CHAPTER

1 Electric Charges and Fields

Check Point-1 m' 1

1. (b) :F- mo and F of (16x 10 Ane, (16 10

mg_9x 10 x98 (c): Let us consider ball 1has any type of charge Balis 1and 2 must
16x10
-55x 10" NIC have different charges, and balls 2and 4 must have different charges, i e.
balls 1and 4 must have sarne charges but electrostatics attraction is also
2 (a): Charge is the property of a particle which produces electrical in
fluence around it present in (1, 4) which is impossible. Hence, ball 1can be neutral
2 (c): Electronic charge is always present on proton and electron.
6 (a): The position of the balls in the satellite will become as shown
in fiqure
4. (d): The total force on 0 180°
40 +0 +0
1
X=0 X= I/2
Thus,angle 9 = 180° and Force 4TE, (2l
40 40
= 0: ’Q=-Q 7. (c) : Force on each charge is zero But f any of the charge is displaced,
the net force starts acting on all of them.
8. (d) : Object can be charged by rubbing. During ruboing some of the
5 (c): In the given fiqure, the electric lines of force emanate from A free electrons may get transferred from one object to other.
and C.Therefore, charges Aand Cmust be positive. K(9e)q Keq
9. (b) : = =12cm
Check Point - 2 (16r'
10. (a)
11. (a): The field lines of asingle positive charge are radialy outward.
1 (a) : By Gauss's theorem. |ø; |= 12. (b) : The field lines of single negative charge are radialy inward.
13. (d) : An object is said to be charged, if it has adeficiency of eiectron
2. () : 0=2=0 (:: Charge on dipole is zero.] or excess of electrons. That means it contains an unequal number of protons
and electrons.
3 (c) : Since electric lines of force passed only through the four faces
of cube so, electric flux will be +
14. (a) : Metal plate acts as an equipotential surface, therefore the field
lines should enter normal to the surface of the metal plate.
1.8x10-6 15. (c): As the electric field applies the force on electron in the direction
4. () : By Gauss's law, o= 9 8.85x10-122.0x10° Nm²ç-1 opposite toits motion, the velocity of the electron will decrease.
eo
5 (d):: Total charge enclosed is zero, 16. (c): If there were identical charges at each corner of the regular
0=0 polyqon, then the electric field at the centre would have been zero. We
conclude from here that the field due to one charge is equal in magnitude
NEET Warmup to the combined field of allthe remaining charges. That is, k.
17. (a): Electric field inside a conductor is zero.
1. () : The radius of soap bubble increases when it is charged. There is 18. (d): The electrostatic lines of force do not make a closed loop.
an outward force actingon the bubble due to charging.
2 19. (a)
(a) : Minimum possible charge resides on an electron, which is,
e= 1.6 x 10-19C 20. (d): The property which differentiates the two types of charges is
called the polarity of charge.
Force : 1 (e)(e) (9x10°)x(1.6x10 ")x(1.6x10-) 21. (b): It is the property of some materials to acquire equal and opposite
ATE, (distance) (0 charges when rubbed against each other.
=9x 1.6 x 1.6 x10-29 force = 2.3 x102N 22. (d) : Human body conducts electricity.
3. (a) : fal9x 23. (b): According to the question,
Number of electrons removed = number of atoms in 1g
Again,F1(20) (2q) 1 4q' 4x1020
F'= =F =4x10
ATE (2r 4TE 4r? 10
So, the force willremain the Charge, q = ne = 4 x 10" x 1.6 x 10-19 C= 6.4 x 10-2 c
same.
4. (d) : They will not experience any force if |FGl=|fo| 24. (d):Electrostatic forces are both attractive and repulsive depending
upon the type of charge, but gravitational force is always attractive.

PHYSICS Xn Electric Chages and Fields | 521

25. (c):In the given problem, r >>a 40. (d)
1_P 1gla) 41. (b) : Oner = xQen ’Qene =(0, -¢)E,
x5x10-* 42. (b) : = AE, =100x V2 =141.4 Vm
or E-9x10 x10x10®
0.15x0.15x0.15-N/C = 1.33 x 10 N/C 43. (b) : Electric field at any point on Gaussian surface is due to
26. (c) : Debye is the unit of electric dipole moment. all charges.
27. (b) 44. (c): To apply Gauss's theorem it is essential that
28. (a):
charge should be placed inside aclosed surface. So imagine
another similar cylindrical vessel above it as shown in the
Case (i) Case (ii) Case (iii) figure (dotted). So, the flux through the surface will be half the
F= 0 F= 0 F=0
total flux.
T= 0(0= 0) T= 0(0 = 180°) t= pEsin90° = pE 45. (c) : For electric dipole inside Gaussian's surtace, the flux Coming a.
U=-pEcose U=-pE cos180 U=-pE cos90 =0 due to positive charge is equal to the flux
=-pE = pE coming in due to negative charge. From Gauss law, total flux pasSing thru
In case () and (ii), force and torque on the dipole is zero. the sphere = 0.
46. (b) : Here E=8i +4j+ 3k; S=100
¢=E-S=300 units
47. (b) : = (E-ds =(2i +4j+3k)-(10j) = 40 units
48. (d) : ¢=-rR'E + R'E =0
In case (0, dipole is in stable equilibrium as potential enerqy is minimum 49. (c): In a uniform electric field, an electric dipole experiences atoroe
in this case. but net force is zero.
Also if it is slightly disturbed from its mean position, it returns to its mean 50. (d): Field due to infinite long plane sheet of charge is independert
position. of the distance; = o/2E
29. (b): The number of field lines crossing an area is directly related to
electric flux passing through surface. In first case the flux crossing the surface NCERT Corner
is more than the flux crossing through surface in second case, so n,>. 1. (d) : When aglass rod is rubbed with silk cloth then some of the
30. (b):The direction of electric field at an equatorial point will be in electrons from the glass rod get transferred to silk cloth and thus the gass
opposite direction, as that of direction of dipole moment. rod gets positive charge and the silk gets negative charge. No new chage
31. (a) : As the dipole will experience two forces which are although is created in the prOcess of rubbing.
opposite, but not equal. 2. (b) : Mass of water = 250g,
Anet force will be there and as these forces act at different points of Molecular mass of water = 18g
a body a torque is also there. Number of molecules in 18 g of water = 6.02 x1023
32. (b): Maximum torque =pE Number of molecules in one cup of water = 250
18 X6.02 ×1023
=2x 10x 3 x 10 x 2 x 105= 12 x 10 Nm. Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom,
33. () : 7=px i.e., 10electrons and 10 protons.
Total positive charge present in one cup of water
= 250
18 x6.02 x 10? x10×1.6x10-19 c= 1.34 x 10' C
3. (d): Here, q= -6 x 10-C
Number of electrons transferred from wool to polythene,
Toutward -6x10-7
= 3.75 x 10 electrons
e -1.6x10-19
Torque is due to E,, therefore it points along z-axis. 4. (c): The charge coming out in one second
= 1.6 x 10-19 Cx 10 = 1.6 x 10-10 C
34. (d) : On equatorial line of electric dipole, E (:r>>a) Time required to accumulate a charge of 1C
1
35. (d) : Flux through 6 surfaces =9 1.6x10-10 -=6.25x10s = 198 years
Since, allthe surfaces are symmetrical.
5. (b) : Total charge, q= +2.4 C
So, Flux through one surfaces =!9 Then by quantization of charge, g = ne
6 Eo 2.4C
.'. number of electrons, n = 4 = 1.5 x 1019
36. (c): The nature pertains to Area vector. 1.6x10-19c
37. (c) : =AE, =100x V3 =173.2 Vm 6. (a): Mass of the coin = 0.75 g.
Atomic mass of aluminium = 26.98 g
38. (c): Number of Al atoms in the coin,
6.02 x 1023
39. (b) N= x0.75 = 1.67 x 1022
26.98

