* NLE * NCLEX * CGFNS * HAAD * PROMETRICS * DHA * MIDWIFERY * LET * RAD TECH * CRIMINOLOGY * DENTISTRY * PHARMACY *

RESEARCH
Prepared By: Dr. Glenda Arquiza
Philippine Nursing Licensure Examination
NAME:
1. The small group selected from a large group to participate in a research study is known
as_______.
A. sample
B. study population
C. sample population
D. Element

2. To obtain the desired data in a research study, which of the following types of definitions is MOST
essential?
A. Operational
B. Dictionary
C. Conceptual
D. Theoretical

3. What is the first step in the qualitative research process?

A. of literature
B. Study design
C. Data analysis
D. Sampling

4. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning qualitative research?

A. It is concerned with in-depth descriptions of people, events, phenomenon
B. Uses numeric data
C. Gathers data that are easy to analyse
D. It is easier to analyse than a quantitative research

5. For which of the following research question would qualitative method be MOST APPROPRIATE?
A. What is the meaning of health for women migrant farm worker?
B. Which pain medications decrease the need for sleep medication in elderly patients?
C. Under what conditions does a decubitus ulcer heal most quickly?
D. How does frequency of medication administration impact the degree of pain experienced following
knee-replacement surgery?

6. Which statements BEST describe qualitative research. Select all that apply.
A. Studies are conducted in natural settings
B. The research design is systematic and subjective
C. Data collected tend to be numeric
D. Data are collected from large number of participants

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7. Which of the following phrases would be found in a report of a qualitative study?
A. Subjects were asked to relate their perception of pain
B. The hypothesis in this study is…
C. Perceived pain was measured using the Abbott pain scale
D. The control group received instructions on

8. A nurse researcher develops a tool to measure the territoriality behaviors of family members in an
intensive care unit waiting room. This work would be classified as_______.
A. methodological study
B. comparative study
C. historical study
D. case study

9.Correlation coefficients________.
A. range from -1.00 to 1.00
B. are always positive
C. indicate that differences exist between variables
D. are reported only in experimental studies

10. A study conducted to examine the difference in eating behaviors of two groups of people would
be classified as______.
A. comparative study
B. case study
C. survey study
D. historical study

11. A researcher wants to determine future priorities for research in psychiatric nursing. The
participants will be clinical specialists in psychiatric nursing. Which of the following data collection
method would probably be used?
A. Delphi technique
B. Projective technique
C. Observation
D. Critical incident technique

12. Which of the following data collection methods is MOST likely to obtain objective data?
A. Physiologic measures
B. Attitude scales
C. Observation methods
D. Questionnaires

13. Which type of statistics is used to examine the characteristics of samples?

A. Descriptive statistics
B. Inferential statistics
C. Parametric statistics
D. Nonparametric statistics

14. What is the MODE of the following vision test results? : 20/20; 20/30; 20/40; 20/30; 20/50;
20/40; 20/100; 20/30
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A.20/30
B.20/40
C.20/50
D.20/100

15. Which of the following measures of central tendency would be MOST APPROPRIATE to describe
the average pulse rates of a group of surgical patients?
A. Mean
B. Mode
C. Median
D. Standard deviation

16. The standard deviation is a measure of_______.

A. variability
B. skewness
C. correlation
D. central tendency

17. What does it mean if a person’s score is 3 standard deviations above the mean of a test?
A. The person has an unusually high score compared with others who took the test
B. All of the scores of the test are high
C. An error has been made in recording the score
D. The score is 30% higher than the mean

18. As a nurse conducting a research study with a group of children, you discover that the average
weight of your sample is at the 95th percentile for their age. Which of the following statements would
be CORRECT?
A. The subjects are well above the average weight for their age
B. The subjects are not eating enough
C. The subjects are 5% above the average weight for their age
D. The subjects are 5% below the average for their age

19. A nurse researcher examines the correlation between anxiety levels and pain. She calculates a
correlation coefficient of 2.19. The size of this correlation indicates________.
A. an error in calculation
B. a strong positive relationship
C. a significant correlation
D.no relationship between the two variables

20. You want to determine the presidential preference of the people in your community. One morning
you stayed in the town plaza and asked people who they would vote for this coming May 2022
election. What sampling technique did you use?
A. Incidental sampling
B. Quota sampling
C. Simple random
D. Stratified random

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21. Reviews of the literature are conducted for PURPOSES of RESEARCH as well as for the
CONSUMER of RESEARCH. How are these reviews similar? Select all that apply.
A. Degree of critical reading required
B. Importance of conceptual literature
C. Knowledge of the research findings
D. Purpose of the review

