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Dpte Course

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
248 views140 pages

Dpte Course

Uploaded by

Lechuta Samuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EDUCATIONAL

RESOURCES
STRANDS
1. LEARNING RESOURCES
2. ACQUISATION OF LEARNING RESOURCES
3. MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING RESOURCES

REFERENCES

1. MASTERING PTE EDUCATION


2. INTERNET
LEARNING RESOURCES

 Learningresources are things that make teaching


and learning easier and more meaningful
 Aretools used in teaching and learning or those
that support the teacher/facillitator in the
delivery of knowledge or help to emphasize
specific knowledge
Teaching and learning resources
 text books.
 novels.
 films.
 plays.
 radio programs.
 multimedia.
 digital learning resources including video, audio, text, animations and images.
 Realia
 Local environment
Assignment
Learning Resources

 In groups brainstorm on the importance of Learning


Resources.
 Each group to present at least three.
IMPORTANCE/PURPOSE OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
RESOURCES

 Enhance retention which makes learning more permanent


 Stimulate and sustain interest in learning
 Provide first-hand experiences with the realities of the physical and social
environment
 Help to overcome the limitations of the classroom and make what may be
inaccessible in class available, for example through films, videos, slides and
photographs.
IMPORTANCE/PURPOSE OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
RESOURCES
 Encourage active participation by learners especially resources that can
be handled and manipulated by the learners
 Make it easier for teacher to explain concepts hence saving time as it is
brief and precise
 Discourage rote learning and make abstract ideas more concrete.
 Make learning resource-based
 Helps the learner to develop the power of imagination, observation,
reasoning and creativity.
 Promotes the development of skills such as cooperation and sharing.
Assignment

 In groups discuss the quality of good learning resources


 Visit the nearest library or any other Learning Resource
Centre and identify the available learning resources. Take
photos to be used during class presentation using
PowerPoint software.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHING AND LEARNING
RESOURCES
1. Should be suitable for the level of the learners
2. Should capture and maintain learners interest throughout the lesson
3. Should be pleasant and acceptable to use. For example , they should not
have offensive smell or look scary.
4. Should canter for learner’s individual differences
5. Should be relevant and contain up-to-date information
6. Should be large enough for visiblity
7. Should be clear and audible
8. Should be neat and tidy
9. Should be safe for use
QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHING AND
LEARNING RESOURCES
10. Should be accurately made, that is they should be a
true representation of the information.
11. should not contain offensive information
12. Should be durable and cost-effective
13. Should be easy to use and manipulate
14. Should appeal to as many senses as possible
Assignment

In all learning areas in Primary School (CBC),


identify a strand, sub-strand and specific lesson
where teachers find it challenging to come up with
a relevant learning resource.

In the above identified lessons, brainstorm on


relevant solutions and present your findings in class
using powerpoint.
THREE DIMENSIONAL
LEARNING RESOURCES
What is a 3-D learning resource?

3D stands for three-dimensional. Everything we see in the


world around us is 3D or exists in three dimensions.
These dimensions are: 1) height, 2) width and 3) depth
(length).
Importance of 3D L.R.
 Apply Concept. Applying the idea that the students learned in school
to a real situation is the best outcome their learning could achieve.
 Increase Motivation.
 Easiest to Learn.
 Promotes Critical and Creative Thinking.
 Fun Learning.
Use digital devices to search the different
types of 3D Learning resources.
What is the importance of using each in class?

 Realia
 Specimen
 Models
 Diorama
 Mobile phones
 Others e.g. mobiles
REALIA
This are real things like;
 Live animals - insects, crustacean, arachnids, earthworms,
millipedes, etc.
 Live plants - grass, weeds, shrubs, trees, etc.
 Soil - clay soil, sandy soil, loam soil, etc.
 Farm tools - hoes, pangas, rakes, forks, etc.
 House hold things - plates, knives, forks, sufurias, etc.
 Science equipment and materials - basins, glass, candles, etc.
Advantages of using realia
 The real things are motivating.
 They provide the learner with the sort of direct
experience that cannot be obtained through other
media of learning no matter how well contrived
(designed).
 They allow children to apply various senses and thus
make learning effective.
 They are available in large quantities and are cheaply
obtained.
Limitations of using real things
 Some live animals easily scare away the pupils and may
cause a problem of class control, e.g. amphibians and
reptiles.
 Some real things are too big to bring into the classroom,
e.g. large mammals, trees, rivers, etc.
 Some real things are alive and they should be handled with
care or be allowed to remain in their natural habitat
without disturbances.
 Some of the real things are too small to be seen with the
naked eyes, e.g . bacteria.
 Some of the real things are dangerous or harmful to
handle, e.g. snakes, spiders, etc.
Specimens