522 | Electric Charges and Fields PHYSICSx

As atomicnumber (Z) of Al is 13, each atom of Al contain 13 protons and
13 electrons. Magnitude of positive and negative charges in one paisa coin As E =
= NZe = 1.67 x 102 x 13 x 1.6 x 101 C= 3.47 x 104c x(-1.2x 10)
7. (b) : Here, let q = 1x 10 C, q,= 2 x 107c .i. q= (4rE,r') E= (0.2) =-5.3 x 10-9 C
9x10
r= 20 cm = 20 x 10- m
9x10x1x 10 x2x10 16. (a): Here, n= 10, E= 3.65 x 10 NC
As F= =4.5 x 10N Po = 1.26gcm=1.26 x 10 kg m
4TE,r (20x 10)' As the droplet is stationary,
8. (b) : Charge of proton is, q, = 1.6 x 10-19 c weight of droplet = force due to electric field
Distance between the protons is, r = 3 x 101 m 4 3neE
nI'pg =neE;. r
The magnitude of electrostatic force between protons is Atpg
9x10x1.6x 10- x1.6x10-19 = 25.6 N B- 3x10x1.6x10x3.65x10" = 1.13 x 10-18
F.= 4×3.14 x1.26x 10x9.8
(3x10-15)?
r= (1.13 x 1018)1/3 = 1.04 x 10- m
9 (b) : Here, q, =q, =3.2 x 10 C, r= 60 cm =0.6 m
Electrostatic force, 17. (c): Particles Aand Bhave negative charges because they are being
1 492 = (9x10°) (3.2x10- )? = 2.56 x 10- N deflected towards the positive plate of the electrostatic field. Particle Chas
(0.6) positive charge because it is being deflected towards the negative plate.
Deflection of charged particle in time t in y-direction
10. (c) : Here, q = +3uC, 9, =+ 4 uC, F=10 N 1gE ,2 i.e., ho qim
q'= +3-6 = -3 uC, 9= +4-6=-2 uC,
F'(0)() = 8)x(-2)_6_1
h=0xt+5al' = m deflection in y-direction, so it has highest
As the particle Csuffers maximum
3x4. charge to mass (g/m) ratio.
18. (d) : Given v, = 4x 10° ms', d= 1cm = 1 x 10- m
PaBxf=}xi0-5N E =8.2 x 10' NC-,q=e= 1.6 x 10-19 C, m, =9.1 x 10-3' kg
The electron will strike the upper plate at its other end of length L(say) as
11. (b): For an electron and a proton :
soon as its deflected.
Electrostatic force, Fl= 1 e
d_10
Y==-m=5x10m
Gravitational force, |F= Gm,m, As y=
1 2mv
|2x9.1x10x(4x10°) x5x10-3
9x10° x(1.6x10-19) 1.6x 10-19 x 8.2x10
= 2.4 x 1039 L=3.3 x 10 m = 3.3 cm
6.67 x101 x9x103x1.66x10-27
The electrons will strike the upper plate at its other end, if length of the
12. (b) : Here, q, = 0.2 uC = 0.2 x 10 C plate is 3.3 cm.
9; =-0.4 uC=-0.4 x 10 C, F=-.4 N 19. (b) :F= gE =5 x 10-6 x 2 x 105 = 1N
As F=
Since, the particle is thrown against the field
1
a =-Flm = =-10 m_-2
02x10-x0.4x10 x9x10 10
04 As v'-u'= 2as
r=18 107= (12 10 = 0.0424 m=42.4 x 10 m 0-(20) =2x(-10) xs or s =0.2 m
13. (c): 2iaatacton between an electron and a proton 20. (d) : Here, the direction of field is upward.
So the negatively charged electron experiences
e310,(1.6210y =2.3x 10- N a downward force.
4TE (10-y :. The acceleration of electron is
2.3x10-3
Acceleration of electron = F =2.5x 10 ms a, =
eE
... 0
9x10-31 m,

Acceleration of proton = F 2.3x10 =1.4x 1019 ms2 The time required by the electron to fall through a distanceh is
1.66 x 10-27 2h2hm, (using (0)
14. (d) : Forces of repulsion on 1C charge at Odue to 3uC charges, at
and C are equal and opposite. So they cancel each other.
A 2x1.5x10 x9.11x10-3172
= 2.9 x 10-9s
Similarly, torces of attraction of 1uC charge at Odue to -4 uC charges at B 1.6x 10-19 x2x10
and Dare also equal and opposite. So they also carncel each other.
Hence the net force on the charge of 1uC at O iS Zero. 21. (d) : Dipole moment is a vector quantity and has magnitude of 2ga
15. (c) and it is in the direction of the dipole axis from -g to q.
Here, distance of point from the centre of the sphere, r =20cm
=0.2 m 22. (c): Dipole possesses both positive and negative charge. So net
Electric field, E=-1.2x 10°NC-l charge inside the shell is zero. So no field will be created outside the shell

PHYSICS x Electric Charges and Fields | 523

 KAcin a
due to electric dipole. Electric field willbe created only by charge Qthat it Electric field. E=
carries. Thus electric field outside the shell, E 2x9x10 x(-1.75x10) 2.4/2 =- 6.8 x10NC
23. (c):When there are various types of charges in a region, but the total 4.6x 10-3 +(4.6x10-3)
charge is zero, the region can be supposed to contain anumber of electric
dipoles. Therefore, at points outside the region, the dominant electric field spherical shell, the field noint
31. (d): For a thin uniformly charged
« for large r. outside the shell at a distancex from the centre
is

Z4. (d): The point lies on equatorial line of a short dipole. E=

2g/ 9x10x10x10-8 = 0.09 NC-1 g4rR
(10-h3 If the radius of the sphere is R, Q=
1 g4TR oR
25. (d): Here, E =2x 10 NC,/=2cm, T= 4 Nm .:. E=
4rE
Torque, =pxE, t= pf sine distance trom the centre tic
This is inversely proportional to square of the centre.
4 =px 2 x 10 x sin30° or p = 4 x 10Cm concentrated at the
as if the whole charge is
2x 10 Cm = 2 x 10C= 2mC =TU .:. r= lln
Charge, q= =: 0.02 m
32. (a) :l= semi-circumference =
2f
Distance between charges = 2r =
26. (b) : When acharge +q is placed at the centre of spherical cavity as
shown in fiqure. New dipole moment =qx
+0

Initial dipole momentp =qx/’q=

/R2 .:. New dipole moment =
New dipole moment =
R,
33. (d): Flux through closed surface is (gle,) charge inside the surface
irrespective of the size. It has 6 faces thus through each face
=lotal flux 1

Charge induced on the inner surface =-q ...(.)

34. (a):Work done =- pEcose
l)
Charge induced on the outer surface = +q ...i)
W=-pE cos60°
Surface charge density on the inner surface = -q
4nR W=

27. (d) : As ¢E ds = , where q is charge enclosed by the surface. where p is dipole moment of dipole and Eis the electric field applied.
When 4E d5=0,g=0 ie., net charge enclosed by the surface must be The work done required to rotate dipole by 180° is
zero. Therefore, all other charqes either can be outside the surface or the net W=-pE cos180° = pE = 2W.
charge inside the surface is zero. 35. (b) : From vector diagram shown in figure,
28. (d) : According to Gauss's theorem in electrostatics

Ap
Here g is harge enclosed by the surface. If the charge is outside the surface, p
therefore Gnside =0 K45°
Also, fE-d5 = 0. 4 P3 3
So both (b) and (c) are correct. Pi =qa =p,, P, =2V2ga
29. (b): from figure, it is clear that square ABCD is one of the six faces
of a cube of side 12 cm. By Gauss's theorem, total electric flux through all P, =P;tP cos 45° = qa +2V/2ga-=20a
the six faces of the cube =
Py =P tP, sin 45° =2qa :. p=p: +p; =2V2ga
Electric flux through the square 36. (c)
10x10-6 6 cm
14 =x 8.85x 10-1? D
o 1c2m
37. (b) : Electric flux through ABCD =zero for the charge placed outside
the box as the chargedenclosed is zero. But for the charge inside the cuDe,
=3.8 x 10 Nm'c-1 12 cm it is through all the surfaces. For one surface, it is
6£0
30. (c) : Here, / =2.4 m, r =4.6 mm =4.6 x 10m
q=-4.2 x 10-c 38. (a)
-4.2 x10-] 39. (a) : This consists of two dipoles, -q and +q with dipole moment
Linear charge density, =}= 2.4 =-1.75 x 10- Cm-1
along with the +y-direction and -g and +q along the x-direction.

524 | Electric Charges and Fields PHYSICS XI

 50. (d):Flux through surface A, , = -E x R' and ¢a = E x R
ds
+q%

q xa

-20 C B

qxá

Flux through curved surface C= [E-dZ =[E ds cos 90° =0

The resultant moment = va'a' +g'a' =V2ga. Total fux through cylinder =, +o; +Or =0
Along the direction 45° that is along OP where P is (+a, ta, 0).
40. (c): As, Tmay =pE sin 90° NEET Xtract
=q(2a) E= 106 x 2 x 10- x 10 = 2 x 10 Nm 1. (b): R= 10cm = 10 m, k= 10
41. (d) : Force on charge F=OÂ E=6.4 x 10-4V m1
particle moves opposite to with ù q=6.4 x 10-12 c
Unit vector in the direction of ViS A5 The electric field intensity is given as,
1
E=
Unit vector in the direction of 4TEk
1 1 9x10° 6.4x10-12
10 6.4x104
r=9 or r=3 m
2 (d) : L= 2 m
Electric fluX Ø=-Å=5/ N2 Nm'IC Q=100 yC=100 x 10-C= 10C, k= 3,r= 3m
42. (d) : Radius of intercepted part 10-4
A===x10* =0.5 x 10 =5x 10-5 C/m
The electric field intensity at a point outside a charged conducting cylinder,
43. (c) : For the closed surface made by disc and hemisphere 1 1 22 9x10°x2x5x 10-5-=10
9n =0. Enet =0 E= 2regk x 3x3
Odisc + O4s. =0 . OHs =- disc =
E= 10 N/C
3. (b):o=17.7 x 10-10 C/m?
r=4m;E= 2 x 10- V/m
45. (a): Angle between area vector and electric field is zero at all points
on the hemisphere. The electric field intensity is given as, E Oh
¢=[-d [EdAcos 0 R2ter_2x10 x8.85 x1o-12 x16 2x16x1o-14
=E•dA =E(2TA') =2ER? 17.7x 10-10 2x10-10 =16x10
46. (b): Net flux through the closed surface R= 4x 10 m= 4 cm
Oner =+ 20 + 30 + 10- 15 =45 Nm²/C 4. ():The point Bmust be more distant from 36 uC.
From Gauss'stheorem, o=n or 45=Yn Let x cm be distance of point Bfrom charge 36 uC and k - 10) cm from
in=(45)e charge -16 uC.
47. (c) : Electric field at a distance Ris only due to sphere because electric A X B (-10)cm C
field due to shel inside it is always zero. For resultant force on unit positive charge at Bto be zero.
130 36x10-6 16x10-6
Hence, electric field
4ne,(Xx10 4rTe, ((x 10)>x10}
48. (b) : The x-component of electric field is constant and does not 16 4
contribute to net flux through the cdosed surface. 36 or
(x-10) XX-10
Due to y-component, or 6x- 60 = 4x or 2x = 60 orx= 30 cm
Incoming flux =-6 units (:y= 0)
Outgoing flux =9 units (y= 1) So Blies outside two charges towards the smaller charge.
Net charge q=e,jE-d5 =3e, 5. (c):F=AL1 En
49. (b) : Flux linked with the given sphere =
where, Q= Charge enclosed by the sphere.
Hence, Q=Qe, = (EA)E ’Q= 4n (Y%) xAYo E =4TeAYo
3.2x10=9x0 x4x10x8x10-6
X4 ...)