22. Which statement is MOST accurate regarding hypotheses? Hypothesis/es________.

A. are statements about the relationships among variables
B. describe the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable
C. must include a definition of the treatment or intervention used
D. operationally defines the dependent variables

23. When would a null hypothesis be rejected?

A. The independent and dependent variables are related
B. The research hypothesis is rejected
C. There is no association among variables
D. There is evidence of significance

24. Which level is characteristic of the strength of the evidence provided by the results of a quasi-
experimental study?
A. Level III
B. Level I
C. Level V
D. Level IV

25. Which of the following could be considered the “context” of the study. Select all that apply.
A. Cultural understandings and beliefs of study participants
B. The physical setting of the study
C. The sample selected for the study
D. The research design used

26. Which beliefs guide the constructivist paradigm. Select all that apply.
A. There are multiple realities
B. The participant is an active part of the study
C. The truth is objective
D. Knowledge is gained through facts

27. What is the purpose of grounded theory?

A. To generate theory from data
B. To develop exploratory models
C. To support theoretical framework
D. To find significant differences among groups of people

28. Which of the following is MOST accurate regarding the grounded theory method?
A. It is an inductive approach
B. Data is collected using an etic perspective
C. It is a process of constructing human experience
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D. Secondary sources are sometimes used

29. What is the term used for the coding and clustering of data to form categories in the grounded
theory method?
A. Constant-comparative method
B. Metasynthesis
C. Emic method
D. Theoretical sampling

30. Why is it important to understand the philosophy underlying each type of research?
A. The research method that best meets the intended purpose of the study should be used
B. Conclusions reached should be congruent with the research question
C. The paradigm of the method should be the same as that of the researcher
D. The reader should understand the level of abstraction of the study

31. Which conceptual analysis point of the framework for rigor used for interpretive phenomenology
refers to how the study findings will continue to have meaning for the reader?
A. Actualization
B. Resonance
C. Concreteness
D. Openness

32. Which question will critique the sampling of the research project?
A. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?
B. Is the strategy used comparable with the purpose of the study?
C. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?
D. What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research methods?

33. Which question will critique the CREDIBILITY of a research project?

A. Has adequate time been allowed to fully understand the phenomenon?
B. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?
C. Does the research document the research process?
D. Are the researcher’s conceptualization true to the data?

Situation: In formulating a clinical question for evidence-based nursing practice, the PICO Model is
used, where P= population; I=intervention; C=comparator ; O=outcome
34. In a clinical question “ Does acupressure promote urination better than ice-cold application
among post-partum patients?”, what is the intervention of interest?
A. Acupressure
B. Ice-cold application
C. Post-partum patient
D. Promote urination

35. In a clinical question “ Among low birth-weight neonates, does breastfeeding lead to faster
weight gain than adding corn oil to their milk formula?”, what is the comparator?
A. Breastfeeding
B. Adding corn oil to the milk formula
C. Faster weight gain
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D. Low birth-weight neonates
36. In a clinical question “ In caring for the disabled, does use of level-access showers improve
patient hygiene more than bed bathing?”, what is the outcome?
A. Improved patient hygiene
B. Bed bathing
C. Disabled
D. Level-access showers

37. As sample size increases , the________.

A. sampling error decreases
B. ecological validity of the investigation increases
C. population becomes more accessible
D. sample becomes more biased

38. Which of the following statements about external validity is TRUE?

A. It refers to the generalizability of the research findings
B. Results of the investigation can be generalized to the whole population
C. Cigarette smoking is a serious factor for coronary disease in Western societies as well as in other
cultural groups or settings
D. Using a purposive sampling technique can ensure the generalizability of the research findings

39. Naturalistic designs are APPROPRIATE when_________.

A. it is ethically inappropriate to manipulate the independent variable
B. only a small sample of participants is available
C. the independent variable is extremely difficult or impossible to manipulate
D. there are no ethical issues involved

40. Which of the following ethical requirements is the MOST difficult to satisfy when conducting a
placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial?
A. Protecting research participants from unnecessary risks
B. Providing the best available treatment for all research participants
C. Ensuring the privacy of the research participants
D. Obtaining informed consent from all research participants

41. What is a characteristic of an intrinsic case study?

A. It yields a better understanding of each case
B. It does not include quantitative data
C. It can scrutinize only uncomplicated phenomenon
D. It provides a foundation to challenge a generalization

42. What is a characteristic of metasynthesis ?

A. It synthesizes critical masses of qualitative findings
B. It is used for triangulation research
C. It leads to higher reliability of findings
D. It cannot be conducted on historical or case study findings

43. What is meant by the “fittingness” of a research study?

A. Faithfulness to the everyday reality of the participants
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B. The adequacy of the coding system used
C. Truth of findings as judged by the participants
D. The appropriateness of the questions posed

44. What are scientific criteria APPROPRIATE for qualitative research? Select all that apply.
A. Auditability
B. Credibility
C. Fittingness
D. Reliability

45. Which question is helpful in determining the study’s credibility?

A. Do the participants recognize the experience as their own?
B. What strategies were used to analyse the data
C. How were human subjects protected?
D. Are the findings applicable outside the study situation?