 A specimen is a thing or part of a thing taken as a


representative of its group or class, e.g. a collection of
grasshoppers, locusts, earthworms, millipedes, etc. preserved
in separate specimen bottles for use when need arises.
Collections of preserved plants, soil samples of clay, sand,
loam, etc
Examples of specimen
Advantages of using specimen?
 Specimen allow children to observe and study objects that they
would not see at close range in normal circumstances.
 Use of specimen makes the learning situation come close to the
real thing and this makes learning effective.
 Specimen are not alive and can be stored where there is available
space.
 Specimen are portable and can be preserved, thus can be collected
from distances and be made available.
 They can be used for a long period of time if well preserved.
Limitations of using specimen
 Most of the preserved animal specimen are not alive and
active as the real animals. Therefore, certain
characteristics of the animals, e.g. movement of
fish, etc., cannot be observed.
 If poorly handled the preserved animals are easily
damaged.
 The preservatives used may produce offensive smell or be
harmful to the
pupils
Model

 A model is a recognisable three dimensional representation


of a real thing. The object represented may be larger or
smaller.
 A model may be complete in every detail or considerably
more simplified than the real object, e.g. a globe, an eye
model, ear model, etc. Some are commercial while others
are locally made. A model can be de- assembled and re-
assembled.
Examples of models
Advantages of using a model?
A model:
 is a three dimensional object" and thus gives the feeling of depth and
substance like the real thing.
 gives the feeling of the presence of the real thing.
 can be handled.
 can be used to reduce very large objects and to enlarge small ones to a
size that can be conveniently handled and observed.
 can be used to demonstrate the interior structure of objects with fine
details, without resorting to the damage of the real thing.
 can be used to represent a very highly complex situation or process.
Limitations of Models

A model may give the wrong impression of the real


thing if it is too small or too big
compared to the real thing. A model may also be
over-simplified and this would
misrepresent the real situation.
When is it appropriate to use a model?
It is appropriate to use a model when:
 The material or object is too large to bring into a classroom, e.g. the
earth, a farm, etc. in which case a globe and a farm model become
necessary to use respectivel y.
 Explaining a process that appears complicated to the pupils, e.g. the
teacher uses a globe to teach rotation of the earth and revolution around
the orbit.
 Discussing situations that are unfamiliar and far away from the pupils, e.g.
operations of a seaport, airport, etc. whereby a model of a seaport, etc.
should be constructed.
 The teacher wants the pupils to develop the skill of modelling in art, etc.
 The object of discussion is too small to be seen or handled, e.g. molecule.
D.N.A, Helix, etc.
Diorama
 A diorama is a three dimensional scene incorporating
objects, figures and background in perspective. They are
still display systems that combine a three dimensional
foreground of models, buildings and figures, etc., with a two
dimensional painted background thus creating a highly
realistic effect, e.g. (There are several of them used in
museums.)
Examples of Diorama
Advantages of using dioramas
Dioramas:
 can be used in a wide range of subjects.
 arouse pupils' interest and thus makes them focus their
attention on the topic.
 bridge the time gap in history and make the situation real.
 aid pupil's imagination and memory.
 their production can help develop pupil's creativity and
imagination.
Mobiles

 A mobile is a wall-chart in which the individual components


can move about so that what would have been seen as a
still picture "comes alive"; the objects become mobile and
give the impression of a three-dimensional object e.g.:
groups of food, classification of animals, etc.
Discuss and present merits and demerits
of 3D L.R.
Merits
 Less abstract and more concrete.
 Attracts learners attention
 Learners become more familiar with the real objects.
 Enhances collaboration
 Allows independent study.
Demerits
 Takes time to come up a quality 3d LR
 Cost of acquiring some items may be high
 Some materials are aren’t readily available.
 Storage- Some 3D L.R may require specific storage conditions.
 Prone to damage.
Audio-Visual Learning Resources

