CSEC MATHEMATICS PAPER 2 JANUARY 2017

SECTION I

1. (a) Using a calculator, or otherwise, calculate the EXACT value of:

1 2
3 ´1
(i) 2 3
1
4
5

m
SOLUTION:
1 2
3 ´1

co
Required to calculate: The exact value of 2 3
1
4

.
5

hs
Calculation:
1 2 7 5
3 ´1 ´
2 3=2 3
4
1
5
21
5
at
m
7 5 5
= ´ ´
s
2 3 21
5´ 5
as

=
2 ´ 3´ 3
25
sp

=
18
7
= 1 (in exact form)
.fa

18
w

0.1014
(ii) 5.47 -
1.5
w

SOLUTION:
w

0.1014
Required to calculate: The exact value of 5.47 -
1.5
Calculation:
0.1014
5.47 - = 5.47 - 0.067 6 (Using the calculator)
1.5
= 5.47 - 0.26
= 5.21 (in exact form)

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(b) The table below shows the number of tickets sold for a bus tour. Some items in
the table are missing.

Tickets Sold for Bus Tour

Category Number of Cost per Total Cost in $
Tickets Sold Ticket in $
Juvenile 5 P 130.50
Youth 14 44.35 Q
Adult R 2483.60

m
(i) Calculate the value of P.

co
SOLUTION:
Data: Table showing the number of tickets sold for a bus tour.

.
hs
Required to calculate: The value of P
Calculation:
5 Juvenile tickets at $P each cost $130.50.

at
So, 1 Juvenile ticket will cost $130.50 = $26.10
5
m
So, P = 26.10
s
(ii) Calculate the value of Q.
as

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The value of Q
sp

Calculation:
14 Youth tickets at $44.35 will cost $Q.
\ $Q = $44.35 ´14
.fa

= $620.90
\ Q = 620.90
w
w

(iii) An adult ticket is TWICE the cost of a youth ticket. Calculate the value of
R.
w

SOLUTION:
Data: An adult ticket is twice the cost of a youth ticket.
Required to calculate: The value of R
Calculation:
An adult ticket costs twice as much as the cost of a Youth ticket.
Hence, the cost of an adult ticket = $44.35 ´ 2
= $88.70
= 88.70

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 No. of adult tickets sold, R = $2 483.60
$88.70
= 28

(iv) The bus company pays taxes of 15% on each ticket sold. Calculate the
taxes paid by the bus company.

SOLUTION:
Data: The bus company pays 15% taxes on each ticket sold.
Required to calculate: The taxes paid by the bus company.
Calculation:

m
The amount collected from the sales of tickets is
= $130.50 + $Q + $2 483.60

co
= $ 1 30.50
$ 6 2 0.9 0 +

.
$2 483.6 0

hs
$3235.0 0

So, the taxes paid = 15% of $3235 at

m
15
= ´ $3235
100
s
= $485.25
as

2. (a) Write as a single fraction:

sp

2x + 3 x - 4
+
.fa

3 4

SOLUTION:
w

Required to write: 2 x + 3 + x - 4 as a single fraction.

3 4
w
w

Solution:
2 x + 3 x - 4 4 ( 2 x + 3) + 3 ( x - 4 )
+ =
3 4 12
8 x + 12 + 3x - 12
=
12
11x
= (as a single fraction in its lowest form)
12

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(b) Write the following statement as an algebraic expression.

The sum of a number and its multiplicative inverse is five times the number.

SOLUTION:
Data: The sum of a number and its multiplicative inverse is five times the
number.
Required to write: The statement as an algebraic expression
Solution:
Let the number be x.
Hence, its multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) = 1

m
x
The sum of a number and its multiplicative inverse is five times the number.

co
=
1 5´ x
x+
x
1

.
x+ = 5x

hs
x

(c) Factorise completely:

(i) x 2 - 36 at
m
SOLUTION:
s
Required to factorise: x 2 - 36
as

Solution:
x2 - 36 = ( x ) - ( 6)
2 2
sp

This is now in the form of a difference of two squares:

\ x2 - 36 = ( x - 6)( x + 6)
.fa

(ii) 2 x 2 + 5 x - 12
w

SOLUTION:
Required to factorise: 2 x 2 + 5 x - 12
w

Solution:
w

2 x2 + 8x
2 x2 + 5x - 12 = ( 2 x - 3)( x + 4 ) - 3 x - 12
2 x 2 + 5 x - 12

\ 2 x2 + 5x -12 = ( 2 x - 3)( x + 4 )

(d) The formula for the volume of a cylinder is given as V = p r 2 h .

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 Make r the subject of the formula.