46. Which type of research allows researchers to be neutral observers?

A. Quantitative research
B. Ethnographic research
C. Qualitative research
D. Case studies

47. Which level is characteristic of the strength of the evidence provided by the results of a quasi-
experimental study?
A. Level III
B. Level I
C. Level II
D. Level VI

48. Which beliefs guide the constructivist paradigm. Select all that apply.
A. There are multiple realities
B. The participant is an active part of the study
C. The truth is objective
D. Context does not matter as much as truth

49. Which of the following are consistent with the constructivist paradigm? Select all that apply.
A. Subjectivism is valued
B. Time and place are important
C. Natural laws exist
D. Knowledge is gained through observable facts

50. Which paradigm provides the basis for qualitative research?

A. Constructivism
B. Empirical analytical research
C. Naturalistic research
D. Postpositivism

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51. The MOST objective and reliable source of nursing knowledge is_______.
A. scientific method
B. authority
C. tradition
D. trial and error

52. Which of the following statements concerning nursing research is TRUE?

A. Many nursing research studies have focused on nurses themselves
B. The scientific base for nursing practice expanded greatly in the first half of the century
C. The first research nursing studies were conducted in the United States
D. Majority of nursing studies before 1950 focused on clinical problems

53. The major reason for conducting nursing research is to_______.

A. Improve nursing care for clients
B. Promote the growth of the nursing profession
C. Document the cost-effectiveness of nursing care
D. Ensure accountability for nursing practice

54. Scientific research is distinguished from problem solving by which of the following?
A. Attempt is made to generalize the results to other people or to other settings
B. Problem is identified
C. Plan is established to work on the problem
D. Plan is evaluated

Situation: As a beginning professional nurse one of the competencies expected of you is to engage in
research. Basic knowledge of research, therefore, is very important. The following questions relate to
these statements.
55. Which of the following roles of the nurse in research is LEAST APPROPRIATE for the beginning
researcher?
A.P rincipal investigator
B. Evaluator of research findings
C. User of research findings
D. Participant in research study

56. What element distinguishes a true experimental research from a quasi-experimental design?
A. Lack of random assignment of subject to group
B. Size of the sample
C. The introduction of experimental treatment
D. The use of nonprobability sampling

57. You want to determine the effect of a planned exercise on low-back pain. Which of the following
research designs would be MOST APPROPRIATE to use in this study?
A. Pretest-posttest control group design
B. One group pretest-posttest design
C. One-shot case study
D. Posttest only control group design

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58. Which of the following is a type of probability sampling?
A. Cluster sampling
B. Quota
C. Purposive
D. Convenience

59. You want all people who are currently institutionalized for psychiatric problems to participate in
your study. This is an example of______.
A. target population
B. sample
C. element
D. universal population

60. You want to determine the difference of the anxiety level between male and female patients
scheduled for abdominal surgery. The first 30 males and the first 30 females who are admitted to the
hospital at the time of the study would be asked as study participants. This is an example of what
sampling technique?
A. Quota sampling
B. Fish-bowl technique
C. Purposive sampling
D. Simple random

Situation: You are applying as a Research Assistant in the Research Unit of the Department of Health.
As the last step of the application process, you are scheduled for an interview with the Human
Resource Manager.
61. The first question asked of you is the major contribution of research for the improvement of the
nursing profession. Your answer would be: “ Research provides a/an________”.
A. theoretical/ scientific bases for nursing practice
B. evidence-based nursing practice
C. framework for further nursing research
D. framework for the development of the nursing education curriculum

62. You were asked “ What is the BEST means of obtaining an unbiased sample of subjects from an
elementary school where you have a study on the effectiveness of listening skills among grade two
pupils?”. What would be your answer?
A. Random sample of names from official list of grade two pupils from the Registrar’s Office
B. Random sample of names from the list of residents where the school is located
C. Sample of names purposively chosen from the official list of grade two pupils from all grade two
teachers
D. Random sample of names from a telephone directory