 Usedigital devices to search the meaning


of Audio- Visual L.R.
Audio-visual L.Rs. are instructional materials
that appeal to the sense of sight and hearing.
They are effective when teaching large
numbers of learners. They include educational
films, televisions, computers etc.
What is the importance of Audio Visual
L.Rs.?
Importance of Audio –Visual L.Rs.
 Learners will grow intellectually in their oral and written
communication and critical thinking skills.
 Learners will become aware of the ethical and spiritual
implications of communication on a diverse and global level.
 Learners will be knowledgeable of the latest in technology,
software applications, and visual communication skills with the
ability to demonstrate the skills in using technology.
In groups discuss the merits and
demerits of Audio Visual L.Rs.
Merits of Audio –Visual L.Rs.
 Best motivation.
 Clear image.
 Save energy and time.
 Antidote of the disease of verbal instructions.
 Capture attention.
 reinforcement to learner.
 Positive transfer of learning.
 Gain & hold student interest.
 Increase understanding and retention.
 Stimulate the development of understanding and
attitudes
Demerits of Audio Visual L.Rs.

 Its easier to lose focus


 Requires a well designed presentation or material
 Learners might pay more attention to the graphics
than the audio
How can one use the following
examples of Audio visual L.Rs. in class?
 LCD projector
Film projector
TV
Computer
VCD/DVD player
Virtual Classroom
Multimedia etc.
Television

 A television (TV) is an electronic system of transmitting still


and moving images with accompanying sound through wires or
space. It employs a system that converts light and
sound into electrical waves and then re-converts them into
visible rays and audible sounds.

 Thereare two types of T.V systems: open circuit TV
which employs transmissions through the air, e.g.
KBC television, and a closed circuit TV whose
programmes originate from a given source to reach
the TV receivers through cables, e.g. TV systems
used in colleges for micro-teaching.
What are the advantages of using TVs as
teaching resources?
 Television transmission makes it possible for the talents of expert teachers
to be put at the disposal of all schools within the range of transmission.
 The combination of sound and picture is close to the real experience. Pupils
are able to see the teacher unlike the case with a radio broadcast.
 Television can combine use of other media such as pictures, charts, films,
etc. and these keep the learner motivated and also enrich learning.
 A television can combine the use of an electron microscope and enable the
learner to observe an organism through the eye of the microscope viewer.
 Movements of the TV camera and use of video makes it possible. to take the
learner deep into the sea and high in the sky.
 Television viewing of well-made programmes is motivating to the learners; it
engages their vision and hearing, thus making learning effective.
What are the limitations of using
television broadcasts in teaching?
 The lesson's broadcast time is inflexible and sometimes
inconvenient.
 Interruptions and distractions at the receiving end can seriously
impair reception and effectiveness of the lesson transmission.
 Pupil participation is minimal.
 It does not allow pupils to ask questions.
 The TV teacher does not receive feedback from the learners,
and hence cannot determine whether the programme is
achieving the objectives of the lesson or not (she/he's not in'
contact with the learners).
How would a teacher prepare his/her
class for a TV broadcast lesson?
The teacher would be required to:
 Study the special vocabulary to be used in the programme and explain
it to the pupils.
 Spend reasonable time in preparing discussion and readiness resources
such as diagrams, etc.
 Define to the pupils the central purpose of what is to happen in the
lesson.
 Assume effective viewing conditions, e.g. ensure that there is no glare
and that the sound is clear.
 Have elementary knowledge on control of the TV receiver so that he/she
can adjust the set when need arises.
Educational films
What are the advantages of using a film
in teaching?
 A film has movement and can be used to show a process, e.g. germination of
a seed, fertilisation, cell division, etc. with speed and effect, etc.
 It can produce an impression that the viewer is watching something real
because it is three-dimensional in its impact.
 It is not limited to. time and space but can take the viewer into the past or
future
in a moment.
 It can take the viewer into space or plunge him/her into the ocean depths with
equal ease.
 It can concentrate attention by zooming in on a subject.
 It can help viewers to analyse movement by slow motion shots of fast actions
or speed shots of slow processes such as the bursting of buds or cacoons by
time lapse photograph.
What would a teacher look for when
selecting a good film?
 A teacher, in selecting a good educational film, should look for:
 Adequacy and appropriateness of the film for the age of
learners it is meant for.
 Treatment of the information - whether it is interesting,
enjoyable and easy to understand.
 Effectiveness of the teaching in the film.
 Clear sound track and good commentary by the presenter.
How would a teacher prepare his/her
pupils for film viewing?
 The teacher should:
 View the film earlier to decide whether its content is related to the
teaching and learning objectives.
 Introduce the film to the pupils and let them know what they are going
to view and the questions they should try to answer as they watch the
film.
 Give the film a first showing to the class.
 Discuss the film with a view of obtaining from the class its message and
identifying any important points missed in the first viewing.
 Show the film a second time.
What problems is a teacher likely to
encounter in using a film?
 The teacher may face the problems of operating the film
projector which
 requires specialised skills.
 The projector might break down when the show is on.
 The film strip may be defective an~ thus omit some important
information.
 Power failure may occur in the process of viewing or just before
the lesson
begins.
Why are educational films rarely used in
primary schools?
 Most schools have no electric power which is required to run
the projector.
 Most schools have no film projector and which is expensive
to buy and maintain.
 Many teachers do not have the skills required to operate
film projectors.
 Films are difficult to obtain.
Use MS Word to develop a mind map
illustrating the uses of audio visual learning
resources.
Extended activity

