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Chapter (7) Cycloconverters

The document discusses cycloconverters which convert input power at one frequency to output power at a different frequency with one-stage conversion. It describes the principles and operation of single-phase to single-phase cycloconverters including mid-point and bridge types for both step-up and step-down conversion. Diagrams and waveforms are provided to illustrate the converter operation.

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205 views4 pages

Chapter (7) Cycloconverters

The document discusses cycloconverters which convert input power at one frequency to output power at a different frequency with one-stage conversion. It describes the principles and operation of single-phase to single-phase cycloconverters including mid-point and bridge types for both step-up and step-down conversion. Diagrams and waveforms are provided to illustrate the converter operation.

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1

Chapter (7)
Cycloconvrters

Introduction:
A device which converts input power at one frequency to output power at a different
frequency with one-stage conversion is called a cycloconverter. A cyc1oconverter is
thus a one-stage frequency changer. Basically, cyc1oconverters are of two types,
namely:
(i) step-down cycloconverters and
(ii) step-up cycloconverters

In step-down cycloconverters, the output frequency fo is lower than the supply


frequency fs, i.e. fo < fs· In step-up cycloconverters, fo > fs·
The applications of cycloconverters include the following:
(i) Speed control of high-power ac drives
(ii) Induction heating
(iii) For converting variable-speed alternator voltage to constant frequency
output voltage for us e as power supply in aircraft or shipboards.

Principle of Cycloconverter Operation


Single-phase to single-phase cycloconverter, though seldom used in practice. A
single-phase to single-phase device of the mid-point type is shown in Fig. 34 (a) and
of the bridge type in Fig. 34 (b). With the help of this figure, the basic principles of
both types of cycloconverters are described here.
1. Single-phase to Single-phase Circuit-Step-up Cycloconverter
For understanding the operating principle of step-up device, the load is assumed to be
resistive for simplicity. It should be noted that a step-up cycloconverter requires
forced commutation.
(a) Mid-point Cycloconverter
It consists of a single-phase transformer with mid-tap on the secondary winding and
four thyristors. Two of these thyristors PI, P2 are for positive group and the other two
N1, N2 are for the negative group. Load is connected between secondary winding
mid-point 0 and terminal A as shown in Fig. 34 (a). Positive directions for output
voltage Vo and output current io are marked in Fig. 34
2

Fig. 34 Single-phase to single-phase cycloconverter circuit (a) mid-point type and (b)
bridge type.

In Fig. 34, during the positive half cycle of supply voltage of Fig. 35, terminal a is
positive with respect to terminal b. Therefore, in this positive half cycle, both SCRs
PI and N2 are forward biased from ωt = 0 to ωt = π: As such SCR PI is turned on at
ωt =0° so that load voltage is positive with terminal A positive and 0 negative. The
load voltage now follows the positive envelope of the supply voltage, Fig. 35. At
instant ωt1 , PI is force commutated and forward thyristor N2 is turned on so that load
voltage is negative with terminal 0 positive and A negative. The load, or output,
voltage now traces the negative envelope of the supply voltage, Fig. 34. At ωt2, N2 is
force commutated and PI is turned on, the load voltage is now positive and follows
the positive envelope of supply voltage, Fig. 34. After ωt = π, terminal b is positive
with respect to terminal a ; both SCRs P2 and Nl are therefore forward biased from
ωt= π to 2π: At ωt = π, N2 is force commutated and forward biased SCR P2 is turned
on .

Fig. 35 Waveforms for step-up cycloconverter.


3

From ωt = 2π to ωt = 3π, P2 and N1 are forward biased and work alternately during
this period. In this manner, thyristors P I, N2 for first half cycle ; P2, Nl in the second
half cycle and so on are switched alternately between positive and negative envelopes
at a high frequency.

As a result, output voltage of frequency fo; higher than the supply frequency fs is
obtained. In Fig. 35, fs is the supply frequency and fo is the output frequency. Also fo
= 6 fs .

(b) Bridge-Type Cycloconverter.


It consists of a total of eight thyristors, PI to P4 i.e. four for positive group and the
remaining four for the negative group. When a is positive with respect to x in Fig. 34
(b), i.e. during the positive half cycle of supply voltage of Fig. 35, thyristor pairs PI,
P2 and N1, N2 are forward biased from ωt = 0° to ωt = π. When forward biased
thyristors PI, P2 are turned on together at ωt = 0°, the load voltage is positive with
respect to x in Fig. 34 (b), so that load voltage is positive with terminal A positive
with respect to O. Load voltage now traverses the positive envelope of supply voltage,
At ωt1 , pair PI, P2 is force commutated and forward biased pair N1, N2 is turned on .
With this, load voltage is negative with terminal 0 positive with respect to A. Load
voltage now follows the negative envelope of source voltage, At ωt2 ; N1, N2 are
force commutated and P1,P2 are turned on. The load voltage is now positive and
follows the positive envelope of source voltage. After ωt = π, thyristor pairs P3, P4
and N3, N4 are forward biased, these can therefore be turned on and forced
commutated from ωt= π to ωt =2π. In this manner, a high-frequency turning-on and
force commutation of pairs PI P2, N1 N2 and pairs P3 P4, N3 N4 gives a carrier-
frequency modulated output voltage across load terminals.
In Fig. 35 conduction of thyristors PI, P2 and N1, N2 for mid-point cycloconverter of
Fig. 34(a) is only shown. It is fairly easy to indicate the conduction of thyristors PI to
P4 and NI to N4 in Fig. 35.

2. Single-phase to Single-phase Circuit-Step-down Cycloconverter.


A step-down cycloconverter does not require forced commutation. It requires phase-
controlled converters connected as shown in Fig. 34. These converters need only line,
or natural, commutation which is provided by ac supply. For both-mid-point and
bridge-type cycloconverters output wave forms are shown below.
4

Fig.36 Voltage and current waveforms for step-down cycloconverter with RL load
(discontinuous load current)

Fig. 37 Voltage and current waveforms for step-down cycloconverter with R load

It is seen from this figure that frequency of output voltage and current is fo =1/3fs.

rms value of output voltage is given by

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