IP Address

Course Code: CSE-311

Course Name: Computer Network and Security

Md. Tariqul Islam

Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Global Village, (UGV)
874/322, C&B Road, Barisal.

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 What is an IP Address?
Background
• All the computers of the world on the Internet Network
communicate with each other with underground or
underwater cables or wirelessly.
• If I want to download a file from the internet or load a web
page or literally do anything related to the internet, my
computer must have an address so that other computers can
find and locate mine in order to deliver that particular file or
webpage that I am requesting.
• In technical terms, that address is called IP
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 What is an IP Address?
Background
• An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label
such as 192.0.2.1 that is connected to a computer network
that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
• An IP address serves two main functions:
• Network interface identification: Between a device and the
network.
• Location addressing: Geolocation is mapping

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 IP Address in Networking
Background
So we can say, In networking,
• IP Address is short for Internet Protocol Address.
• It is a unique address assigned to each computing device in
an IP network.
• ISP assigns IP Address to all the devices present on its
network.
• Computing devices use IP Address to identify and
communicate with other devices in the IP network

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 How to Find Your IP Address?
Background

There are many tools available on the Internet that interprets

your computer’s IP address and find your location. You can
also try to find the IP address on your Windows 10, Mac,
iPhone and Android phone.
For example, on Windows 10 follow the below instructions:
• Right click on the Start menu and open Command Prompt.
• Type ipconfig and hit enter.
• You will see IP address of your computer as below.
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 How to Find Your IP Address?
Background

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 How to Find Your IP Address?
Background

Follow the below instructions on Mac:

• Press “Command + Spacebar” to open Spotlight Search.
• Type “network utility” and open Network Utility app.
• Select your network name under “Info” tab.
• You can find the IP address of your Mac here.

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 How to Find Your IP Address?
Background

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 Classification of IP Address
Background
• An IP address is classified into the following types:
• 1. Public IP Address: This address is available publicly and it is assigned by your network provider to your
router, which further divides it to your devices. Public IP Addresses are of two types,
• Dynamic IP Address: When you connect a smartphone or computer to the internet, your Internet Service
Provider provides you an IP Address from the range of available IP Addresses. Now, your device has an IP
Address and you can simply connect your device to the Internet and send and receive data to and from your
device. The very next time when you try to connect to the internet with the same device, your provider
provides you with different IP Addresses to the same device and also from the same available range. Since IP
Address keeps on changing every time when you connect to the internet, it is called a Dynamic IP Address.
• Static or Real IP Address: Static address never changes. They serve as a permanent internet address. These
are used by DNS servers. What are DNS servers? Actually, these are computers that help you to open a
website on your computer. Static IP Address provides information such as device is located on which
continent, which country, which city, and which Internet Service Provider provides internet connection to
that particular device. Once, we know who is the ISP, we can trace the location of the device connected to
the internet. Static IP Addresses provide less security than Dynamic IP Addresses because they are easier to
track.

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 Classification of IP Address
Background
• 2. Private IP Address: This is an internal address of your device which are not routed to
the internet and no exchange of data can take place between a private address and the
internet.
• 3. Shared IP addresses: Many websites use shared IP addresses where the traffic is not
huge and very much controllable, they decide to rent it to other similar websites so to
make it cost-friendly. Several companies and email sending servers use the same IP
address (within a single mail server) to cut down the cost so that they could save for the
time the server is idle.
• 4. Dedicated IP addresses: A dedicated IP Address is an address used by a single
company or an individual which gives them certain benefits using a private Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL) certificate which is not in the case of a shared IP address. It allows to
access the website or log in via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) by IP address instead of its
domain name. It increases the performance of the website when the traffic is high. It also
protects from a shared IP address that is black-listed due to spam.
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Background Types of IP Address

IP Addresses may be of the following two types-

• Static IP Address
• Dynamic IP Address

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 Background Types of IP Address

1. Static IP Address:
• Static IP Address is an IP Address that once assigned to a network
element always remains the same.
• They are configured manually.

NOTE
• Some ISPs do not provide static IP addresses.
• Static IP Addresses are more costly than dynamic IP Addresses.

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 Background Types of IP Address

2. Dynamic IP
• Dynamic IP Address is a temporarily assigned IP Address to a
network element.
• It can be assigned to a different device if it is not in use.
• DHCP or PPPoE assigns dynamic IP addresses.

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How to confirm a IP whether it is Public or Not?
Background
• At first you need to install MicroTorrent (u torrent) in your PC.
• Then press Ctrl + G
• You will get the port number here.
• Copy it and go to canyouseeme.org.
• Then pest the port number.
• It will tell you whether your IP, assigned by your ISP, is a real IP or
not.

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 BackgroundVersion of IP address

Two types of IP addresses are

1)IPV4 and
2) IPV6.