 visitOur Learning resources i.e.


Library and computer lab and identify
the different Audio visual Learning
resources found there.
Audio – Aural Learning Resources

 What is an Audio – Aural learning resource?


 Why use Audio – Aural in class?
 What are the merits and demerits of using Audio-
Aural resources in learning Process?
Audio and Aural L.Rs
 Audio means: sound, especially when recorded,
transmitted, or reproduced.
 Aural means: relating to the ear or the sense of hearing.

 Audio-Aural instructional materials appeal to the


sense of hearing. They are effective when
teaching large numbers of learners.
Importance of Audio and Aural L.R.

 supplement what the teacher has taught.


 use simple and clear language with a moderate rate of
speech delivery.
 interesting with a variety of voices, sounds and activities
for pupil participation.
 Accord opportunities for repetition of the vital points in
various ways
Advantages of Audio and Aural L.Rs.
 Are usually of high quality because of the preparation that is put
into them by the experts.
 Provide current research findings and up to date information.
 Are planned to engage the active participation of teachers and
pupils.
 Varies teaching methods which teachers can also learn.
 If properly used, motivate children to learn.
 Provide uniformity in teaching.
 Help to develop listening skills and imagination.
 Make information available which would otherwise not be
available
Disadvantages of Audio and Aural L.Rs.

 It does not cater for individual differences.


 It calls for use of one sense - that of hearing.
 It calls for concentrated attention.
 The language used may be too advanced for some
pupils.
• Search for the different types of Audio
and Aural L.Rs.

Indicate how they are used in learning


process.

What are the merits and demerits of using


each in learning?
Types of Audio and Oral L.Rs.
 Radio
 Tape-recorder
 Gramophone
 Linguaphone
 Audio cassette player
 Language laboratory
EXAMPLES OF Gramophone
A gramophone is an old type of record player. ... A gramophone plays
records: discs with grooves that are amplified by a needle.
Linguaphone

A language-teaching system based on the use of sound recordings


Audio cassette player
Language laboratory
A language laboratory is a dedicated space for foreign language
learning where students access audio or audio-visual materials.
They allow a teacher to listen to and manage student audio, which
is delivered to individual students through headsets or in isolated
'sound booths.
Graphics

 What are graphics learning resources?


Graphics
 According to Achuonye (2004), graphic materials are arts
by which we express ideas in lines, pictures, sketches,
and diagrams; it includes materials which inculcate facts
and ideas clearly and succinctly through a combination of
drawing, words and pictures.
Importance of graphics

 Certainly the primary aim of developing posters, charts


and graphs is effective communication through
presentation of clear visual summaries of important
processes or set of relationship through the combination
of pictorial graphic, lettering, numerical, or verbal
material.
Individually develop infographics to illustrate
the importance of graphics in learning
process.
Search for examples of Graphics used in
learning process
Charts

A chart is a useful way to present and


display information or instructions,
especially in a classroom or other
educational situation. It can range from a
large wall chart to a single piece of paper.
Quality Charts
 Ensure that the lettering is clear, uniform, proportional and bold
for legibility.
 Ensure that the first draft is in pencil.
 Use only as many colours as is necessary. For brilliance and
emphacis, use a dark colour against a light colour, e.g. black
against white, red against light green, etc. or a warm colour
against a cool colour (see chart below).
 Bind the edges of the chart if it is intended for future use by
using linen, stronger paper, sisal stalks, etc.
 Store the charts away from dust and pests.
What are the common errors found in
charts used by student teachers?
 The charts that are made and used by student teachers are often
not to scale particularly so, for the maps.
 The lettering is usually poor and in most cases uneven and with
spelling mistakes.
 The colours are used indiscriminately.
 The charts are never referred to in future lessons. They remain on
the walls as decorations long after their use and interest to the
learners has gone.
 They are either too detailed or too simple to be effective.
Posters

 A poster is a visual combination of bold design, colour


and the message intended to catch and hold attention of
a passer-by long enough to reinforce an important
message in his/her mind.
What should a teacher bear in mind
when producing a self-made poster?
 The poster should be dramatic with only prominent central
features standing out prominently so as to attract attention.
 The message should be simple so that it is capable of being taken
in at a glance.
 It should be visually attractive even though its subject matter may
be anything but pleasant.
What can posters be used for?