SOLUTION:
Data: The formula for the volume of a cylinder is, V = p r 2 h .
Required to make: r the subject of the formula
Solution:
V = π r2h

π r2h = V

!
So, r2 = "#

m
!
And r = √"#

co
Given that x2 + ax + b = ( x + 2) - 3 , work out the values of a and b.
2
(e)

.
hs
SOLUTION:
Data: x2 + ax + b = ( x + 2) - 3
2

Required to find: The value of a and of b.at

m
Solution:
( x + 2 ) - 3 = ( x + 2 )( x + 2 ) - 3
2
s
= x2 + 2x + 2x + 4 - 3
as

= x2 + 4 x + 1
sp

Hence, x 2 + ax + b = x 2 + 4 x + 1.
Equating the coeffcients of the term in x and then the constant term we obtain
a = 4 and b = 1 .
.fa
w

3. (a) The incomplete Venn diagram below shows the number of students in a class of
28 who play football and tennis.
w
w

U = {all students in the class}

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F = {students who play football}
T = {students who play tennis}

Additional information about the class is that

12 students play tennis
15 students play football
8 students play neither football nor tennis
x students play BOTH football and tennis.
(i) Complete the Venn diagram above to represent the information, showing
the number of students in EACH subset.

m
SOLUTION:

co
Data: Incomplete Venn diagram showing the numbers of students who
play football or tennis in class of 28.

.
hs
Required to complete: The Venn diagram given
Solution:

at
s m
as
sp
.fa

(It is grammatically better to say that 8 students do NOT play either football
or tennis)
w

(ii) Calculate the value of x.

w

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: x
w

Calculation:
The sum of the numbers of students in all the subsets of the Universal set
must total 28, which is the number of students in the class.
\15 - x + x + 12 - x + 8 = 28
35 - x = 28
\ x = 35 - 28
=7

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(b) Using a ruler, a pencil and a pair of compasses, construct the trapezium ABCD
with AB = 8 cm , BAD ˆ = 60° , AD = 6 cm and AB parallel to CD.
(Credit will be given for clearly drawn construction lines.)

SOLUTION:
Required To Construct: The trapezium ABCD such that AB = 8 cm ,
ˆ = 60° , AD = 6 cm and AB parallel to CD.
BAD

Construction:
We first draw a straight line, longer than 8 cm, and with the pair of compasses,

m
cut off AB = 8 cm

. co
hs
At A, we construct an angle of 600

at
s m
as
sp

We extend the arm of the angle (if necessary) and cut off AD = 6 cm
.fa
w
w
w

At B we construct and angle of 900

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 m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w

At D, we construct a 60° angle so that it is corresponding to the 60° angle at A.

w

The arm of the angle at D will then be parallel to AB and meets the perpendicular
from B at C. This now completes the trapezium ABCD.

4. (a) Given that f ( x ) = 4 x - 7 and g ( x ) = 3x + 1 , determine the values of:

2

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(i) g ( 0 ) + g ( 5)

SOLUTION:
Data: f ( x ) = 4 x - 7 and g ( x ) = 3x + 1
2
Required to calculate: g ( 0 ) + g ( 5)
Calculation:
3 ( 0 ) + 1 3 ( 5) + 1
g ( 0 ) + g ( 5) = +
2 2

m
1 16
= +

co
2 2
1
= +8
2

.
hs
1
=8
2

at
m
(ii) fg ( 5)
s

SOLUTION:
as

Required to calculate: fg ( 5)
Calculation:
sp

3 ( 5) + 1
g ( 5) =
2
.fa

16
=
2
w

=8
w

\ fg ( 5 ) = f ( 8 )
w

= 4 (8) - 7
= 32 - 7
= 25

Alternative Method:

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 fg ( x ) = 4 g ( x ) - 7
æ 3x + 1 ö
= 4ç ÷-7
è 2 ø
= 2 ( 3 x + 1) - 7
= 6x + 2 - 7
= 6x - 5

\ fg ( 5 ) = 6 ( 5 ) - 5
= 30 - 5

m
= 25

co
(iii) f -1 (1)

.
hs
SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: f -1 (1)
Calculation:
Let y = f ( x ) at
m
\ y = 4x - 7
4x - 7 = y
s

4x = y + 7
as

y+7
x=
sp

4
Replace y by x:
x+7
f -1 ( x ) =
.fa

4
Hence,
1+ 7
f -1 (1) =
w

4
w

8
=
4
w

=2

(b) P ( 6, - 1) and Q ( 2, 7 ) are the end points of a line segment PQ. Determine:

(i) the gradient of PQ

SOLUTION:
Data: P ( 6, - 1) and Q ( 2, 7 )
Required to calculate: The gradient of PQ

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 Calculation:

7 - ( -1)
Gradient of PQ =

m
2-6
8
=

co
-4
= -2

.
hs
(ii) the coordinates of the midpoint of PQ.