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 BackgroundVersion of IP address

What is IPv4?
• IPv4 is an IP version widely used to identify devices on a network using
an addressing system.
• It uses a 32-bit address scheme to store 2^32 addresses which is more
than 4 billion addresses.
• It is considered the primary Internet Protocol and carries 94% of
Internet traffic.

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 BackgroundVersion of IP address

What is IPv6?
• IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol.
• This new IP address version is being deployed to fulfill the need for
more Internet addresses.
• It was aimed to resolve issues that are associated with IPv4.
• With 128-bit address space, it allows 340 undecillion unique address
space. IPv6 is also called IPng (Internet Protocol next generation).

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BackgroundVersion of IP address

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Background IPv4 VS. IPv6

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Background IP Address Format
• IP Address is a 32 bit binary address written as 4 numbers separated
by dots.
• The 4 numbers are called as octets where each octet has 8 bits.
• The octets are divided into 2 components- Net ID and Host ID.

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Background IP Address Format

• Network ID represents the IP Address of the network and is used to

identify the network.
• Host ID represents the IP Address of the host and is used to identify the
host within the network.
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Background Classful Addressing
In Classful Addressing System, IP Addresses are organized into
following 5 classes-
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D
• Class E

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 Background IP address classes
• With an IPv4 IP address, there are five classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class
C, Class D and Class E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used. Each class allows for a
range of valid IP addresses, shown in the following table.

Class Address range Supports

Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254 Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127
networks.

Class B 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254 Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000

networks.

Class C 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254 Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million

networks.

Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast groups.

Class E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 Reserved for future use, or research and

development purposes.
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 What is an IP Address?
Background
Max number of
Class Address Range Subnet masking Example IP Leading bits Application
networks
Used for large number of
IP Class A 1 to 126 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 8 128
hosts.
Used for medium size
IP Class B 128 to 191 255.255.0.0 128.1.1.1 16 16384
network.
Used for local area
IP Class C 192 to 223 255.255.255.0 192.1.11. 24 2097157
network.

IP Class D 224 to 239 NA NA NA NA Reserve for multi-tasking.

This class is reserved

for research and
IP Class E 240 to 254 NA NA NA NA
Development
Purposes.
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Background Fact‘s
• The IP address space is managed globally by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and by five
regional Internet registries (RIRs) responsible in their designated
territories for assignment to local Internet registries, such as
Internet service providers (ISPs), and other end users. IPv4
addresses were distributed by IANA to the RIRs in blocks of
approximately 16.8 million addresses each, but have been
exhausted at the IANA level since 2011. Only one of the RIRs still has
a supply for local assignments in Africa. Some IPv4 addresses are
reserved for private networks and are not globally unique.

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 Different Classes Of IP’s In Hosting

• Network ID–
It is the part of the left-hand IP address that identifies the specific
network where the device is located. In the normal home network,
where the device has an IP address 192.168.1.32, the 192.168.1 part of
the address will be the network ID. It is customary to fill in the last part
that is not zero, so we can say that the device’s network ID is 192.168.1.0.
• Hosting ID–
The host ID is part of the IP address that was not taken by the network
ID. Identifies a specific device (in the TCP / IP world, we call devices
“host”) in that network. Continuing with our example of the IP address
192.168.1.32, the host ID will be 32- the unique host ID on the
192.168.1.0 network.
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 Different Classes Of IP’s In Hosting
Background

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 Different Classes Of IP’s In Hosting
Background
The different classes of IP’s are:
Class A
• Class A IP’s are majorly used for large networks. Also, this kind of IPs are generally
used by large organizations such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc., The huge benefit in this
type of IP is you can host many numbers of devices to the IP address. The main thing is
that class IP’s are generally used by Internet Service Providers (ISP). Additionally, the
A-class IP’s are not used by many of the bloggers.
Class B
• Class B IP’s are not mostly used by bloggers or business websites. These kinds of IP’s
are used by medium-sized organizations and networks. The advantage of this kind of
IP is, you can also host devices, but little less than the class A IP’s. Class B IP’s are not
recommended for hosting the sites and also most of the users are not using these IP’s

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 Different Classes Of IP’s In Hosting
Background
Class C
• When coming to class C IP’s, most of the PBN and SEO hosting sites are
using it more. Because of the various benefits. This range of IP’s are
used by the bloggers, business sites and personal sites. This C class IP’s
are used for PBN and SEO hosting. The advantages of using c class IP’s
are
• Helps to boost the SEO of your sites
• Improves ranking in search results
• Increases traffic to the sites
• Generally used for blogging and business sites
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 Different Classes Of IP’s In Hosting
Background
Class D & Class E
• The Class D & E IP’s are used very less by the users. The D-class IPs are
not used widely by the users and they are used only on special
occasions. Whereas the class E IP’s are the reserved ones, which are
used for research, scientific studies, etc., These two class IPs are not
used in the public sector. Only used in private sectors. Also, the class E
IP’s are not provided by the hosting providers for hosting the sites.

