Q.how two computer communicate with each other?

Two computers can communicate with each other using a variety of methods, including:

 Wired connections
 Wireless connections:
 Bluetooth:
 Direct cable connections

No matter which method is used, two computers communicate with each other by using a set of rules called a
protocol. The protocol defines how the data is formatted and transmitted between the computers. The most
common protocol for computer communication is the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

TCP/IP is a set of rules that govern how data is sent and received over the Internet. It is also used for many other
types of networks, such as local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).

When two computers want to communicate with each other, they first need to agree on a protocol. Once they have
agreed on a protocol, they can then start sending data to each other. The data is broken down into small pieces
called packets, and each packet is labeled with the destination computer's address. The packets are then sent over
the network until they reach the destination computer.

The destination computer then reassembles the packets and delivers the data to the appropriate application. This is
how two computers can communicate with each other.

Q. what is IP? and how it works? and who gives us ip?

IP stands for Internet Protocol. It is a set of rules that govern how computers communicate with each other on the
internet. IP addresses are unique identifiers assigned to each device connected to the internet. They allow
computers to find each other and send data back and forth.

IP addresses are made up of four sets of numbers separated by dots, such as 192.168.1.1. The first three sets of
numbers identify the network that the device is connected to, and the last number identifies the device itself.

IP addresses are assigned by Internet Service Providers (ISPs). When you sign up for internet service, your ISP will
give you an IP address. Your IP address will be different from everyone else's IP address on your ISP's network.

IP addresses are used for a variety of purposes, including:

Routing: IP addresses are used by routers to route data packets between different networks.

Addressing: IP addresses are used to identify the sender and recipient of data packets.

Name resolution: IP addresses are used to resolve domain names to their corresponding IP addresses.

Security: IP addresses can be used to track the source and destination of data packets, which can be used for security
purposes.

IP addresses are an essential part of the internet. Without IP addresses, computers would not be able to
communicate with each other.

Here are some additional details about how IP addresses work:

IP addresses are divided into two main types: public and private. Public IP addresses are used to identify devices on
the internet, while private IP addresses are used to identify devices on a local network.

Public IP addresses are assigned by ISPs, while private IP addresses are assigned by the network administrator.

IP addresses are dynamic, which means that they can change from time to time. This is done to make it more difficult
for attackers to track users.

IP addresses can be masked using a proxy server or VPN. This can be done to protect a user's privacy.

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.

Q.ISP vs DHCP???

ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. It is a company that provides internet access to businesses and individuals.
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a protocol that is used to automatically assign IP
addresses to devices on a network.

ISPs typically use DHCP to assign IP addresses to their customers. This is because it is a more efficient way to manage
IP addresses. DHCP allows ISPs to assign IP addresses dynamically, which means that they can be reused by different
devices over time. This helps to conserve IP addresses and makes it easier for ISPs to manage their networks.

DHCP is also used in home networks. Routers often have a DHCP server built-in, which allows them to automatically
assign IP addresses to devices on the network. This makes it easy to set up a home network without having to
manually configure each device.

Here is a table summarizing the key differences between ISPs and DHCP:

Feature ISP DHCP

Purpose Provides internet access Assigns IP addresses
Type of organization Company Protocol
Scope Wide area network (WAN) Local area network
(LAN)
IP address assignment Static or dynamic Dynamic
Efficiency Less efficient More efficient
Cost May charge for static IP addresses No cost

Your router has a DHCP server setting in its configuration menu.

Your router is the only device on your network that is configured to be a DHCP server.

You are able to connect to the internet and other devices on your network without having to manually configure
your devices with IP addresses.

IP Address

Sure. An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a network. It is made up of
four sets of numbers separated by dots, such as 192.168.1.1.
The number of bits in an IP address determines the number of possible IP addresses that can be created.
IPv4 addresses have 32 bits, while IPv6 addresses have 128 bits.
The network ID is the first part of an IP address. It identifies the network that the device is connected to.
The host ID is the last part of an IP address. It identifies the specific device on the network.

Classes
In binary representation, 8 bits can represent 2^8 = 256 unique combinations, ranging from
00000000 to 11111111.
For Class A IP addresses, the first octet represents the network portion of the address, and
it can take on values from 0 to 127 (decimal). This gives a total of 128 possible values, as
you correctly noted. The binary representation of these values is from 00000000 to
01111111.

Q supppose i have a class A, and i choose 126 and its binary possible combination doesnt
lie in betwwen 00000000 to 01111111. then??
I apologize for any confusion caused earlier. It seems there might be a misunderstanding. In
Class A IP addresses, the first octet must fall within the range of 0 to 127 (decimal) or
00000000 to 01111111 (binary). If you were to choose the decimal value 126, it is well
within this range, and its binary representation is 01111110.
In IP addressing, the decimal values correspond directly to their binary representations.
Each decimal digit (0-9) has a unique binary equivalent (0000 to 1001), so there's no
scenario where a decimal value like 126 would have a binary representation that falls
outside the range of 00000000 to 01111111 for Class A addresses.
To summarize:
Decimal 126 corresponds to binary 01111110, which falls within the valid range of binary
representations for Class A addresses (00000000 to 01111111).
Decimal values in the range of 0 to 127 are valid for the first octet of a Class A address, and
their binary representations are within the range of 00000000 to 01111111.
Class A:
Range: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
NI: 255.0.0.0
Class B:
Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
NI: 255.255.0.0
Class C:
Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
NI: 255.255.255.0
Class D (Multicast):
Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
= > Classes help to identify network , network id , host id
CIDR
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
CIDR is a significant advancement in IP address allocation and routing, and it has become
the standard way of representing IP address ranges in modern networking. It helps address
the limitations of the older IP address class system and provides a more adaptive and
efficient approach to managing IP networks.
Look in notes app