SOLUTION:
at
Required to calculate: The coordinates of the midpoint of PQ
m
Calculation:
s
as
sp
.fa

Let M be the midpoint of PQ.

w

æ 7 + ( -1) ö
Coordinates of M = ç 2 + 6 , ÷
w

è 2 2 ø
æ8 6ö
=ç , ÷
w

è2 2ø
= ( 4, 3 )

(iii) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ.

SOLUTION:
Required to find: The equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ
Solution:

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 The gradient of any perpendicular line to PQ = -1 = 1
-2 2

m
(The products of the gradients of perpendicular lines = -1 )

co
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ is
y -3 1
=
x-4 2

.
hs
2 ( y - 3) = 1( x - 4 )
2y - 6 = x - 4

at
2 y = x + 2 (or any other equivalent form)
s m
5. (a)
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

Triangles PQR and STR are similar triangles.

(i) Complete the following statement:

In the diagram above, the corresponding angles of DPQR and DSTR are
………………….. and the ……………………. of their corresponding
sides are the same.

SOLUTION:

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 Data: Diagram showing similar triangles PQR and STR and an incomplete
statement about these triangles.

Required to complete: The given statement

Solution:
Since the triangles PQR and STR are similar, then their corresponding
angles will be equal. We can deduce the equal angles by simply observing
the naming of the triangles, DPQR and DSTR (a diagram would not have
been necessary for this conclusion if the figures are correctly named)
By observing the names of the two triangles, we deduce, P̂ = Sˆ , Qˆ = Tˆ and
Rˆ = Rˆ (common angle).

m
When any two figures are similar, the ratio of their corresponding sides

co
are the equal.

.
The completed statement is:

hs
In the diagram above, the corresponding angles of DPQR and DSTR are
equal and the ratio of their corresponding sides are the same or equal.

at
In the diagram above, not drawn to scale, RS = 15 cm, SP = 9 cm and
m
ST = 12 cm.
s
(ii) Determine the length of PQ.
as

SOLUTION:
Data: RS = 15 cm, SP = 9 cm and ST = 12 cm.
sp

Required to calculate: The length of PQ

Calculation:
We draw the two triangles separately, for convenience.
.fa
w
w
w

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 RP PQ
=
RS ST
24 PQ
=
15 12
24 ´12
PQ =
15
= 19.2
\ PQ = 19.2 cm

(b) The graph below shows triangle DEF and its image D¢E ¢F ¢ after a

m
transformation.

. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w

(i) State the coordinates of the point E.

w

SOLUTION:
Data: Diagram showing triangles DEF and D¢E ¢F ¢ . Triangle D¢E ¢F ¢ is
the image of triangle DEF after a transformation.

Required To State: The coordinates of the point E

Solution:

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 m
. co
hs
\ The coordinates of E are
That is, E = ( 4, 2 ) .
at
x = 4, y = 2 .
s m
(ii) Describe fully the transformation that maps triangle DEF to its image,
D¢E ¢F ¢ .
as

SOLUTION:
sp

Required to describe: The transformation that maps triangle DEF onto

triangle D¢E ¢F ¢ fully
Solution:
.fa

Triangles DEF and D¢E ¢F ¢ are congruent

The image D¢E ¢F ¢ is re-oriented with respect to the object DEF. Hence,
w

the transformation is rotation.

We now obtain the center of rotation by the following procedure.
w

We join D to D¢ and construct the perpendicular bisector.

Next we join E to E ¢ and construct the perpendicular bisector. (It is not
w

necessary for this to be done with a third set of points since the three
perpendicular bisectors are all concurrent.)
The perpendicular bisectors are produced (if necessary) to meet at the
center of rotation, which is O, ( 0, 0 ) .
ˆ ¢ = EOE
DOD ˆ ¢ = FOF
ˆ ¢ = 90°
The movement from E to E ¢ or F to F ¢ or D to D¢ is anti-clockwise.

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 Hence, the transformation is a 90° anti-clockwise rotation about O.

m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w

(iii) On the grid above, draw triangle D¢¢E ¢¢F ¢¢ , the reflection of triangle
D¢E ¢F ¢ in the x – axis.
w

SOLUTION:
w

Data: Triangle D¢¢E ¢¢F ¢¢ is the reflection of triangle D¢E ¢F ¢ in the x –

axis.
Required to draw: Triangle D¢¢E ¢¢F ¢¢ .

Solution: To obtain the image points, we measure the same perpendicular

distance as the object points are from the reflection plane, but on the
opposite side of the reflection plane.