PHYSICS XI Electric Charges and Fields | 525

After qiving additional charge of -6 x 10 Cto each, we have The field lines are normal to metal surface. Hernce option (b) is incorrect Roth
the conditions are satisfied in option (c). Hence (c) represents the corecs
E'9x10x(-2)x10x2x10-6 ...(0) answer
P) Q(+)
r
15. (c):According to option (c), the electric
attractive
Divide (i) by (i) 3.2
4 fields at 0due to
x10-232 (i) Pand S nullify each other
Q
and T nullifyeach other 7R+)
F(attractive) =4 x 10 N (i)
(ii) Rand Uadd up to 2£
6. (b) : Charges are proportional to the radii.e., Hence option (c) represents the answer. T(+) S-)
kq,_kq, 16. (b):Acceleration of electron = a,
a
but surtace charge densities are inversely proportional to the radius. As Force on electron eE
Mass of electron : S=ut+a
E= kg such that

S=0+5244 and S=0+ ja,5

7. (b) : The force on 1C charge due to other charges is given by

2 3 4
on
e
F=
1 qg,
-+... =
10|
4rE, 17. (a)
18. (c) : Obviously Qand q should be of opposite signs and the resultant
=9 x 10 x 106 = 12000 N. intensity
29
8. (a): Charges +q placed at 1and 4 exert equal
andopposite the forces on (-g) placed at centre. Total 4TE a
force = 0. Similarly total force due to charges at 2 and where 'a' is side of the square.
5 iS zero. 1
Thus total force due tocharges placed at 1, 2,4 and 5 4TE, (av2
is zero. The only unbalanced force is due to (+q) placed qL
at 3. Now |E, +É,|=EV2 = |É
1 g
4nEn 2 -N(attraction)
Magnitude of force at centre which gives Q=-2 V20
9. (b) 19. (a): The electric field due to infinite sheet of charge density o, is
10. (a):The net electric field at P is zero. uniform and is distance independent. So at point Pby principle of superposition
of electric field.
E, =i,+,+Ephere Or 0=,+,+Esghere
E, = 2E (-k) + 20 (-k)+,(-K)
ZE
.-Vë + Or, E,=-26 k.
4TEga
Hence, (a) is correct.
1
4ne (9)-9) 20. (c): Let initially both the spheres have charge g. Thus force between
Aand B spheres kept at adistance r is given as
F=99
11. (c): Let us place a quantum of charge 'q' on the first sphere, so we 4rE,r'
have charge (Q - g) on the other sphere. When two identical metallic spheres are brought in contact, the charge on
The force of attraction between the spheres is them are equalised due to the flow of free electrons. Thus when an uncharged
F Q-go dF 1 sphere C is brought in contact with sphere B having a charge q and then
4ne,d? dg 4TEgd -I(Q-q)-gl=0 removed, the total charge q is equallyshared between two so that the charge
9= Q/2 left on Bis ql2 and that developed on C is ql2.
12. .(c): Ifacharge g is placed at E, then due to symmetry net field at O A B
becomes zero. Thus, field due to q placed at Eis equal and opposite to the
field due tofour charges placed at other corners. i.e. ql4TEga
13. (c):Electric lines of force do not end at positive charge as shown
in (a). The option is therefore incorrect. Electric lines of force never form a
closed loop. Options (b) and (d) are incorrect.
Option (c) represents correct answer.
rl2 r/2
14. (c) : Field lines do not enter the metallic portion of the shellas field
is zero inside the metal. Hence options (a) and (d) are incorrect. The force on C when it is placed between A and B is given as

526 | Electric Charges and Fields PHYSICS XI

 qx(q/2) (q/2) x(q/I2) 1 qq -[2-1]=F. d'E 60 d'E >0
4nE,(r12) 4TE,(r 12) 4rE,(16x* )
1 q'
21. (d): Initially, F= ..) At REis minimum.
when the third similar conductor touches B, the charge of Bis shared equally
between them For (r> R), E=(0+0/16)
4TEgx
Charge on B== charge on third conductor 25. (b):The mass of one cup of water is 100 g. The molecular
mass of water is 18 g. Thus, one mole (= 6.02 x 10 molecules) of
Nowthis third conductor with charge touches C, their total charge is water is 18 g. Therefore, the number of molecules in one cup of water is
equally shared between them. (100/18) >x 6.02 x 1023
Charge on C= 3q
4
=Charge of third conductor Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one
New force between Band C
oxygen atom, i.e., 10 electrons and 10 protons. Hence, the total positive
and total negative charge has the same magnitude. lt is equal to
(100/18) x 6.02 x 102 x 10 x 1.6 x 10-19C= 53.6 x 10' C.
26. (a) : Gravitational force F =
Gm,m,
22. (b) : Consider the four forces F, f,fz and F, acting on charge (-0)
placed at A.
6.7x10-!1x9.1x10 x1.6x1039 x 10-4'N
(5x10-}
-Q 1 e
A Electrostatic force F, =
9x10 x1.6x10-1 x1.6x10-19 =9.22 x 10-8 N
a F,= (5x10-1
t_9.22x10-8 -=2.36 x 1039
-Q So, F; 3.9x1047
Distance CA = N2 a 27. (c):Let third charge be placed at a distance x,from +4q charge as
shown and it should be negative.
Distance EA=
2
For equilibrium,consider forces along DA and equate the resultant to zero +4q
1 0x0 1 QxQ cos 45° 1
4TE, (DA 4re, (CAY ATEo (EA Qx4os45° =0
or
0,1x=0 For neutral point between 4q and q,
k4q kq
(l-x
or
2V2 J V2 Now X=

23. () : E- r=r' +y'+2' =30' +30 +o² For equilibrium of q. k4g ka

=Distance of point from origin = 30V2 cm

So, E|= 9x10' x0.008x106 = 400 N-1c 28. (b) :fA= force on Cdue to charge placed at A
(30V2 x102y =9x10 y10°x2x10-6
Also, unit vector in direction of (30,30, 0) point from origin =
i+j =1.8N
(10×10)
So, E=magnitude x direction +24cA
120°

Q/16
24. (a) : For (y < R); E=

+1uCeA 10cm R

Fa= force on Cdue to charge placed at B

PHYSICS X Electric Charges and Fields | 527

 =f-f==F
=9x109x10x2x10-6 =1.8N Net force on C, Fe
(0.1) ng
33. (c) : E,= 4ne,a
Net force onC, faen =F,+F+2Ffgcos 120°
= 1.8 N 4re,a
VBng
29. (c) : 1 -1Fcl+1o=E++fo Therefore, E_=| +,| =yE+E}+2EE, cos 60° =4re,a'
kq'
Since, F =e= kg'-and Fo = (av2) Since n'<3,1< V3n, V3m>1.
4TE,a
zero at a point P, which lies at s
AC FA 34. (c): Suppose electric field is
distance d from the charge +Q.
At point P. KO k(20)
1 2 d=al1tV2)

+0 -2Q

a 2a
30. (c): Initially, force between Aand C, F= k -2a

a distance
+0 since d > a, i.e., point P must lie on negative X-axis as shown at
v2)-a=t2a
-r/2 B Fafc -r/2 xfrom origin, hence x =d- a = a(1+
35. (d): Let the tension in thread is Tand distance is x.
When a similar sphere B havingcharge +Q is kept at the mid-point of the Resolve the components of tension force and balance them.
line joining Aand C, then net force on Bis
Tsin0=F= kq' ...); Tcos0 = mg
Fi=fy+fç =k 2 (2) kO8=8F
(Direction is shown in figure) On dividing (i) by (ii), Tcos®
31. (d): By symmetry of problem the components of force on Q we get
Isin
due to charges at Aand B along y-axis will cancel each other while kg'
along x-axis will add up and will be along Co. Under the action of this tan = X
force charge Q will move towards 0. If at any time charge Q is at a
mg-x²
mg
distance x from 0. Now, tan@= sin®= = (for small )
X
F=2Fcos 0
=2+r1 2qQx B
So
X kg'
max?
2lg°,
mg

As the restoring force Fisnot linear, motion will be oscillatory (with amplitude 36. (b) : Force on (-q)due to 4, =
2a), but not simple harmonic. 4re,b?
32. (a) : Initially 4ne,b along (g-9)
B Force on (-g) due to (-4)= (-X-93)
4ne,a
as shown
4TEga
O2
f, makes an angle of
Finally, (90° - ) with (g1g)
A B
Resolved part of F, along q19, =Fz cos F
(90°- 0) "(90°-e)
ko? 919, sin
Force on Cdue to A, E- KQ/2)
(r12)? 4Te,a
along (g:9