 To capture the interest of the learners at the beginning of a lesson.


 To warn the pupils of an impending danger of diseases; e.g. in
subjects like Science, the topics on diseases such as malaria, polio,
kwashiorkor, AIDS, COVID 2019 etc.
 In topics dealing with dangers of fire, road safety, etc.
Cartoons

 A cartoon is a pictorial representation of a person, an idea or a


situation, designed to influence public opinion. Cartoons often deal
with current affairs that are highly emotionally charged, e.g.
cartoons found in daily newspapers.
What can cartoons be used for in a
learning process?
 In training for an analytical mind.
 In developing creativity among the learners.
 To interpret a political situation and study current affairs.
What are the problems associated with
the use of cartoons?
 Cartoons usually oversimplify events.
 They have an element of bias.
 They are difficult to interpret.
 They are subject to misinterpretation.
Pictures

 A visual representation of something, especially in the


form of a painting, drawing, photograph, or the like.
What should a teacher consider when
selecting pictures for use in teaching?
 That bear relevance to the topic to be covered.
 That are appropriate for the age of pupils to be taught
 That are bold, clear and accurate.
 Whose message is straightforward.
 That are big enough to be seen by the whole class or group
What are the advantages of using flat
pictures?
 They are readily available in calendars, newspapers, old magazines, etc.
 They are easy to use in groups.
 They stir pupils' emotions and arouse their curiosity
 They motivate the learners.
 They are easy to store.
What are the limitations of using flat
pictures?
 They are often small in size and can only be used in groups or be
mounted on a manila paper for display on the wall.
 They lack in-depth for accurate perception.
 They are limited in communicating ideas that require motion.
Graphs
 Graphs are a visual representations of data involving
numbers and showing relationships between sets of
numerical data in a summarized form. Examples
include bar graphs, line graphs, pie-charts or circle
graphs, and pictorial graphs which use pictures to
represent values.
Diagrams
 A diagram is a sketchy visual representation of interrelationships
of facts and ideas, general patterns, or essential features of a
process, an object or an area.
Maps and globes
 Maps and globes are significant materials in the teaching of Social
Studies, History, Geography, Mathematics and Science.
 A globe is a spherical representation of the earth's surface. Globes
are more accurate
than maps because they represent the true shape of the earth. They
show the true
relationship between the land and the sea. A maps is a visual scaled-
down representation
of a flat surface or some portion of the earth on paper.
 Learners should first understand the symbols used before they can
read, use or
interpret maps and globes.
Types of maps
 Physical and political maps - These show political boundarie such as
countries and districts, as well as outlines of features such as
mountains, deserts, rivers and water bodies.
 Relief maps - These indicate the inequalities in elevation of the
earth's surface by use of colour.
 Pictorial maps - These use pictures, drawings and other symbols to
indicate the distribution of population, crops, minerals and ethnic
groups.
 Outline maps - These give the outlines that should be developed by
learners as they go through the lesson.
Advantages of using graphs,
diagrams and maps.
 When used in textbooks, they break the monotony of print.
 They help the learners to develop the skills of analysis and
interpretation.
 They make it possible to present large data in a summarized form.
Disadvantages of using graphs,
diagrams and maps.
* One may need to have a mathematical background in order to interpret
them correctly.

* If wrongly drawn, they can convey wrong information.