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 m
. co
hs
at
s m
DD¢E¢F ¢ ¾¾¾¾¾
Reflection in the
x -axis
®DD¢¢E¢¢F ¢¢
as

D¢¢ = ( -2, - 1)
E¢¢ = ( -2, - 4 )
sp

F ¢¢ = ( -4, - 1)
.fa

6. (a) The scale on a map is 1: 25 000 .

w

(i) Anderlin and Jersey are 31.8 cm apart on the map.

w

Determine, in km, the actual distance between Anderlin and Jersey.

w

SOLUTION:
Data: The distance between Anderlin and Jersey is 31.8 cm on a map with
a scale of 1: 25 000 .
Required to calculate: The actual distance between Anderlin and Jersey,
in km.
Calculation:
Distance on the map = 31.8 cm
Scale = 1: 25000

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 \ Actual distance = 31.8 ´ 25000 cm
1 km = 1000 ´100 cm

\ Actual distance, in km = 31.8 ´ 25000 km

100000
= 7.95 km

(ii) The actual distance between Clifton and James Town is 2.75 km.

How many units apart are they on the map?

m
SOLUTION:

co
Data: The actual distance between Clifton and James Town is 2.75 km.
Required to calculate: The distance between Clifton and James Town on
the map

.
Calculation:

hs
2.75 km = 2.75 ´100 000 cm
Scale = 1: 25000

at
\ Distance on the map = 2.75 ´100000 cm
25000
m
= 11 cm
s
(b) The diagram below shows a square ABCD drawn inside a circle. The vertices of
as

the square lie on the circumference of the circle. The length of a side of the square
is 11 cm.
sp
.fa
w
w
w

(i) Show that the diameter of the circle is 11 2 cm.

SOLUTION:
Data: Diagram showing a square with vertices ABCD lying inside a
circle, such that the points A, B, C and D lie on the circumference of the
circle. The length of a side of the square is 11 cm.
Required to prove: The diameter of the circle is 11 2 cm

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 Proof: Let us consider the triangle ABC

m
AC 2 = (11) + (11)
2 2

co
(Pythagoras' Theorem)
= 121 + 121

.
AC = 242

hs
= 11´ 11´ 2
= 11´ 11 ´ 2
= 11 2 at
m
Q.E.D.
s
Calculate:
as

(ii) the area of the circle

sp

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The area of the circle.
.fa

Calculation:
w
w
w

Diameter = 11 2 cm
11 2
\ Radius = cm
2

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 Area = p r 2
2
æ 11 2 ö
= p çç ÷÷
è 2 ø
121´ 2
=p ´
4
= p ´ 60.5 cm 2
= 190.091 cm 2
= 190.09 cm 2 (correct to 2 decimal places)

m
(iii) the area of the square

co
SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The area of the square.

.
hs
Calculation:
Area of square = 11´11 cm2
= 121 cm2
at
m
(iv) the area of the shaded section.
s
SOLUTION:
as

Required to calculate: The area of the shaded section.

Calculation:
sp
.fa
w
w
w

There are 4 segments shown on the diagram (3 of these are un-shaded and 1
shown shaded)

Area of these four equal segments = Area of circle - Area of square

ABCD
= 190.091 - 121 cm2
= 69.091 cm2

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 Hence the area of the shaded region
69.091
= cm 2
4

= 17.272 cm2
= 17.27 cm2 (correct to 2 decimal places)

7. The table below shows the number of bananas, to the nearest tonne, produced annually on

m
a farm over a period of 6 years.

co
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Production 150 275 100 40 125 210
(tonnes)

.
hs
(a) On the graph paper provided, draw a bar chart to represent the data given in the
table above using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 year on the x – axis and 1 cm to
represent 25 tonnes on the y – axis.
at
m
SOLUTION:
Data: Table showing the number of bananas, to the nearest tonne, produced
s
annually on a farm from 2010 to 2015.
as

Required to draw: A bar chart to illustrate the data on the table using a scale of 1
cm to represent 1 year on the x – axis and 1 cm to represent 25 tonnes on the y –
sp

axis.
.fa
w
w
w

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 m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

(b) Determine the range of the number of bananas produced between 2010 and 2015.

SOLUTION:
Required to determine: The range of the number of bananas produced between
2010 and 2015
Solution:
Range = Highest value - Lowest value (in the given distribution)

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 = ( 275 - 40 ) tonnes
= 235 tonnes

(c) (i) During which year was there the greatest production of bananas?

SOLUTION:
Required to state: The year with the greatest production of bananas
Solution:
The year with the greatest production of bananas is 2011 (shown by the
highest bar on the bar chart).

m
(ii) How is this information shown on the bar chart?

co
SOLUTION:
Required to explain: The way the greatest production of bananas is

.
shown on the bar chart

hs
Solution:
This is shown on the bar chart with the highest bar.