Force on Cdue to B, F2 KOIQI2) _2KO :. Total force on (-q) = t 99, sin along x-axis
(r12) 4re,a

528 | Electric Charges and Fields PHYSICS xI

 X-Component of force P,=P +P, cos 45° = qa +2V2ga-=4qa
py =Pi +P, sin 45° =4ga
37. (c) : Sphere 1 Sphere 2
Initial charge
Radius R 2R
Initially,charge density is same. let it be o. 41. (d)
42. (c) : The electric flux ¢, through S, is given by
Therefore, G=
4 4nl2R) o, = Similarly the flux through S, is given by
(, =4rfaand q, =16A'o ..)
After connecting the spheres by thin conducting wire, the potential becomes
same. If Q, and Q, be new charges on sphere then, ,
20+3Q_5Q
Q Eo

...(0)
43. (b) : According to Gauss's law, the electric flux through the sphere is
20, =02 8.85x 10-lBc
From law of conservation of charge, =0.1NC-'m?
91 +92 =Q1 + 8.85 x10-ll Nm
20R'o = 30, 44. (b): According to Gauss's law
0, =3
s (using (0) and (i) Electric flux, ¢=9
and Q, i's where, q = total charge enclosed by closed surface
g-440nß'o .". =
1.25+7+1-0.4

8.85 C = 101 Nm² c-!

38. (d) : The problem actually involves three electric dipoles along AD,
BE and CF. 8.85x10-12 c'Nm
Moment of eachdipole =p; p=Qx (2)
+0 D 45. (c): A
-20uC +20uC
-10cm
B/ ÞS60° 10 mm
Here, g=+ 20 pC =+ 20 x 10° C, 2a = 10mm = 10x 10m,
r=OP = 10 cm = 10 × 10- m
|p =g x 2a = 20 x 10 x 10 x10 = 2 x 10- cm
+0 a
FieldEdue to each dipole willbe same at distance xfrom centre 0. The electric field along BP, E =
E= 1 (20a) [field due to one dipole] As a<K,
ATEo
Enet =E + 2E Cos 60° =f+ 2 x1 =2F 2\ - 2x2x10 x9 x10 =3.6 x 10 NC-1
1 20a Qa 4Te (10x10-)3
Enet =2 x 3 46. (a) : Consider an electric dipole with
-g charge at A and +q charge at B,
39. (d) : Flux will be maximum when maximum placed along z-axis, that its dipole moment is in
length of ring is inside the sphere. This willoccur RI2 negative z-direction i.e., P, =-10Cm A+-)
when the chord AB is maximum. Now maximum The electric field is along positive direction of z-axis,
length of chord AB = diameter of sphere. such that
In this case the arc of ring inside the sphere subtends dt - 105 NC- m
an angle of /3 at the centre of ring. Since A0B is B
dz
equilateral triangle.
Rrà From F=qE= (qx dz) xdz dE dz B
X
Rr. (+)
Charge on this arc = R 3E,
.. F=-10 x 105 = 10N
47. (d) : Here, E=4 x10° NC-',l= 2cm,t = 4Nm
40. (c): From vector diagram shown in figure,
Torque, t=pxE; t=pEsin
4=px4 x 10 x sin30° or p= 2 x 105Cm
Ap
p_2x10Cm = 10-3 C= 1mC
Charge, 0.02 m
-9 48. (d) : At the centre of the ring, E= 0.When a positive charge q >0
4
is displaced away from the centre in the plane of the ring, say to the right,
P- 2ga =p, P, =2v2ga force of repulsion on g, due to charge on right half increases and due to

PHYSICS X Electric Charges and Fields | 529

 surface,
Charge enclosed by Gaussian
charge q is pushed back towards
charge on left half decreases. Therefore, q'= Ze+ 3 -p=Ze-Ze (Using ()
the centre. So option (a) is correct.
of attraction. Therefore, charge
When charge q is negative (g <0), force is the right till it hits the ring. From (i), we get
moving to
q displaced to the right continues centre, Ze-Ze
Along the axis of the ring, at a distance r from the
E= 4nE,(r'+a'2 E) = 4E,
surface
53. (b) : In fiqure, dotted sphere of radiuS r, is the Gaussian
61.
SHM for smalldisplacement
If charge q is positive (g > 0), it will perform Since
along the axis. According to Gauss's theorem
49. (b): From fiqure, it is clear that square Gnside
ABCD is one of the six faces ofa cube of side
12 cm. By Gauss's theorem, total electric flux
6 cm GE dS cos0°=pr) dv 62.
through all the six faces of the cube =
12Cm

Electric flux through the square A 12 cm E(4u) = =8

x10-6 = 1.9 x 10 Nm'c-!
0= 19 = 1, 10 =1
6 E 6 8.85 x 1012 63.
50. (a): Given situation is
54. (c)
i= Cxi 55. (c) : For stable equilibrium, 0 =0i.e. electric dipole is aligned alonn 64.
the electric field. Flux
X, p 56. (d) : We cannot use the formulaof short dipole here because distance The
X.
B
of the point is comparable to the distance between the two point charges
A
q=5x 10 C, a =4x 10 m, r= 4 x 10m
4 cm

Force on negative charge E

4 cm
F =o£, = oC (u, - a) (Towards origin)
And force on positive charge is Enet =E-F K5u0) K5u) 144
(Along x-axis away from origin) (2 cm)' (6 cm)' 144x10-8-N/C=10° N/C
=qC (x, + a) -gCx, -a) = qC 2a 57. (a)
58. (a) : Atx = 0, E= 0and atx = 1, E=Ei Fiel
= 2ga.C = pCi (As net force is along positive x-axis)
The direction of the field is along the x-axis, so it will cross the yz-face of the Flux
51. (d): The electric field at a distance r from the line charge of linear cube. The flux of this field Flux
density i. is given by
Tota
whe
Hence, the field at the negative charge,
E.=(4.0x10X2x9x10') =3.6x 10 NC-1
0.02 65.
The force on the negative charge,
F., = (36x 10)12.0 x 10) = 7.2 Ntowards the line charge. Similarly, the Eled
fieid at the positive charge, i.e., at r = 0.022 m
E, =3.3x 10° NC-1 X =L
Fror
The force on the positive charge,
f, = (33x 10°)x (2.0 x 10) =6.6N away from the line charge. At?
Hence, the net force on the dipole = 7.2 N-6.6 N Q= heft face t Onght face =0+ E!' = E!'
= 0.6 Ntowards the line charge By Gauss's law, ) = 66.
52. (a):Charge nucleuS on is = + Ze
.. q= E ) =, E'
Total negative charge=-Ze 59. (a): By Gauss's law charges inside the Also
(:: Atoms is electricaly neutral.) enclosed surface contributes
-Ze tothe flux. Cis inside the cube due to whe
Negative charge density, p= Charge 8
the disc. For rod 8 Conly CS
volume as

3 Ze
inside. -7 Cis placed inside the cube at poir
I.e., p=
4 TR' ... () 3Cis outside the surface.
Consider a Gaussian surtace with radius r. .:. Flux = total charge So
enclosed /E =
By Gauss's theorem, - Elr) x 4r'= 9 60. (a): Field atq will be due to 67.
... (0)
F= g£ second spherical shell as t

530 | Electric Charges and Fields PHY

PHYSICS XI
 1 that surface all the flux is perpendicular to the surface. On the cireular taA
O =EA cos 180° u'E ie., plane surface as o., s the fuz through
Curved surface. As net flux through the hermisphere o = O, + O., =0,
qQ towards left.
361r ed 68. (d) : The only contributions to the fluz from the faces perpendiwar
to the electric field. Over each of these two surfaces, the magnítude of the
61. (c) : Each charge has its 1/8" part of electric field lines inside cube field is constant, so the fluz is just E. Aon each of these two surfae
since there are 8 charges.
Net enclosed charge =x8= q Net flux
E
Flux through two surfaces = 9 24
6 en 6E0 3e (410NIC -560 N/C) (25 my'(8.85 107c'Nm') =-82 / 107C
62. (a) : Total flux =(-14 + 78.85 - 56) nC/tn 69. (c)
=8.85 x 10Cx 47 = 8.85 x 10 x9x 10 x 4T
= 1000.4 Nm'/C i.e., 1000 Nm² C-1
63. (b): Total enclosed charge q= 10' Qcoulomb When face of disc is perpendicular to field, flux through the dis
100 Q ,=E-Å= EAcos 0 (as A|E)
= EA = 5.8 10' Tu' (r= radiu5 of disc)
64. (b) : Field at face ABCD = Enxoi When face of disc is 45° to field lines
Flux over the face ABCD = -EXoa
The negative sign arises as the field is directed into the cube.
V
K45
G 453
JH

then,angle betweenAand E is also 45°.

E
So, , = flux = E.A = EAcos = EAcos 45°
Ratio = EAcos 0°
EAcos 45°
70. (c):The rmagnitude of electric field should be constant and the surface
Field at face EFGH = ElX, +a)i should be equipotential surface.
Flux over the face EFGH = En Wo + a)a'
Flux over the other four faces is zero as the field is parallel to the surfaces. NEET Mixed Category
Total flux over the cube =Ega =. 1 (a) : Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, and
Statement-2 is acorrect explanation for Statement-1.
where g is the total charge under the cube 2. (d): Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
Charge experiences an acceleration along line of force as
65. (c): Electric field outside of the sphere Eou =ka ...()

Electric field inside the dielectric sphere En= ...(i) Its direction of motion will depend on its velocity at that instant.
From (i) and (ii), E, = Eout X 3. (d): Statement-1 ís false, Statement-2 is true.

