (@) in (B) so (©) and (D) inthat the letter of the word or group of words 5. While in reality Alpha Centauri is a triple star, star to the naked eye to be a single (A) itappears (B) burit appears (©) appears (D) despite it The Sun's gravity severely distorted the path of the comet entered its wildly erratic orbit around Jupiter. (a) it (B) when (C) after the comet came into it (D) once the comet Each object “Jupiter's magnetic field is deluged with electrical charges. (a) enters (B) itenters (©) entering (D) enter As its name suggests, the Prairie Wetlands Resource Center the protection of wetlands on the prairies of the Dakotas, Montana, Minnesota, and Nebraska, (A) itfocuses (B) focuses on (©) focusing (D) to focus on114 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 9. One of the largest and most powerful birds 10. creation of such a community was a of prey in the world, a six-foot desirable step, the requisite political wingspan and legs and talons roughly the upheaval had to be accepted, size of a man’s arms and legs. ote (A) so the harpy has (B) The (B) the harpy having (© Later, the (©) with the harpy having (D) Iewas the (D) the harpy has MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES. ‘As we saw in Skills 6 through 8, many sentences in English have more than one clause. In Skills 9 through 12, we will see more patterns for connecting the clauses in sentences with multiple clauses. Because these patterns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL. test, you should be very familiar with them. SkiLL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Anoun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause is a noun, itis used in a sentence as either an object of a verb, an object of a preposition, or the subject of the sentence. I know [when he will arrive] [NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERE Tam concerned about [when he [NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION When he will arrive] is not important. In the first example there are two clauses, I know and he will arrive. These two clauses are joined with the connector when, When changes the clause he will arrive into a noun clause that functions as the object of the verb know. In the second example the two clauses Jam concerned and he will arrive are also joined by the connector when. When changes the clause he will arriveinto a noun clause that func- tions as the object of the preposition about The third example is more difficult. In this example there are two clauses, but they are a little harder to recognize. He will arriveis one of the clauses, and the connector when changes it into a noun clause that functions as the subject of the sentence. The other clause has the noun clause when he will arriveas its subject and is as its verb. The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test