(d) (i)
at
Between which two consecutive years was there the greatest change in the
production of bananas?
m
SOLUTION:
s
Required To State: The two consecutive years between which showed
as

the greatest change in the production of bananas

Solution:
sp

Year Change in Production

(tonnes)
.fa

2010 – 2011 275 - 150 = +125

2011 – 2012 100 - 275 = -175
2012 – 2013 40 - 100 = -60
w

2013 – 2014 125 - 40 = +85

210 - 125 = +85
w

2014 – 2015
w

In the above table, a positive value of change in production indicates an

increase and a negative value of change in production indicates a decrease
from one year to the next year.

The greatest change in production of bananas occurred between the years

2011 and 2012.

(ii) How is this information shown on the bar chart?

SOLUTION:

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 Required to explain: The way in which the years between which the
greatest change in the production of bananas occurred.
Solution:
This is shown with the difference between the respective heights of any
two consecutive bars being the greatest.

(e) Give ONE reason why the bar chart is unsuitable for predicting the number of
bananas produced in 2016.

SOLUTION:
Required to state: A reason why the bar chart is not suitable for predicting the

m
number of bananas produced in 2016.
Solution:

co
The bars do not show a definite pattern with respect to increasing or decreasing
over any reasonable period of years. Hence, a prediction for 2016 cannot be made.

.
hs
8. A sequence of figures is made up of unit squares with unit sides. The first three figures in
the sequence are shown below.
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

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(a) Draw Figure 4 of the sequence in the space provided above.

SOLUTION:
Data: Diagrams showing a sequence of figures made up of unit squares.

m
. co
hs
Required To Draw: The fourth figure in the sequence.
Solution:
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w

(b) Study the pattern of numbers in each row of the table below. Each row relates to
one of the figures in the sequence. Some rows have not been included in the table.
w

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Complete the rows numbered (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).

Figure Number of Perimeter

Unit of Figure
Squares
1 1 4

m
2 5 12

co
3 9 20

.
(i) 4

hs
(ii) 45

(iii) 30 at
m
(iv) n
s
as

SOLUTION:
Data: Incomplete table showing the relationship among the figure number, the
sp

number of unit squares and the perimeter of the figures in the given sequence.

Required To Complete: The table given.

.fa

Solution:
We observe the figure, n, the number of unit squares which we name (S) and the
perimeter, which we name P.
w
w

n S P
w

1 1 4
2 5 12
3 9 20

Let us look at the value of n and the corresponding value of S

Figure n No. of Squares, S
1 1
2 5
3 9

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We see that the number of squares increase by 4.
Hence S = 4 n ± a number
By testing with n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3 we get
Let us look at the value of n and the corresponding value of P

Figure n Perimeter, P
1 4
2 12
3 20

For every increase of n by 1, the perimeter increases by 8.

m
Hence P = 8 n ± a number
By testing with n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3 we get P = 8n - 4 .

co
So,

.
Figure Number of Perimeter

hs
Unit of Figure
Squares
1 1 4

2 5 at 12
m
3 9 20
s
as

n 4n - 3 8n - 4

4 ( 4 ) - 3 = 13 8 ( 4 ) - 4 = 28
sp

4n - 3 = 45
.fa

45 8 (12) - 4 = 92
n = 12
w

30 4 ( 30 ) - 3 = 117 8 ( 30) - 4 = 236

w
w

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 The completed table looks like:

Figure Number of Perimeter

Unit of Figure
Squares
1 1 4

2 5 12

3 9 20

m
(i) 4 13 28

co
(ii) 12 45 92

.
hs
(iii) 30 117 236

(iv) n 4n - 3 8n - 4

at
s m
SECTION II
as

ALGEBRA AND RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

sp

9. (a) The table below shows pairs of values for x and y, where y is inversely
proportional to x.
.fa

x 3 4 a 20
y 2 1.5 1.2 b
w

(i) Express y in terms of x and a constant k.

w

SOLUTION:
w

Data: Table showing corresponding values of two variables x and y,

where y is inversely proportional to x.
x 3 4 a 20
y 2 1.5 1.2 b

Required to express: y in terms of x and k (a constant).

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 Solution:

y is inversely proportional to x.
1
yµ
x
1 (where k is the constant of proportionality)
y =k´
x
k
\y =
x

(ii) Calculate the value of the constant k.

m
SOLUTION:

co
Required to calculate: The value of k.
Calculation:
From the table y = 2 when x = 3 .

.
hs
k
\2 =
3
k = 2 ( 3)
k =6 at
m
Since k = 6 , then
s
6
y=
as

x
Testing for when y = 1.5 and x = 4 :
6
sp

1.5 = (True)
4
.fa

(iii) Determine the values of a and b.