Types of Graphics
Graphic Type Role Examples

Describes or portrays content


Representational to focus on the components
that students should learn

Helps students grasp the flow


Organizational
or sequence of a difficult topic

Relies on data to display trends


Relational and other relations between
different variables

Is aesthetic in nature; may add


Decorative decoration to add appeal to
text-heavy content
Types of Graphics
Graphic Type Role Examples

Describes or portrays content


Biological diagram, building
Representational to focus on the components
blueprint
that students should learn

Helps students grasp the flow Maps, hierarchies, flowcharts,


Organizational
or sequence of a difficult topic animations

Relies on data to display trends


Bar graphs, pie charts,
Relational and other relations between
histograms, scatter plots
different variables

Is aesthetic in nature; may add


Images signaling the beginning
Decorative decoration to add appeal to
or end of a lesson or section
text-heavy content
Print Media

 These are publications. They are written materials that one is sure
to encounter and use in the course of teaching and learning. They
include textbooks.
What is the importance of Print media in
learning?
 Print
media helps to enhance students interest
and broaden their perspectives towards global
activities. Thus using newspapers and magazines
not only teach English better but give current
knowledge of the world happenings.
Advantages of using print media
 They save valuable time for the teacher. This is because they contain a
list of activities, review questions and recommended readings that the
teacher can adopt or adjust to suit their needs and those of the learners.
 They provide the necessary basic knowledge for a particular topic.
 They provide a common experience for the whole class. It is expected
that all the learners use one title for a specific subject.
 They are readily available, especially textbooks.
 They ensure continuity of learning in case there is a change of teachers.
 They last long if properly cared for.
 Relative to other aids, they need little maintenance.
Advantages of using print media cont..
 They are easy to store.
 They can be conveniently used at the learners' pace.
 They can be used by learners of all ages .
 They arouse the learners' interest in particular subjects or topics.
 Questions, for example in textbooks, enable learners to carry out
self-evaluation.
 They motivate learners to study and, thus, facilitate preparation for
the next topic.
 They convey information quickly.
 Their content is easy to remember as they involve the use of sight.
 They provide learners with the opportunity for independent study.
Disadvantages of print media
 Some of them have baseless information or propaganda.
 A number of textbooks may be poorly edited and may convey wrong or
inaccurate information.
 They get outdated easily and new editions are published. This makes their
use expensive.
 No single textbook can exhaustively cover a subject in the curriculum.
It may be necessary to buy more than one book for each subject area.
Types of print media.

• Text books
• Workbooks
• Reference books

• Fiction books • Non-fiction books

• Periodicals • Pamphlets

• Assignment cards • Flashcards


• Packs and kits
Textbooks
 A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive
compilation of content in a branch of study with
the intention of explaining it.

 Textbooks are designed for use in teaching the


whole or part of a particular study course.
Factors to consider when choosing textbooks
 The price should be affordable.
 The quality of paper used should be good.
 The binding should be durable andfirm.
 The size of the print should be comfortable to read and appropriate
according to the learners' age.
 The nature of illustrative materials such as photographs and drawings
should be accurate, relevant and able to sustain the interest of the
learners.
 The date of publication or revision of the book to ensure the most current
edition is purchased.
 The activities suggested in the book should refer to easily available
resources.
 The content should be organized III a systematic and logical manner.
Care and maintenance of textbooks
Book users should take care of books by:
 Washing their hands before handling a book.
 Storing and using books in clean and dry places.
 Closing books after use and not leaving them open and face down as this
causes them to fall apart along the spine.
 Turning pages by holding the corner of the page and not the middle of
the page.
 U sing bookmarks instead of folding a leaf of the book to mark a page.
Display Boards
What is a display board?
Why use a display board in learning process

 What is a display board?


 Why use a display board in learning process?
 Discuss the merits and demerits of display boards
and present.
 Look for different types of the display boards and
how they are used.
Meaning of Display Boards.

 The display board is a melting pot of knowledge on


different subjects, news, events, schedules,
activities, etc – it's where people go to first to get
any information about what is happening or what's
going to happen in the school or institute. The
advantages of using classroom display boards are
many
Importance of display boards

 Classroom display boards are a great way to get your students


engaged, excited and working together.
 Helping to maximize learning and personal skills.
 Not only do they encourage visual learning and interactive
lessons, but they also help children to develop their personal skills
and harness their creativity
Merits and demerits of display boards
Various types of display boards