At 3cm,E=100x 320) =120 V/ m B

10
66. (a) : Flux through an elemental area is given by, , =E.dA
Although both A and Bare positively charged, it is possible that due to
neighbouring induced charges of opposite nature, attractions dominates
where, r is position vector of point and Eis determined w.r.t. charge gtaken repulsions.
as origin. In given figure, charge q is not origin. So, vector from charge to 4. (b) : Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true but Statement-2 is not
point of observation of field is (at location of ds) 7-i. acorrect explanation for Statement-1.
So, Ekqli -7)-ds ; Flux = =as Ere, 50, it does not depend on its velocity.
m
|-4
67. (c) : We see fluX outward through hemispherical surface is the same 5 (a) : (A) ’ (P):(B) ’ (R) : (() ’ (R): (D) ’ (S)
as the flux inward through the circular surface base of the hemisphere. On 6. (c) : (A) ’ (P, S);(B) ’ (P, S):(() ’ (0. S): (D) ’ (R)

PHYSICS X1 Electric Charges and Felds | 531

 Flux entering through base. Flux outgoing From equations (i) and (), F'=F
through curved part is same as the flux entering charae.
through base. 3. (d) : Electric field due to an infinite line
Flux through MNQP will be same as the
flux
M N E=
through base from radius R/4 to 3RI4.So
Net electric field at mid-point 0, E =,+E,
1
As, E,=E; = 2R
Net flux through the entire cone willbe zero as R/4
in uniform electric field, flux through any closed Ep = 2£, =
surface is zero. 3R/4
7. (c) : The followingtwo arquments shall lead us to the right
choice.
4 (b): Here, r = 10 cm, g = 3.2 x 10- C
i. Electric field at the center of the ring is zero. 9x10 x3.2x10- = 1.28 x 10 N/C
Electric field is directed away from the ring. E= kg 225 x 104
1 1
2
8 (d) : Enet ATE Y? 4rEo (r-x 5. (a): The polar molecules are the molecules have one end slightly positive
and other end is slightly negatively charged separated by some distance.
Enet = So, they have permanent electric dipole moment.
6 (c) : Electric field is always direct from high potential to low potential
KÌ KQg
For the given situation the electric potential is decreasing from left to right
Atx=5.Enet =0 (2x) therefore, potential energy of the dipole will also decrease. Thus dipole will
move from towards the right.
Ener <0 7. (b) : Since, R>> L, the given charge configuration can be treated as
Ener iS not linear. dipole.
Electric field due to a dipole at any arbitrary point (R, 0) is
9. (d):F= E= p_3cos e+1
4TE,?
4nE,R
Here, Eoc l
R
8 (c) : Here, the dipole distance is nearly equal to distance between
the pointP thus we cannot apply the dipole formula direction.We have to
calculate potentialHence, electric potential due to charge g is given by,
10. (c) : For uniformly charged sphere due to individual charges
1 Potential due to charge 'g' at point 'P' is
E= 4TE0 (For r<A) V,=9= Ko. 1
1 4 4TTE (R)x10
(For r=R)
EEo R Kg(10')
2 ..0)
1 R
(For r
Potential due to charge '-g' at point 'P' is,
The variation of Ewith distance r from the centre is as shown adjacent fiqure. 1 (-9) -kq (10') ..i)
4TE, (8x10-) 8
NEET Selected Previous Years Questions (2019-2023) From equation (i) and (ii), we get
1. (c) : In a uniformly charged hollow conducting sphere,
(i) For r<R, E=0

() Forr>R, - ::Edecreases 9 (b) : Given, angle, 0 = 30°,

2. (c): In case l: F= 4TEn 2 1 0' Electric field intensity, E= 2 x 10 NC-1
..) T=4 Nm, Dipole length, /= 2 cm = 0.02 m
T= pE sin0 = (gl)E sin
In case ll : 0, =Q 4 4
:. q= sine =2mC
2x10° x0.02 x
.. F'= (o-9)(-0-2) A
10. (c): The term E-ds represents electric flux over the close0
A

surface and electric flux is proportional tothe number of electricfield line> W

1 9 Q2 If ¢E -ds =0, it means that the number of flux lines at
4TE, 16 ? ...i) entering the surta
must be equal to the number of flux lines leaving it.
PH
532|Electric Charges and Fields PHYSICS XU
 DPP 1
2
GMm Now,the force of repulsion between them at the same distance r is
1. (d) : As F,=
q
and f,=
Also, g = 9, = qand m= M =m
Grm' -=2.47x10-39
2 2
(9,2+92
isin the order of 10-39 4ner 4re,
F
2 (a) : According to Coulomb's law As192
2
>g.d, . F'>F.
F= 8. (a): Potential is a scalar quantity. Thecharge density function suggests
4TE
1 q that net charge is zero. Net charge on the ring
F= Q="ARde =2,R"cos (e/2)de =0
Given, F=1.6 N, r=3 m 9 (b) :
1.6 = 9x10°-g' tRde
(3
1.6x9-=(q or 9= 1.6x10-9 = 40 uC
9x109
3. (c)
4. (a) : For equilibrium of all the changes net force on each charge Let us assume an element at angle and angular width d.
should be zero. Q= linear charge density x length
40 So charge the element,
A
dQ = Rd = coS0 Rde
X-d

kQ 4kgQ =0 (Net force on Q) Q= oR [sin - sin0°] Q=0

(X-d
10. (a):+ 0 1m 2m 3m 4nm 5m 6m
Maxis
net
Since net force on g is zerO
k@ 4kgg q, =1x 10- C, g, = 8 x 10-6 C,
=0 (Net force on A)
q = 27 x 10 C, ...... q0 = 20 x 105 C
+.....

5. (): From (),A and Cboth are charged, either positively or negatively. kq,920
From (i), both Dand Ehave no charge. 2 = kgo
20
From (ii), Ais positively charged.
20x10-6]
Therefore, from (i), Bis negatively charged.
9x10 02
-9x 10° x1x|x108x10-6
(2)
-+..
(20)2
6. (a) : ko-=0.1 -=0.1
(10? = 9000[1 + 2+3+ .. + 20] = 1890000 =1.89 x 10 N
11. (d) : Let Qbe the charge kept at the centre of the hexagon.
Since Q= ne, 60°460°
’ n = 2x 101

7. (b) :

According to Coulomb's law, the force of repulsion between them is

Fe942
4TE,r a.
When the charged spheresA and Bare brought in contact, each sphere will
attain equal charge q'.

PHYSICS XH Electric Charges and Fields | 533

Considering the equilibrium of any charge at avertice.
q_2cos60°, 2cos30° =0
4TE 3a 4aJ 4TE,a 37 Th

F.

Q=-1.83 q
12. (a) : Suppose the balls have charges Q, and Q, respectively. Also, F,cos53° = F,cos37°
kq,4,
Initially, F= where F= k,4, and F, =
(3 cm)
(4 cm)'
On putting values of q,and q, we get q, = uC.
R
16. (b): The three forces acting on each sphere are
() tension (iü) weight
(ii) electrostatic force of repulsion
Finally, each ballcarries charge 2

2
L

B L
T,cose, T,cose,
M

F'= K(Q,+Q, +01| T;sin@, M

Tzsin®,+0,
M
Mg
For sphere 1,
It is given that F'= 4.5 F.So r
In equilibrium, from figure
T,cose, =Mg;T,sine, =F;
F
(0, +0,' =4.5 Q,0,. On solving, it gives .:. tan, =
Mg
For sphere 2,
13. () : Here, Å+h,+h=0 ... () In equilibrium, from figure
T,cos®, = Mg;T;sine, =f .:. tan0,
F
M,g
Force of repulsion between two charges are same.

(N2a)? 8, - , only if
Mg M,g
From (), =0
But F =F then M, =M,
17. (b) :
V2kg'
2a F

14. (b) : Let q, and q, be two charges kept at r istance apart.

The Coulomb's force between two charges in air is

f 1 94,
...()
When a thick plate of glass of dielectric constant Kis introduced between Force on charge Qdue to charge qat A, F= 1 Qg along A0
the charges, then the force between them is F' = 1
...Gi)
Force on charge Qdue to charge q at B, F, = 1 Qq along BO
From () and (i), we get, F'=" For glass, K>1 2
Force will decrease. Force on charge Qdue to charge -q at C, F, =
along
15. (d) : For Fto be along negative X-axis, q, has to be negative while
Force on charge Qdue to charge -q at D,
F= 1Q0 along 0D
q, has to be positive.

534 | Electric Charges and Fields

PHYSICS
 Fil= =F|=Fl=F
The resultant force on charge Qis 2V2E
Fe =2F+(2FY +2(2F) (2F)cos 90°
=Fv8=1 V8Qg
18. (d): Electric field due to a point charge g is E = 1

-0
Here, g=50 C, Y=(8-2)7+(-5-3j =6i-8) +20 -O +20

r-7=v6+8 =10 Now field at 0= 2V2E-VE=Ev2= kO

1
.. E= = 4496.15 4500 V/m.
4n(8.854x 10-a -9x10 x10-x2x2 -1.02 x10' NIC (upwards)
19. (b) (5x10?
26. (b): Suppose electric field is zero at a point P, which lies at a distance
20. (c): The net field willbe zero at a point outside the charges and near d from the charge +Q.
the charqe which is Smaller in magnitude.
Atpoint P d'K k20)
(a+d)
1
d' la+d)'
2
’d=
+8q -2q P
X=0 X=L +Q -20

Suppose electrostaticforce is zero at Pas shown in figure.