SOLUTION:
w

Required to calculate: The value of a and of b.

Calculation:
w

When y = 1.2 , we get:

w

6
1.2 =
x
6
\x =
1.2
=5
Hence, a = 5 .

When x = 20

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 6
y=
20
= 0.3
Hence, b = 0.3 .

(b) The diagram below shows the graph of the function f ( x ) = x2 - 6 x + 8 for values
of x from 0 to 6.

m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

(i) Use the graph to solve the equation x 2 - 6 x + 8 = 0.

SOLUTION:
Data: Diagram of the graph of the function f ( x ) = x2 - 6 x + 8 for
0 £ x £ 6.

Required to solve: x 2 - 6 x + 8 = 0 using the graph.

Solution: The curve cuts the x-axis(y = 0) at 2 and at 4

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 m
. co
hs
at
s m
as

Hence, x = 2 and x = 4 are the solutions by using the graph.

sp

(ii) Write down the coordinates of the minimum point in the form ( x, y ) .
.fa

SOLUTION:
Required to write: The coordinates of the minimum point of the graph in
w

the form ( x, y ) .
w
w

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 Solution:

m
. co
hs
at
sm
as
sp

The minimum point occurs at x = 3 and y = -1 and is therefore ( 3, - 1) and

.fa

is of the form ( x, y ) , where x = 3 and y = -1.

w

Write x 2 - 6 x + 8 in the form a ( x + h ) + k where a, h and k are constants.

2
(iii)
w

SOLUTION:
w

Required to write: x 2 - 6 x + 8 in the form a ( x + h ) + k where a, h and k

2

are constants.
Solution:
1
the coefficient of x is 1 ( -6 ) = -3
2 2
So, x - 6 x + 8
2

( x - 3) 2 + ?

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 ( x - 3)( x - 3) = x 2 - 6 x + 9
-1 = ?
8
Hence, x - 6 x + 8 = ( x - 3) -1 is of the form a ( x + h ) + k , where a = 1 ,
2 2 2

h = -3 and k = -1 .

Alternative Method:
a ( x + h ) + k = a ( x + h )( x + h ) + k
2

= a ( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) + k

m
= ax 2 + 2ahx + ah 2 + k

co
x 2 - 6 x + 8 = ax 2 + 2ahx + ah 2 + k

.
Equating coefficients:

hs
For x 2 :
a =1

For x : at
m
2 (1) h = -6
\ h = -3
s
as

For the constant:

1( -3) + k = 8
2
sp

k = -1
.fa

So, x2 - 6 x + 8 = ( x - 3) -1 is of the form a ( x + h ) + k , where a = 1 ,

2 2

h = -3 and k = -1 .
w

(iv) On the same axes, draw the graph of the straight line g ( x ) = x - 2 .
w
w

SOLUTION:
Required to draw: The graph of the straight line g ( x ) = x - 2 on the
same axes
Solution:
To draw a straight line, we need the coordinates of only two points
g ( x) = x - 2
When x = 0 When x = 6

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 g ( 0) = 0 - 2 g ( 6) = 6 - 2
= -2 =4

x y
0 -2
6 4

We plot the points ( 0, - 2 ) and ( 6, 4 ) , shown in red

m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w

(v) Hence, solve the equation x 2 - 6 x + 8 = x - 2 .

w

SOLUTION:
Required to solve: x 2 - 6 x + 8 = x - 2
Solution:
The graphs of y = x2 - 6 x + 8 and y = x - 2 meet at ( 2, 0) and ( 5, 3).
Hence, the solutions of x - 6 x + 8 = x - 2 are x = 2 and x = 5 .
2

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 MEASUREMENT, GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

10. (a) The diagram below, not drawn to scale, shows a circle with center O. The

m
vertices H, K and L of a quadrilateral lie on the circumference of the circle and
PKM is a tangent to the circle at K. The measure of angle HJL ˆ = 20° and

co
ˆ = 50° .
JKH

.
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa

Calculate, giving reasons for each step of your answer, the measure of:
w
w

(i) ˆ
HKL
w

SOLUTION:
Data: Diagram showing a circle with center O. The vertices H, K and L of
a quadrilateral lie on the circumference of the circle and PKM is a tangent
to the circle at K. The measure of angle HJLˆ = 20° and JKH ˆ = 50° .

