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Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition

This document discusses various connectives used to express cause and effect, contrast, and condition in English sentences. It provides examples of using adverb clauses, transitions, conjunctions, and prepositions to link ideas and show relationships between clauses. Specifically, it covers connectives like because, therefore, although, however, if, unless, or else, due to, despite, so that, and such...that among many others. The document also summarizes punctuation patterns and positioning of connectives within sentences.

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1K views20 pages

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition

This document discusses various connectives used to express cause and effect, contrast, and condition in English sentences. It provides examples of using adverb clauses, transitions, conjunctions, and prepositions to link ideas and show relationships between clauses. Specifically, it covers connectives like because, therefore, although, however, if, unless, or else, due to, despite, so that, and such...that among many others. The document also summarizes punctuation patterns and positioning of connectives within sentences.

Uploaded by

yola harmila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 19

CONNECTIVES THAT EXPRESS CAUSE


AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, AND
CONDITION
USING BECAUSE OF AND DUE TO
Because (subordinator in adverb clause)
Because the weather is cold, we stayed home.

S V
Because of and due to (phrasal preposition)
Because of the cold weather, we stayed home.
noun object
Due to the cold weather, we stayed home.

noun object
Sometimes usually in formal writing due to is followed
by a noun clause introduced by the fact that.
Due to the fact that the weather was cold,
Noun clause
we stayed home.
The phrases also can follow the main clauses as
follows:
We stayed home because of the cold weather.
We stayed home due to the cold weather.
We stayed home due to the fact that the weather
was cold.
because/because of
1. Back was tired … he was sick.
2. Sue was happy… she won a prize.
3. Chuck was late… the heavy traffic.
4. The picnic is canceled… the rain.
5. The picnic is canceled… It is raining.
due to the fact that / due to
6. Driving was terrible… It snowed.
7. Driving was terrible… the snow.
8. I couldn’t study… my headache.
9. I couldn’t study … I had a headache.
10. I didn’t sleep well… I was worried.
USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND
EFFECT: THEREFORE AND CONSEQUENTLY

Therefore and Consequently means “as a result”

Transition s or
conjunctive
adverb s

CONNECT THE IDEAS BETWEEN TWO SENTENCES

Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.


Al didn’t study. Consequently, he failed the test.
POSITION OF A TRANSITION
• Occurs in the second of two related
sentences.
• A period (Not a comma) is used at the end of
the first sentence.
• The transition has several position in the
second sentence.
Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
Al didn’t study. He ,therefore, failed the test.
Al didn’t study. He failed the test, therefore.
SUMMARY OF PATTERNS AND PUNCTUATION
Adverb Clause (Sub+ S+ V), Preposition + noun object,
Main Clause. Main Clause.
Main Clause Adverb Clause
(Sub+ S+ V) Main Clause Preposition +
noun object.

First Sentence. Transition, Independent Clause, So


Main Clause. (conjunction) Independent
First Sentence. Subject, Clause.
Transition, Verb.
First Sentence. Main Clause,
Transition.
(Semicolon (;) can be used
despite period and not
capital after it)
OTHER WAYS EXPRESSING CAUSE AND
EFFECT: SUCH…THAT AND SO …THAT
Because the weather was nice, we went to the
zoo.
It was such nice weather that we went to the
zoo.
The weather was so nice that we went to the
zoo.
The examples above have same meaning
Such + adjective + noun + that
It was such nice weather that we went to the
zoo.

such +adj. + noun + that


So + adjective/adverb + that
The weather was so nice that we went to the
zoo.

so +adj. + that
She speaks so fast that I can’t understand her.

so +adv. + that
So+(many, few, much, little)...that
She made so many mistakes that she failed the
exam.
He has so few friends that he is always lonely.
She has so much money that she can buy
whatever she wants.
He had so little trouble with the test that he left
twenty minutes early.
(sometimes in speaking that is omitted )
EXPRESSING PURPOSE: USING
SO THAT
So that expresses purpose (similar meaning to in
order to .
I turned off the TV so that my roommate could
study in peace and quiet.

I turned off the TV in order to enable my


roommate could study in peace and quiet.
(possible but less common in order that)
(possible but unusual so that in the beginning of
sentence.
SO THAT + CAN or COULD
Can present meaning
Could past meaning
I am going to cash a check so that I can buy my
textbooks.

I cashed a check so that I could buy my


textbooks.
(also possible but less common may/might)
SO THAT + WILL/ SIMPLE PRESENT/ WOULD

I’ll take my umbrella so that I won’t get wet.


In order to make sure that I won’t get wet
I’ll take my umbrella so that I don’t get wet.
the simple present expresses a future meaning
Yesterday I took my umbrella so that I wouldn’t
get wet.
is used in past sentences
SHOWING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED
RESULT)
Even though
ADVERB CLAUSES Although
Though
But… anyway
CONJUNCTIONS But … still
Yet … still
Nevertheless
TRANSITIONS Nonetheless
However… still
Despite
PREPOSITIONS In spite of
Despite the fact that
In spite of the fact that
Even though it was cold, I went swimming.
Although it was cold, I went swimming.
Though it was cold, I went swimming.

It was cold, but I went swimming anyway.


It was cold, but I still went swimming.
It was cold, yet I still went swimming.

It was cold. Nonetheless, I went swimming.


It was cold; nonetheless, I went swimming.
It was cold. However, I still went swimming.

I went swimming despite the cold weather.


I went swimming in spite of the cold weather.
I went swimming despite the fact that the weather was cold.
I went swimming in spite of the fact that the weather was cold.
SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST
ADVERB while Mary is rich, while John is poor.
CLAUSES whereas John is poor, while Mary is rich.
Mary is rich, whereas John is poor.
Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor

CONJUNCTIONS but Mary is rich, but John is poor.


John is poor, but Mary is rich.

TRANSITIONS however Mary is rich; however, John is poor.


on the John is poor; Mary is rich, however.
other Mary is rich. John, on the other hand, is
hand poor.
John is poor. Mary, on the other hand, is
rich.
EXPRESSING CONDITIONS: USING
OTHERWISE AND OR (ELSE)
ADVERB CLAUSES If I don’t get breakfast, I get If and unless =
hungry. certain result
You’ll be late if you don’t hurry.
You’ll get wet unless you take
your umbrella.
TRANSITION I always eat breakfast. Otherwise = if
Otherwise, I get hungry. not
You’d better hurry. Otherwise,
You’ll be late.

CONJUNCTIONS I always eat breakfast, or (else) I Or else=


get hungry during class. Otherwise
You’d better hurry, or (else) you’ll
be late.
Take your umbrella, or (else)
you’ll get wet.
SUMMARY OF CONNECTIVES: CAUSE AND EFFECT ,
CONTRAST, AND CONDITION
ADVERB CLAUSE TRANSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS PREPOSITION
WORDS

CAUSE AND Because Therefore So Because of


EFFECT Since consequently for Due to
Now that
So (that)

CONTRAST Even though However But (….anyway) Despite


Although Nevertheless Yet (…still) In spite of
Though Nonetheless
Whereas On the other
while hand

CONDITION If in case otherwise Or (else)


Unless even if
Only if
In the event that
Whether or not
THANK YOU

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