-2a
Hence, at P;k. 89_k(24) ’l=L. since d > a, i.e., point P must lie on negative x-axis as shown at adistance
(L+}
So distance of Pfrom origin isL+L= 2L. x from origin, hence x = d-a = a-a=2a
V2-1
21. (c):q is +ve because lines of force -emerge from it and
|Q|<lg| because more lines emerge from q and less lines terminate at Q. Actually Plies on negative x-axis so X=-V2a
22. (b) : EA = electric field at Mdue to charge placed at A 27. (a):The explanation to this problem can be done by keeping two
Ep = electric field at M due to charge placed at B things in mind
Ec= electric field at Mdue to charge placed at C Concept of induction
() The electric field lines interact with a conducting body normally.
Let us discuss the phenomenon of induction involved in this case. When a
positive point charge is brought near an isolated conductingsphere without
touching the sphere, then the free electrons in the sphere are attracted towards
the positive charge. Thus, the left surface of sphere has an excess of negative
charge and the right surface of sphere has an excess of positive charge and
the right surface of sphere has an excess of positive charge. It should be
noted that both kinds of charges are bound in the metal sphere and cannot
As seen from the figure, |E|=1Ecl. so net electric field at Mis Enet =E escape. They, therefore, reside on the surface of the sphere.
in the direction of vector 2. An electricfield lines start from positive point charge and ends at negative
charge induced on the left surface of sphere. Also, electric field line emerges
23. (b) : Electrostatic field is aconservative field which means work from apositive charge, in case of single charge and ends at infinity.
done by an electrostatic field in moving a charge from one point to another
depends only on the initial and the final positions and is independent of the Induced charge
path taken to go from one point to the another.
24. (b) : For balancing the water drop in ait,
mg = eE ’ E=1g
e
Here, allthese, conditions are fulfilled in fiqure (a).
Also, m=° xdensityof water -xt10} xi00 kg 28. (c) : The magnitude of electric field produced by electron at a point
which at a distance r from the electron is
4,22
f3^7X10x1000x10
=260 N/C F=e ...)
1.6x10-19 4TE,r
25. (a): Side of square, a=5x 10- m When the electron is replaced by the Lit**, the electric field produced at
the same point is
Half of the diagonal of the square, r=:
E'=- 3 =3E (Using (i)
4ne,
Electric field at the centre of the square due to charge Q, E= K
29. (c) : The electric field intensity due to each uniformly charged infinite
plane is uniform. The electric field intensity at points A, B, Cand Ddue to

PHYSICS X Electric Charges and Fields | 535

 plane 1,plane 2and both the planes are given by E, E, and Erespectively, as Eresultant = 2£= 1 80
shown in figure 1. Hence, the electric lines of forces are as given in figure 2.
Z
34. (b) : The electric field at Cdue to charge +10' Cat Ais
6=-110 along AC
E 4Te (0.2)'
1 The electric field at Cdue to charge-10 Cat Bis
1 10 along CB
4Teo (0.2) 1
60
As|,|=|E,| 60°
t

By symmetry the vertical components will

Figure 1 Figure 2 cancel out and horizontal components 20 cm
will add. 20 cm
30. (a): B 8
The resultant electric field at C is Fo
25 09 (4, 3) +10-'c -10-'c
E=2£, cos60° =2x 1 10 K
Sm 4TEo (0.2)' 20 cm 3

9x10 x10-7 =2.2x10 NIC. Sy

37° (0.2)
16Q
4m 35. (b): Charges q, 4, and q: produce electric fields E,, E, and Ë
(4, 0)
respectively at the origin Oand the net electric field E at the origin is the
vector sum of E, E, and , ie. E=E, +E,+E,.
E,= k(160)=kQ and E,
4
K250) = KQ
(4) (5) 9,= +20
93-4Q
EE+B+2EE, cos37° 30°
d
330° -X
30°
5.
9,--2Q In
31. (d):Three electric fields will be equal in magnitude and a) it d
direction. Therefore, electric field at the centre 0 is zero. opposite in The magnitude of E, is 6.
1 q, (b)
E,= 1_20
4TEn
Similarly, the magnitudes of E, andE; are (c
(d)
req
7
32. (a): Here, u=0 30° moi
30°
The acceleration of the particle is a=
m
The velocity of the particle after time t is (b)
1 2Q 1 4Q
and E=
V=U+ at = 0+(=E
m
4TEo d' At
The directions of ,, , and E, are shown the
Kinetic energy of the particle after time t is fiqure (b).
Since E, and E, have the same magnitudes and
1 2Q 1 20 1_4Q directions
2m
=
33. (b) : C The electric field E, and the
vector sum E+E, is as shown in figure (c). 8
-
The magnitude of electric field due to charge at the point A is
9
Q 1 4Q 130°
X
30°
The magnitude of electric field due to charge at the point B is
(C)
4re, (d12) By symmetry the y components of E, and E, +, will 2

The resultant electric field at point C due to two charges is cancel and the
components of E, andE,+£, willadd.
PHY:
536 Electric Charges and Fields
PHYSICS U
 Thus. the net electric field E at the origin is in the positive direction of the 10. (d):The dipole is placed in a non-uniform field, therefore a force as
X-axis and has the magnitude well as a couple acts on it. The force on the negative charge is more (Foc E)
E= 2£y = 2E,cos30°
1_4 (0:.866) = 6.93Q and is directed along negative x-axis. Thus the dipole moves along negative
4Te,d' X-axis and rotates in an anticlockwise direction.

DPP 2
1. () : For stable equilibrium, =0 i.e. electric dipole is aligned along
the electric field.
2. (d) : Torque t=px >E,g
where p = electric dipole moment, E = electric field 11. (d) :Anelectric dipole is a pair of equal and opposite charges qand-g
or T= pf sin
separated by some distance 2a. Its dipole moment vector has magnitude
For maximum torque, 0 =90° 2ga and is in the direction of the dipole axis from -g to q.
or T=pE = 0.05 x 10* x 30 x 10- x 105 = 1.5 x 10- Nm
3. (c): Net dipole moment of
system = p' +p'+2pp cos60° pf60p
=V3p
=v3xqxl (::p=qxL)
+q +0
4. (d): Force on a dipole kept in a non-uniform field is given by
=p (yis not changing since p is directed along xaxis)

-p|14y'i+3xyì1l =payltyi*2x)1| =4pyly' +4r The electricfield due to a dipole at a point P is

5. (d) : The rate of decrease of electric field is different in the two cases. E=PV3cos'e+1
In case of a point charge, it decreases as 1/r but in the case of electric dipole (r>>a)
it deaeases more rapidly, as Eo 1i. 4TEo
6. (c) : (a) The total charge of an electric dipole is zero.
(b) The electric field of an electric dipole at far-off distances (r) varies as
The electric dipole potential falls off at large distance, as
characteristic of the potential due to a single charge.
}nota
1
In a uniform electric field E, a dipole experiences a torque T given by
(c) The dipole moment vector of an electric dipole points from -g to q. i=pxE but experiences no net force.
(d) The electric dipole moment of CO, molecule is zero in eléctric field free 12. (b):
region.
7 (a) : Suppose neutral point N lies at a distance x from dipole of
moment por at a distance (25-x) from dipole of 64 p.

25 cm
Electric field at each point on the surface of ring due to dipole is E in
AtN |E.F. due to dipole (1) =|E.F. due to dipole (2)| a direction opposite to the dipole moment.
1_201 2(64p)
4ne, x 4Te (25-x Hence, net force on the ring is
1 kpQ
64
25-j=5m F=QE
13. (c):
8 (a) : =õx
Tmax =pE ’ 50 x 10 =px 40
p=1.25 x 10-28 Cm
9 (a) : As, we know t = pEsine
0 is small, so sin 0. A(2, 0,0)
T= pE

The dipole of moment p=i+3j can be taken as combination of two

dipoles of dipole moments ,= and , =v3 as shown in the fiqure.
The electric field at point A is

PHYSICS Xn Electric Charges and Fields | 537

 a= tan
8
14. (c): Dipole moment of A p, Dipole 60°
moment of B=p, :: 0=+tan 60

K37°
17. (): Dipole moment of fixed dipole can be written as
’ "c
E, p=pcosei +psinej; For electric field , =Ef
Due to A, the electricfield at point C on axial Torque on the dipole,
line
Zkp, /=(ö×),=(pcosei+ psine)x(E)
...)
Due to B, the electric field at point Con i=pE sin@(-k; Now for , =VBE,j= VBEi
equatorial line, In this case, torque on the dipole
...)
Given that, the angle of resultant with axis 0,
= 37°,
h=(pcosei+psinej)x(V3E ):h=V3pE cose h
:. tan37°= E As, h=-¡
20, 4p,3?
15. (d): The V3pE cos e(k=-pE sine(-) V3 cose=sine
from the origin ismagnitude
of electric field at a axial
given by point Pat a distance z sin:tan0=3
cos ’ 0=60°
YA 18. (a) : According,to Gauss's Law
$E.ds=9enE
So, if we taken out electric dipole
from a closed Gaussian surface then the
total flux emitted from the surface will be
x(Charge) =9
(0, 0)
19. (b) : By using 6E -da=
Yendosed. The total flux is only due
4gaz 2pz to inside charges q, q, and g. So
4e, (z-a} 4ne,(2-ad} option (b) is correct.
where p = 2ga is the electric dipole moment. 20. (): Flux coming out of
the cube ,=
For 2>>a,lE2l= 2p
and from sphere o, =A-2a
The magnitude of
the origin is given electric field at a equatorial point Qat a ..0)
by distance yfrom From eqn () and (ii), we get
1 2ga
2
For y>>a.|,|= P 21. (c) : Let
4TE,y' sphere has uniformcharge 3Q
electric field at distance x from the density pl4n93/and Eiis the
For 2=y >>a, .:. Applying Gauss's law centre of the
sphere.
16. (b) : E.4T'= 9_pv_p
[V= Volume of dotted -=x
y 4