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 m
co
ˆ .
Required to calculate: The measure of HKL
Calculation:

.
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w

ˆ = 20°
HKL
(Angles subtended by a chord, HL, at the circumference of the circle and
w

standing on the same arc are equal.)

w

(ii) ˆ
JOK

SOLUTION:
ˆ .
Required To Calculate: The measure of JOK

Calculation:

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 m
. co
hs
OJ = OK (radii) and which makes OJK isosceles.
Hence, OJKˆ = 50°

at
(The base angles in an isosceles triangle are equal)
m
ˆ = 180° - ( 50° + 50° )
JOK
= 80°
s
(Sum of the interior angles in a triangle is equal to 180°)
as

(iii) ˆ
JHK
sp

SOLUTION:
ˆ .
Required to calculate: The measure of JHK
.fa

Calculation:
w
w
w

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 ˆ = 90°
OKP
(The angle made by a tangent,( MKP,) to a circle and a chord (JK) at the point of
contact is 90°)

ˆ = 90° - 50°
JKP
= 40°
ˆ 0
JHK 40
=

(b) A ship travels from Akron (A) on a bearing or 030° to Bellville (B), 90 km away.
It then travels to Comptin (C) which is 310 km east of Akron (A), as shown in the
diagram below.

m
. co
hs
at
s m
(i) Indicate on the diagram the bearing 030° and the distances 90 km and 310
as

km.

SOLUTION:
sp

Data: Diagram showing the movement of a ship from Akron (A) on a

bearing or 030° to Bellville (B), 90 km away. It then travels to Comptin
(C) which is 310 km east of Akron (A), as shown in the diagram below.
.fa
w

Required to show: The bearing 030° and the distances 90 km and 310 km
on the diagram.
w

Solution:
w

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 m
(ii) Calculate, to the nearest km, the distance between Bellville (B) and

co
Comptin (C).

SOLUTION:

.
Required to calculate: The distance between Bellville (B) and

hs
Comptin (C).
Calculation:

at
s m
as
sp
.fa

By the cosine rule:

BC 2 = ( 90 ) + ( 310 ) - 2 ( 90 )( 310 ) cos 60°
2 2
w

= 8100 + 96100 - 55800 ( 0.5 )

= 104 200 - 27 900
w

= 76300
w

\ BC = 76300
= 276.224 km
= 276 km (correct to the nearest km)

(iii) ˆ .
Calculate, to the nearest degree, the measure of ABC

SOLUTION:

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 ˆ .
Required to calculate: The measure of ABC
Calculation:

m
co
By the sine rule:
310 276.224
=

.
ˆ
sin ABC sin 60°

hs
ˆ = 310 ´ sin 60°
sin ABC
276.224
= 0.9719
at
ˆ = sin -1 ( 0.9719 )
m
ABC
= 76.3°
s
as

ˆ is obtuse.
However, according to the diagram, ABC
Recall
sin (180° - q ) = sin q
sp

ˆ = 180° - 76.3°
\ ABC
.fa

= 104.7°
= 104° (correct to the nearest degree)
w

(iv) Determine the bearing of Comptin (C) from Bellville (B).

w

SOLUTION:
w

Required to determine: The bearing of Comptin (C) from

Bellville (B).
Solution:

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 m
ˆ .
The bearing of C from B is shown as NBC
Bearing of C from B = 3600 – (1500 + 104.70)

co
= 105.3°
= 105° (correct to the nearest degree)

.
hs
VECTORS AND MATRICES

æc 0ö at
÷ maps the point P ( 2, 3) onto the point Q ( 2, - 3) .
m
11. (a) The matrix T = ç
è0 d ø
s
(i) Determine the values of c and d.
as

SOLUTION:
sp

æc 0ö
Data: T = ç ÷ maps the point P ( 2, 3) onto the point Q ( 2, - 3) .
è0 d ø
.fa

Required to determine: The value of c and of d.

Solution:
P ¾¾T
®Q
w

æ c 0 öæ 2 ö æ 2 ö
ç ÷ç ÷ = ç ÷
w

è 0 d øè 3 ø è -3 ø
2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´1 = 2 ´1
w

æe ö
= ç 11 ÷
è e21 ø

e11 = ( c ´ 2 ) + ( 0 ´ 3)
= 2c
e21 = ( 0 ´ 2 ) + ( d ´ 3)
= 3d

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 æ 2c ö æ 2 ö
ç ÷=ç ÷
è 3d ø è -3 ø
Equating corresponding entries we get:
2c = 2 3d = -3
c =1 d = -1
Hence, c = 1 and d = -1 .