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 loopback or localhost Address
Background
• Ranges 127.x.x.x are reserved for the loopback or localhost, for
example, 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address.
• The loopback addresses are built into the IP domain system, enabling
devices to transmit and receive the data packets.
• The loopback address 127.0.0.1 is generally known as localhost.
• The loopback interface refers to the overall system by which network
engineers can self-reference a device, or “ping” a device by sending its data
packets back to itself.
• How to test a network card using the loopback address? CMD>Ping>
127.0.0.1
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 Background Broadcasts Address
• Broadcasts Address: A multipoint connection in IP networks that automatically
reaches all nodes in the network without knowing the recipient addresses. For this
purpose, a fixed reserved broadcast address exists in each network or subnet.

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 IP Address Classification Based on
Background
Operational Characteristics:
According to operational characteristics, IP address is classified as follows:
• Broadcast addressing–
The term ‘Broadcast’ means to transmit audio or video over a network. A
broadcast packet is sent to all users of a local network at once. They do not
have to be explicitly named as recipients. The users of a network can open
the data packets and then interpret the information, carry out the
instructions or discard it. This service is available in IPv4. The IP address
commonly used for broadcasting is 255.255.255.255
• Unicast addressing–
This address identifies a unique node on the network. Unicast is nothing but
one-to-one data transmission from one point in the network to another. It is
the most common form of IP addressing. This method can be used for both 36
 IP Address Classification Based on
Background
Operational Characteristics:
• Multicast IP addresses–
These IP addresses mainly help to establish one-to-many communication.
Multicast IP routing protocols are used to distribute data to multiple
recipients. The class D addresses (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255) define
the multicast group.
• Anycast addressing–
In anycast addressing the data, a packet is not transmitted to all the
receivers on the network. When a data packet is allocated to an anycast
address, it is delivered to the closest interface that has this anycast
address.

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 IP Address Classification Based on
Background
Operational Characteristics:

https://www.baeldung.com/cs/multicast-vs-broadcast-anycast-unicast

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 Subnetting: What is Subnet Mask?
Background
• Subnetting is the practice of dividing a network into two or smaller
networks. It increases routing efficiency, which helps to enhance the
security of the network and reduces the size of the broadcast domain.
• IP Subnetting designates high-order bits from the host as part of the
network prefix. This method divides a network into smaller subnets.
• It also helps you to reduce the size of the routing tables, which is stored
in routers. This method also helps you to extend the existing IP address
base & restructures the IP address.

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 What is CIDR notation?
Background
• CIDR format, or "Classless Inter-Domain Routing", released in 1993, is
the industry standard for displaying IP addresses and their related
subnets. It consists of a network prefix and the significant bits which
determines the size of the IP block. Significant bits are in 8-bit groups
that form Class A, B, and C blocks of IP addresses. An example of CIDR
format is "255.254.0.0/16", which indicates there are 65,000 hosts in this
range from "255.254.0.1" to "255.254.255.255".

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 Background Problem:01
• What do you mean by Subnet Mask? Let's consider an IP address
provided to you like this: 192.168.10.0. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.224.
Now find out the flowing terms:
a. Find the block address?
c. Find the number of subnets?
d. Find the number of hosts?
e. Determine the subnets address?
f. Determine the First valid hosts and Last valid hosts.
g. Determine Broadcast addresses.

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 Background Problem:02
• Let's consider an IP address provided to you like this:
192.231.232.116/27. Now find out the flowing terms:
a. Find the subnet mask?
b. Find the block address?
c. Find the number of subnets?
d. Find the number of hosts?
e. Determine the subnets address?
f. Determine the First valid hosts and Last valid hosts.
g. Determine Broadcast addresses.

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 Background Problem:03
• Suppose you are given an IP address of 192.168.10.0, and subnet mask
255.255.255.248. Find out the flowing term:

a. Find the block address?

c. Find the number of subnets?
d. Find the number of hosts?
e. Determine the subnets address?
f. Determine the First valid hosts and Last valid hosts.
g. Determine Broadcast addresses.

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 Background Problem:04
• Let consider an IP address provided to you like this: 192.119.204.116/26.
Now find out the flowing terms:

a. Find the subnet mask?

b. Find the block address?
c. Find the number of subnets?
d. Find the number of hosts?
e. Determine the subnets address?
f. Determine the First valid hosts and Last valid hosts.
g. Determine Broadcast addresses.

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 Background Problem:05
• Let consider an IP address provided to you like this: 192.119.204.114/28.
Now find out the flowing terms:

a. Find the subnet mask?

b. Find the block address?
c. Find the number of subnets?
d. Find the number of hosts?
e. Determine the subnets address?
f. Determine the First valid hosts and Last valid hosts.
g. Determine Broadcast addresses.

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IP Address Solutions:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dH5mOkzUN_U&list=PLgH5QX
0i9K3p5OI88r3ob-otmKqIm_DbS

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THANK YOU

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