:. E=X’ E«x
sphere]
2
22. (d): Given : ¢ = ar
+b en

/3
d-2ar

Frc
Analysing the figure, we get on
-2ar .4Tr24 s0Z

where, q=-8arr
tana: n
’p=-6a[, Th

The
538 | Electric Charges and Fields
PHY
 23. (a):Electric tield due to a hollow spherical conductor is
governed by 28. (b) :
following equation
E=0, for r<R
..()
and E for rR ...(i)
4TE
ie inside the conductor field will be zero and outside the
conductor will
vary according to E r
end
E

24. (d) : where, / is the length of the line charge inside the circle.
I=2x=
A

o depends on the charge enclosed whereas E

depends upon both charges.
(1) IfQ, changes; Eand o will change.
(2) IfQ, changes, Echanges and o will not change. 29. (a): = Yencdosed
(3) If 0, = 0, Q, 0; = 0 since it
E0 since it depends upon both Q, and Q,. depends upon Q, and
(4) Q, 0,0, 0; = 0 and E 0. For S,.o, =;For S,,o, -39-9_2q
E
25. (b): Charge 8gis placed at one corner of the
cube, it can be imagined For S,.o,= q+4_ 2q ;for SA, Qa =8q-64_2q
to be placed at the centre of a large cube which can be
formed using 8 similar
cubes and arranging them.
Now 8q is at centre of the 8 cubes arranged to form a
closed box.
Hence, 1 = 0, = 3 = 04 = 2
8q |Gauss's law] 30. (a): According to Gauss's theorem,

Flux through one smallcube= x 599 GE-dS =Qendosed

Charge +Q
on insulating
support
Electric field of the point P,
2a 0 p
E=
4TE,x' SP =r
2a
OP =x
26. (a) : Charge density of long wire 31. (d):

From Gauss's theorem, 2

Stage
Stage 2

E4ds = or E2rl =9
9 qll x2 Ax2
Stage 3 Stage 4
From stage 1to stage 2
E=9x10° xxx-18x10-70.33
1 x 10'1 NC enclosed charge is increasing means flux is increasing
From stage 2 to stage 3
27. (a) : According to Gauss's law total flux coming out of a enclosed charge is constant means flux is constant
enclosing charge qis given by closed surface From stage 3to stage 4
enclosed charge is decreasing means flux is decreasing
From this expression, it is clear that total flux 32. (b) : Net flux through the cube, oe =Senc
only depends on the enclosed charge and linked with a closed surface
size of the surface. independent of the shape and To find ganc, let's divide the cube into small
elements, and consider a small
element of width dx as shown.
=¢E-dS==20 Vm given Charge on the small element =p) (A.dx)
This is constant as long as the
Total charge = SpAdx = Ajpdx
enclosed charge is constant. = (A) (Area of p -x graph)
The flux over a concentric sphere of
radius 20 cm = 20 Vm.
=(o((})o) -
PHYSICS x dy

ElectricCharges and Fields |539

 perpendicular to the field so A.
As the surfaces ABEH, ADGH, ABCD are
surfaces.
density is zero through these (EBCF)
Po
Flux through (EFGH) (DCFG) =
=

..

X
1/4 3/4 1 (in m)
39. (d) : =f-d5 along negative x-axis.
Direction of field at X=-3m isdirection.
same
Net flux Qoet = Genc Area vector is also along
4E +2 3(3)
since the field is uniform will (2(-3) + 4)(3)
33. (d): Flux through.the circular surface.
be
) = ES =ES cos180°
=-Er [S being outward normal to surface is opposite to leave E-S] + 8(3)
force that enter at the circular opening also through
All the lines of
the paraboloidal surface, so that, flux through the paraboloidalsurtace has 8(3)2 2(0)+4(3)
ty
the same magnitude, but opposite sign.
i.e., =En?
34. (c):Total flux crossing the closed cylinder is = ¢, + , + 3 3(3)
Where, o, + , + o; are the flux linked with surfaces, 1, 2, and 3 respectively. +x

=6x9=

Q= 5480 not contribute in net

Components of electric field which are constant do
0, =E- 0, =E. =0 flux in or out.

6, = Yin -54 Qn=54E,

so, from Gauss's law, =n 40. (a): max Nmax and min min

’ 4in = x E = 4 x 8.85 × 10-12c

= 3.54 x 10-1'c Omax 'max
35. (c): Assume that the outer spherical shellis non conducting. Pmin min
The electric field inside a metal sphere is zero.
So, r <R ’ E=0
DPP 3
And a>r2R E= (b): Due to induction net charges on outer surfaces of spheres are
1.
a sr<b ’ E=0 as shown.
4+0,a,+,+,
2 4rR' 4(2R) 4n(3R)'
36. (c): After covering with a hemispherical shell, 4+Q_4+Q, +0,
Oshell+ ise = 0 (from gauss's law) 4 9
Oshell =disc = ’ 0,= 3Q, and Q3 = 5Q,
.'. Q, :0,:Q, =1:3:5
37. (b): =
2 (a): As force a charge e in an electric field É is
So, the flux increases linearly when the rod
moves inside the cube but when the rod
moves out, it decreases linearly. s0 accordingto the given problem,
F,= W ef =mg
38. (d) : The electric flux through the cube, =
8E
’ f g_ 9.1x10-3x9.8 =5.57 x 10-1" Vm-! m
e 1.6x10-19 (A)

As this intensity E is produced by another electron B located at a distance

rbelow A A
'Es1e
V4nE,E
x10-19 7;
-5m BO
(B)
D C

540 | Electric Charges and Fields PHYSICS

3 (c) : From the figure, we find that the spacing between the electric
Similarly, electric field at a distance x inside from the surface of outer shel
field lines is increasing from left right. This shows the intensity of the 1
electric field (E) is more on the left than on the right or Eis decreasing from
Lto R. Hence the force on the charge +g of the dipole is smaller and is
4TEo (2Rx
towards right. 1 40 1 Q 2R
4ne, (2R+ x 4e,(2R-Xò3
The force ; on the charge -g produced by the field will be greater and it 8. (c): Here, we are showing the 2D
is towards left. Thus F,>f. arrangement of the situation. We will
4 (d) : Since, the wire extends till infinity and it is along the z-axis. As use two concepts here: 30 S30°
field is radial out, there is no component of it in z-direction. 1. E due to a uniformly charged circular arc or
Thus, the electric field at P is given by E, E.
part of shellis acting along the angular bisector of
(10/9)x10-9 arcor part of shell.
E= E.
2rcRe, 2Tx10x10-x8.854 x10-14 2. Principle of superposition. Here, as all the three portions, two cut-out
Magnitude of F= 200 NIC portions and one remaining are identical, the E due to these portions would
be have the same magnitude. Let it be E, the electric field at centre due to
6
E, =Ecos0= 200x 10120 full hemisphere is,
E=E, + 2E, sin 30° = 2E, = Eo
E, =Esin = 200 x8 =160
Hence, E, =
Hence, E=(1207+160 )Vim wire 9 (d): Let coordinates of Pare (x, 0)
Q the distance of P from wire 1= (a +x)and from wire 2 = (a -x)
5. (b) :
a+x 4-x> 2ka, 2kay
Ifq is displaced by x from equilibrium position then net force on it (a+x) a-x)
-KQg ’ Ma-x) = A,la +x) ’ ,a -x=ya + ht
(a+x) (a-x
’ (a-,Ja = (^, + ,x ’ X=._(a,-4,)a
Qq (-4ax) -Qga
2

If x<<a, then F= -Qqx

a're
Foc X, So the particle will undergo S.H.M. and hence -a

Q
ma'ne, Qg X=-a X= ta

6. (a) : The net force on g, by q, and g, is along the + X-direction, so 10. (c) : Electric lines of force due to a positive charge is
symmetric.
spherically
nature of force between g,, g, and g, g; is attractive. This can be represent
by the figure given alongside.