(ii) Determine the image of ( -5, 4 ) , under the transformation T.

m
SOLUTION:
Required to find: The image of ( -5, 4 ) , under the transformation T.

co
Solution:
æ1 0ö
T =ç ÷

.
è 0 -1 ø

hs
æ 1 0 öæ -5 ö æ e11 ö
÷ç ÷ = ç e ÷
ç
è 0 -1 øè 4 ø è 21 ø
2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´1 = 2 ´1
at
m
e11 = (1´ -5) + ( 0 ´ 4 )
s
as

= -5
e21 = ( 0 ´ -5 ) + ( -1´ 4 )
sp

= -4

æ e11 ö æ -5 ö
.fa

ç ÷=ç ÷
è e21 ø è -4 ø
w

\ The image is ( -5, - 4) .

w

(iii) Describe fully the transformation T.

w

SOLUTION:
Required to describe: The transformation T fully.
Solution:
æ1 0ö
T =ç ÷ describes a reflection in the x-axis.
è 0 -1 ø

(iv) Find the matrix that maps the point Q back onto the point P.

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 SOLUTION:
Required to find: The matrix that maps Q onto P.
Solution:
¾¾® Q
P ¬¾¾
T
-1
T

The inverse of T, written as T -1 will map Q back onto P.

æ1 0ö
T =ç ÷
è 0 -1 ø
T = (1´ -1) - ( 0 ´ 0 )
= -1

m
1 æ -1 - ( 0 ) ö

co
\T -1 = ç ÷
-1 è - ( 0 ) 1 ø

.
æ -1 0 ö

hs
= -1ç ÷
è 0 1ø
æ1 0ö
=ç ÷
è 0 -1 ø at
m
(b) The graph below shows three points P, Q and R, relative to the origin O.
s
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

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 æ xö
(i) Write a column vector in the form ç ÷ :
è yø

• the vector OP .

SOLUTION:
Data: Graph showing three points P, Q and R, relative to the origin
O.

æ xö
Required to write: OP in the form ç ÷ .

m
è yø
Solution:

co
P = ( 4, - 1)
æ 4ö æ xö
Hence, OP = ç ÷ is of the form ç ÷ , where x = 4 and y = -1.

.
è -1 ø

hs
è yø

• the vector QR .
at
m
SOLUTION:
æ xö
Required to write: OP in the form ç ÷ .
s
è yø
as

Solution:
QR = QO + OR
sp

æ0ö æ0ö
Q = ( 0, 2 ) Þ OQ = ç ÷ and QO = - ç ÷
è 2ø è 2ø
.fa

æ 3ö
R = ( 3, 7 ) Þ OR = ç ÷
è7ø
w

æ 0ö æ 3ö
\ QR = - ç ÷ + ç ÷
w

è 2ø è 7ø
w

æ 3ö æ xö
= ç ÷ which is of the form ç ÷ , where x = 3 and y = 5.
è5ø è yø

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the vector QR .

SOLUTION:
Required to find: The magnitude of QR .
Solution:

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 æ 3ö
QR = ç ÷
è5ø
( 3) + ( 5 )
2 2
\ QR =

= 34 units

æ7ö
(iii) On the graph provided, draw the vector OS = ç ÷ . Show that PQRS is a
è 4ø
parallelogram.

m
SOLUTION:

co
æ7ö
Required to draw: OS = ç ÷ on the diagram and show that PQRS is a
è 4ø
parallelogram.

.
hs
Solution:

at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

By the vector triangle law

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 QP = QO + OP
æ 0ö æ 4ö
= -ç ÷ + ç ÷
è 2 ø è -1 ø
æ 4ö
=ç ÷
è -3 ø
By the vector triangle law
RS = RO + OS
æ 3ö æ7ö
= -ç ÷ + ç ÷
è7ø è 4ø

m
æ 4ö
=ç ÷

co
è -3 ø

.
Hence, QP = RS , that is, QP = RS and QP is parallel to RS .

hs
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel and equal, then the

at
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram.
We could have used the sides QR and PS and done the same.
m
Alternative Method:
s
Q = ( 0, 2) and S = ( 7, 4 )
as

æ0+7 2+4ö
Midpoint of QS = ç , ÷ Type equation here.
è 2 2 ø
sp

æ 1 ö
= ç 3 , 3÷
è 2 ø
.fa

P = ( 4, - 1) and R = ( 3, 7 )
w

æ 4 + 3 -1 + 7 ö
Midpoint of PR = ç , ÷
w

è 2 2 ø
æ 1 ö
w

= ç 3 , 3÷
è 2 ø

Both diagonals of PQRS bisect at the same point. If the diagonals of a

quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram.

Alternative Method:
We could prove that PS and QR are parallel and PQ and SR are
parallel.

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 If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.

Alternative Method:
We could also prove that PQ = SR and QR = PS .
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

Alternative Method:
We could have proven that the angles at the opposite vertices are equal,

m
that is, Qˆ = Sˆ and Rˆ = Pˆ and concluded that PQRS is a parallelogram. This

co
method, though, is long and not very practical and involves a higher level
of mathematics than is required at CSEC mathematics.

.
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

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