Boards used as teaching and learning resources include,


 Chalkboards.
 Flannel boards.
 Bulletin boards. e.t.c.
Chalkboards
 A chalkboard is a reusable writing surface on which the
teacher writes and draws using chalk.
 In some schools and in some instances, the chalkboard may be
the only teaching and learning resource available. It should,
therefore, be used extensively, variously and effectively.
Teachers tend to forget to make maximum use of the
chalkboard, yet without it, they find it difficult to teach.
The different types of chalkboards include:
 Fixed chalkboards.
 Portable chalkboards.
 Horizontal sliding boards.
 Vertical sliding boards.
Using the chalkboard
 Write the date, class, subject and topic on the chalkboard at the start of the lesson. '
 Always keep the chalkboard clean. Wash it periodically with water and soap'
 Erase any written material on the chalkboard after each use as a matter of courtesy for
the next teacher.
 Write horizontally and straight.
 Keep the handwriting neat, legible and uniform.
 Make sure that all the learners can see the chalkboard. The best way to test for
visibility is to view the written material from the back and from both the left and right
sides of the classroom.
 Use underlining, encircling or framing to focus attention on important details. Coloured
chalk can also be used .
 Develop illustrations as you teach .
 However, complicated drawings, diagrams, tables and graphs can be prepared before
the lesson begins to avoid time wastage
Using the chalkboard cont…
 When the teacher needs to talk while writing, he or she should make sure he or
she talks to the class and not to the chalkboard.
 Use a clean duster to erase or make corrections on the chalkboard.
 Do not ask learners to copy work from the chalkboard while you are still
writing. Some may be frustrated as they may not see the writing clearly.
 When pointing at or explaining something, always stand at the side and use a
pointer to avoid obstructing the learners' view.
 Avoid too many details on the chalkboard as this may confuse the learners.
 Organize work systematically on the chalkboard. Divide it into- convenient
working sections depending on the needs of each subject.
 Develop the summary on the chalkboard as the lesson develops.
Uses of C.B.
 To record learners' ideas and suggestions as they develop or the main
points of a lesson during discussions.
 To write questions to be discussed or answered, or mathematical problems
to be worked out by the learners.
 To define technical terms, key words or concepts.
 To develop sketch maps or drawings to emphasize specific points as the
lesson progresses.
 To write a Ie son summary for learners to copy especially where textbooks
are scarce
 To mount charts, and other teaching and learning resources.
Materials that help the teacher to use the
chalkboard effectively include:
 The metre ruler - is used for drawing lines and taking measurements.
 A string - It can be used to draw circles in the absence of the conventional
equipment.
 Duster - It is used to clean the chalkboard to allow for more writing.
 Perforated map outlines and templates - These are used to trace out map
outlines and other diagrams.
 A mathematical set - The components are used for illustrating and
demonstrating the construction of mathematical figures on the chalkboard.
 A chalkboard pointer - It is used to point at and emphasize facts and figures.
 Templates - Templates are cut-out shapes made from plywood or hard
cardboard that can be placed on the chalkboard and an outline traced
around them neatly
Advantages of using the chalkboard
 It is readily available.
 It is easy to use.
 It is versatile and adaptable to requirements of all subjects.
 It is inexpensive to install and maintain.
 It helps learners to perceive the intended information.
 It may be used to involve learners more actively in learning.
 It can be used alongside other teaching and learning aids such as models,
charts and books.
Disadvantages of using the chalkboard
 Illustrations such as maps are often not drawn to scale.
 Information that is written incorrectly on the chalkboard and is not
corrected may be learnt wrongly.
 The teacher has to keep turning his or her head away from the learners
as he or she writes on the chalkboard. This breaks eye contact and, if
overdone, may lead to loss of class control.
 Information cannot be stored for long on the chalkboard.
 Inexperienced teachers may produce disorganized work.
 If too much information is put on the chalkboard, it confuses the
learners.
 Chalk dust can cause allergic reactions or respiratory problems.
Flannel boards
 Flannel boards are display surfaces covered with fabric such as
flannel or felt. The fabric should be plain so as not to compete
with the material displayed on it. Material or information is
prepared and fixed using Velcro or masking tape
The flannel board can be used when:
 Telling stories, with the aid of cut-out pictures or drawings.
 Teaching new vocabulary. For example, a picture can be placed on the
board and learners asked to construct a sentence or tell a story about it.
 Teaching Mathematics where mathematical principles such as fractions,
geometrical figures and other symbols may be introduced using cut-outs.
 Teaching Geography where learners can construct maps in stages by placing
names of counties and their capital cities, and symbols of crops, ethnic
groups and industries on map outlines.
Bulletin boards
 A bulletin board is a display or exhibit medium more
commonly referred to as the noticeboard.
Uses of the bulletin board include:
 To supplement textbook materials.
 To arouse the learners' interest in a particular subject or topic in order
to motivate them to carry out further research or study on it.
 To introduce a new topic by displaying materials that will provide
background information on the same.