+41 +93
The attractive force between these charges states that g, is a negative charge
(since, q, and qz are positive). All the charges are positive and equal in magnitude.
Thus, nature of force between q, and newly introduced charge Q(positive) is So, repulsion takes place. Due to which no lines of force are
present inside
attractive and net force on g, by g2, g, and Q are along the same direction the equilateral triangle and the resulting lines of force obtained as shown.
as given in the diagram here. 11. (a) : Charge density of long wire,
+q2
+0 From Gauss's theorem,
(x. 0)

+93

7. (b) : Electric field at a distance x outside from surface of outer shell E$dS =9 or E2u =9
4Q
ATE, (2R+ x qll x2 Ax2
2TtE 2re/ x2 4Te
PHYSICS XIT
Electric Charges and Fields | 541
 17. (b): According to Gauss's law, the term q on the right side of th
The magnitude of the electric intensity, equation L-d` = includes the sum of alcharges enclosed by th.
1 -=0.50x10' NC-!
E=9x10 x*2x1x102 Surface.
The charges may be located anywhere inside the surface, if the surface is so
12. (b) : Inside the shell A, electric field
E, =0 chosen that there are some charges inside and some outside, then the electir
At the surface of shell A, field on the left side of equation is due to all the charges, both inside and
outside S. So, on LHS of the above equation will have acontribution from
KO, ’las x increases, Edecreases allcharges while gon the RHS willhave acontribution from q, and g, only
from
18. (c): From the directions of fields from graph, it is clear that o. is
Between the shell A and B, at a distance x EA
negative andg, is positive. Since electric field is zero to the right of o.
the common centre,
should be smaller in magnitude.
’las xincreases, Edecreases] 19. (c): The net flux is the sum of the fluxes through all faces of tha
to v-z 2n2
cube. First, note that the flux through four of the faces (parallel
At the surface of shell B,
X-/ plane) is zero because E is perpendicular to dA on these faces.
ja fixed negative value because |Qa|< |0a|l 1
1 (Eq)=36uC)
20. (b) : Q=o
Outside the both shell, at a distance x' from the common centre,
4nx9x109 x 36 x 10 = 162n x 10 NmIC
K(Q, -Q;) las x' increase negative value of Enut decrease and
x2 it becomes zero at x = o and F= 10 N
21. (a): Given : g, + g, = 10 C,r= 12
13. (c): As electric field at asphere 1, we get Let the two charges be g, and (10 - g)
where k =
1 1442
ByCoulomb's law, t= AEn 2
R
k(20) 2KQ : 10=9x10 9(10-q,)
E,= 12x 12
R²
144
q,(10-q,)==16
E;= k(4Q)R
kQ
(2R) 282 10g, -g= 16 .:. gi- 10g, + 16 = 0
: E, >E> (g,- 2\g1-8) = 0 . g, =2 or q = 8
Thus, q = 2C and q, = 8 C
14. (a) : Surface charge density for non conducting plate, q =8Cand g, = 2 C
Gye=and Exe 2e, 2e,A
=20 V/m
22. (d) : Surface of acharged conductor is always an equipotential surface,
whatever may be its shape. Hence oR = constant, at every point on the
o Q12)_
For conductingplate, = Q surface ofchargedconductor i.e. at the sharpest point (R’0) ofthe surface,
A charge density will be maximum. Auniformly charged conductor exerts no
Q electrostatic force on a point charge located anywhere inside the conductor
and Eç==x -=20 V/m or electric field is zero.
23. (b) : If be the linear charge density of the rod, then in time t,
15. () : F=1992 qin == Avt, and so = n_vt
1
F'= The flux of the charge increases till vt = L2. i.e. max =
2E,
F=F When rod start coming out from left side of the cube. the flux then starts
1 1 decreasing.
-3/2
24. () : 0 =+q. 9b=-6 q
kQx
On the axis, E=
16. (c):Suppose the field vanishes at a distance x, we have -3/2
Kq K¡2
kqd
(X-a' (a'+a2 (b +a'=2
or 2(x -a)' =x' or v2x-a) =X ql2 X
25. (c) : The acceleration of the electron is a=E in the upward direction.
(0, 0, 0) (a, 0, 0)
or (v2-)x= vla The horizontalvelocity remains u, as there is no acceleration in this direction.
Thus, the time taken in crossing the field is
or X= V2a
V2-1

PHYSICSM
542|Electric Charges and Fields
The upward component of the velocity of the electrons as it emerges from 30. (d): For distance far away from centre of dipole
the field region is 12p
eEl
U,=al=
mu 1 p
The horizontal component of the velocity remains Eeaua =Ep =
u, = Uo
The angle made by the resultant velocity with the oriqinal direction is d 1 1_p
2p dC)=-6. 4TE ..)
qiven by
E,) =; 4

tan = UyeEl d 1
4TE, -Pdr
Thus, the electron deviates by an angle 1
=-3 ...(i)
0=tan eEl 4TE, 4
mU From equation () and (i) the magnitude of change in electric field w.r.t.
26. (a) : distance is more in case of axis of dipole as compared to equatorial plane.
31. (b): The figure shows, the path of a positive charged particle (1)
through a rectangular region of uniform electric field.
Top
E 2 H3

-V2 uC 242 uC -V2 uC

1m - l m ’ Down

Electric field E,=E,= r Since, positive charged particle moves as a parabolic path in electric field, it
means the direction of electric field is upward. The direction of particle (2)
9x10° xv2x106 -6.36 x 10° NIC which is negative is downward.
(N2 The direction of deflection of particle (3) which is positive is upward and
90° direction of deflection of particle (4) is downward.
Resultant electric field E =2E, cos A
32. (b) :
-2x6.36 x10°x=9x10 NIC
V2
Inet
kã'9x10² x2v2 x10-6 =18N2 x10° NC 60°
160°

EPCY (1)²
27. (d) :in fiqure (i) the field is upward.
100 uC
B
-100 uC
F

So the negatively charged electron fiet =2Fcos-2Fcos(2)

experiences a downward force.
.:. The acceleration of electron is
eE (: F=f;=)
...()
m
The time required by the electron to fall through a distance h is
9x10°(100x10) x(100 x10) =9 x 10N
(10x 10)
(using (i)
q1/2
|2×1.5x10 mx9.11x1031 |" = 2.9 x1 0 s f
33. () : =2145
1.6x10-19Cx2x10 When the plates are charged, the net acceleration is,
g=g+a
28. (b) : in case li
g'=g+
E;=E, =E=Es E

E,=E,=E)hma =0 On puttingthe given values, we get, 0.9.

34. (a) : The electric field in a region is given by
29. () : Particles (1) and (2) are deflected towards the positive plate
Hence they are negative charged.
Particle (3) is positive charged as it is attracted towards the negative plate. Compare it with E=E,i+E,4+E,X
Thus the charges are-ve, -ve, +Ve.

PHYSICS X Electric Charges and Fields | 543

 4TEo
1
22-)
we get coulombic forr. 4
the electron due togiven
Cz? 38. (c) : The acceleration of
t,= 4 =By,E, =
A

A=6x°= NC-!m²=
Nm Fis a, = m
electron.
BNC-! N where, m, is the mass of the
proton due to same force Fis
Nm
m
=
Cm Cm m The acceleration of the
y
F X
NC N
Cm' proton.
m where, m, is the mass of the
shell
35. (a): Let us consider a spherical On dividing, Eg. (i) by Eq. (), we
get
m
of radius x and thickness dx.
Charge on this shell ms(9.1x10-3'ka)
dq = pk).4rur'dx a,m, (2.5x10
(1.67 x 10 kg)
ms-2
= 13.6x 1018 ms-=1.5 x1019 43
Total charge in the spherical region 39. (b) :
from centre to r (r< R) is
10 cm Ele
E

f= K¡'
10 cm (0.1)' Fr
Po
.
f= <{
36. (c): Here, / = 2.4 m, r =4.6 mm = 4.6 x 10 m (d x10)?
q=4.2 x 10-C charges more away from each other due to repulsion force thats why
-4.2x 10 -=1.75x10- Cm! separation between them increases and force decreases.
Linear charge density, A= 2.4
-1.75x10
40. (a): T=sin =F=
Electric field, E= 4nE,d' 4nE,x'
2re, 2x3.14 x8.854 ×10-12 x4.6x 103 and T= cos = mg
=-6.7 x 10 NC-1 tan9= 1

37. (b) : 4TEo x'mg Tcose

A-g) C(2q) -D(+q) Tsin0
41E,x'mg F
A B

or or g' « x' -x/2,

EG G(2g)
B(+ ) I mg mg

Ep EH
E(24) F(q) F)
y«xi (-constant)
41. (a): The force acting on the
electron = e£.
Acceleration of the electron = eE
m
u=0,v =?
:. -u'= 2as
*E=EA (balances) S= 2 x 10-2 m
So, E=Ec-E;= kqll? :. =2(Ex2x10- m e E=10 N/C
E=Eç-E,=k
=1.76x 10'" C/kg
E"=E-Ep2
Resultant of E and E" is v=2x 1.76 x 10!1 x 10 x 2 x 10-2
=7.04 × 101
The velocity of the electron =70.4
x 1012
E,=VE+E =2 opposite to E", E
when it reaches plate B,
.Vs0.85 x 10' m/s
544 | Electric Charges and Fields PH

PHYSICS U
 3a 90
42. (a) : Br
l. F;
V2A
Sa
% reduction in the value of electric field
4
16Q E
14 1000
C
14
%=70.7%
x=(5a) - (3a) =4a
44. (b): Flux = E¢
kO9Q kQ16Q
and F, E is electric field vector and Ais area vector.
(3a) (1a)'
Here, angle between E and Ais 90°.
So, E.A=0; Flux =0
k90 -
k160 kO81 + 16x 16 N2KQ?
(3a) (4a) a V81 16 x16 a 45. (b) : At apoint on the axis of uniformily charged discat a distance x
above the centre of the disc, the magnitude of the electric field is,
43. (a) : Electric field intensity at the centre of the disc.
E, = 28, ,such that
(given)
X
Electric field along the axis at any distance x from the centre of the disc Then, 1 or
/x+R
Onsquaring both sides and muBtiplying by x² +R to obtain
From question, x = R(radius of disc)
Thsu, x'R R
+R? 3