 To summarize a topic of study by displaying materials that will help the
learners to organize their thoughts and knowledge, and draw
conclusions.
 To display the work of the learners in order to encourage them to do
better.
 To display relevant and current ideas designed to prod the learners to
think, critique and carry out evaluation.
 To serve as a point of reference for developing a lesson or for using
audio- visual aids.
White boards
 Whiteboards, or small dry erase boards, allow learners to work
collaboratively in small groups, and present their thinking in a visual
way as part of the learning process.
 Using whiteboards, students working in groups can “report out” to
the entire class. More than one student can contribute to the group’s
whiteboard, so students can easily fix their errors, revise their
thinking, and rewrite their ideas.
 The teacher can walk around the classroom and observe the
development of students’ thinking as they write their whiteboards.
 This fosters communication between the teacher and students, and
among students.
ICT Resources
 What is Information and Communication Technology(ICT)?
 Discuss and present the importance of ICT in learning process.
 Identify the merits and demerits associated with the use of ICT in class.
 Search for the different types of ICT tools used in learning process and
establish how they are used.
 Classify the ICT resources in terms of how they are used in learning. i.e.
o Computing
o Display
o Storage
o Assessment etc.
What is Information and Communication
Technology (ICT)?
 refers in principle to all technologies used in processing information
and communicating in most educational circles. It means computer
technology, multi-media and networking, especially the Internet.
 ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit
or receive information electronically in a digital form. The 'C' part of
ICT refer to the communication of data by electronic means usually
over some distance.
 Information can be in form of data, voice conversation (e.g. radio
broadcast schools), still images, motion pictures, multimedia
presentations, etc.
Importance of ICT resources in Learning
 Extends the learning experience – raises standards across the curriculum to
improve the delivery of lesson content and allows students to engage in class
in a variety of ways.
 Extends learning – takes learning beyond the four walls of the classroom for
an anytime, anywhere approach. Meaning students and teachers can
continue to work and access resources even from home.
 Enriches the curriculum – provides access to a whole host of information
and encourages collaborative working and communication with others. The
world is effectively brought into the classroom and pupils become more
engaged in their learning.
 Expands learning horizons – access to fast internet connections allows for
learning materials to be viewed, downloaded and worked through quickly. As
well as this, the use of tools such as Skype for Business can be a great way of
broadening the learning horizon by collaborating with others anywhere in the
world!
Merits of using ICT in learning
 It increases learner motivation, i.e. it keeps the learners active with interest for
the whole lesson and thus tends to gain the learners' attention which is ideal for
instruction and learning.
 Students will access and retrieve a lot of electronic information. It therefore
encourages collaborative learning as pupils can work in groups.
 It makes learning environment more powerful; learners can visualise problems
and solutions more easily.
 It increases teacher productivity as a teacher can develop a drawing and notes
with
ease.
 The teacher can vary his/her teaching approaches and provide real life
experiences.
What are the dangers of using lCT in learning?
 In the Internet, children can access the wrong things/information, e.g.
pornography, computer viruses and plagiarised material.
 A lot of distractions may occur, e.g. when the children play games, listen to
 music, watch videos, send e-mails, etc.
 Children tend to learn more of theory other than practicals.
 There is a lot of incorrect information in the Internet.
 Computers cannot give as much information as can' be derived from human
 interaction.
 ICT is very expensive and not all students get the same opportunities.
 Computers are not as reliable as teachers are.
 Working on computers all day may be harmful to one's health.
Types of ICT resources used in learning.

 Desktop and  PenDrive  DVD and CD


laptops  Ipod  Flash disc
 Smartphone  Ipad  video Game
 Projector  Webboard  Internet
 Digital camera  Scanner
 Printer  Microphone
 Photocopier  interactive
 tablet white board
Classification of ICT Resources.
 Computing devices.
 Display devices.
 OERs.
 Educational platforms with content.
 ICTs for learners with disabilities among other emerging
technologies.
Acquisition of Learning Resources

 Sourcing for learning resources


 What do we mean by sourcing learning materials?
 What are the different ways of sourcing Learning
materials?
 What are merits and demerits of different
methods used for sourcing learning materials?
 Develop a proposal for sourcing learning materials
and present.
Development of learning resources.
In groups;
 Identify different types of learning resources for use in
learning.
 Design different types of learning resources for use in
learning.
 Develop different types of learning materials
School Production Unit.

 What is a school production unit?


 Search from the internet among other sources for the
requirements of establishing a school production unit.
Project

Individual work;
 Design, develop and produce a certain type of learning
resource.
 Prepare and make presentations of the final products
produced during the project work
End of Term One

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