63. You were asked how many samples are needed if there are 3,750 grade two pupils. What would
be your answer?
A. 361 grade two pupils
B. 245 grade two pupils
C. 431 grade two pupils
D. 389 grade two pupils

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64. The interviewer asked you: “ In a problem statement ‘ What is the relationship between ethnicity
and milk supply among breastfeeding mothers diagnosed with postpartum depression’, what would
be your independent variable?”. Your answer is_______.
A. ethnicity
B. milk supply
C. breastfeeding mothers
D. postpartum depression

65. Examine the following statements and determine which of the four answers are correct. The
purpose of conducting literature review before conducting a research study are to:
1.determine existing knowledge on the topic
2.help develop a framework for the study
3.discover instruments that may be used in data collection
4.prevent replication of the study
A.1, 2, 3
B. 1, 2
C. 2, 3, 4
D. 2, 4

66. Assumptions are_________.

A. beliefs that are thought to be true but have not necessarily been proven
B. false beliefs held by the researcher
C. expectations for study results
D. educated guess

67. The plan for how a research study will be conducted is called_______.
A. Design
B. Hypothesis
C. Data collection method
D. Research process

68. The small group selected from a large group to participate in a research study is known as_____.
A. sample
B. study population
C. element
D. target population

69. At what point in the research process should a statistician be consulted?

A. Early in the research study
B. Immediately before data collection
C. After data have been collected
D. After the data have been analysed

70. To obtain the desired data in a research study, which of the following types of definitions is
MOST essential?
A. Operational
B. Dictionary
C. Theoretical
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D. Conceptual

71. The final step in the research process is to_______.

A. Communicate the findings
B. Analyse the data
C. Make recommendations out of the findings
D. Formulate the research questions

72. The Philippine Census is what type of study?

A. Cross-sectional
B. Longitudinal
C. Retrospective
D. Prospective

73. A survey that collects data over a period of time for use in studying changes that occur during
that specified time period is an example of a/an________.
A. longitudinal survey
B. cross-sectional survey
C. basic research study
D. applied research study

74. Which statement MOST accurately describes retrospective research?

A. It is frequently called ex-post facto study
B. It focuses on the future
C. Predicts changes that will occur overtime
D. Manipulation of the independent variable by the researcher

75. The city health department is planning a study to determine the effect of an educational
campaign to persuade people to have immunization against COVID-19. This type of study would be
classified as______.
A. explanatory
B. exploratory
C. descriptive
D. methodological

76. Research conducted for the purpose of obtaining knowledge for its own sake would be classified
as what type of research?
A. Basic
B. Descriptive
C. Exploratory
D. Applied

77. What should be included in a “scholarly literature”? Select all that apply.
A. Primary and secondary sources
B. Published and unpublished reports of research
C. Sources relevant to the research questions
D. Conceptual and theoretical literature from primary sources only

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78. Which of the following is an example of PRIMARY SOURCE in a research study?
A. A journal article of a study that used large, previously unpublished databases generated by the US
Census
B. A published commentary on the findings of another study
C. A doctoral dissertation that critiques all researches in the area of attention-deficit disorders
D. A textbook on psychiatric nursing

79. What is the BEST source to use when conducting level I systematic meta-analysis of the
literature?
A. The Cochrane Statistical methods
B. An electronic database
C. Doctoral dissertations
D. An electronic database and doctoral dissertation

80. What are the characteristics of the literature review required for a quantitative research study?
Select all that apply.
A. Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses are excellent sources of information
B. Computer-accessed materials are acceptable
C. The review is exhaustive and must include all studies conducted in the area
D. Primary sources are not as important as secondary sources

81. Field studies can be distinguished from laboratory studies in that field studies are_______.
A. more representative of reality
B. done in a more ideal conditions
C. rarely conducted by nurses
D. done only by social scientists

Situation: Research competencies are important competencies expected of a professional nurse in the
practice of her profession. The following questions relate to this competency.
82. In a research question “ What is the relationship between age and weight among toddlers at
Barangay Poblacion?”, what is the dependent variable?
A. Weight
B. Toddler
C. Age
D. Relationship

83. Baby Melo is a six-month old infant weighing 16 lbs. You want to find out the relationship
between his age and weight. Which of the following is the independent variable?
A. Age
B. infant
C. 16 lbs.
D. Positive relationship

84. Chino is a three-year old toddler weighing 30 kilos. What type of measurement scale is the
weight of Chino?
A. Ratio
B. Ordinal
C. Nominal
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D. Categorical

85. Barangay Poblacion has a total of 3,750 toddlers in its population. You want to determine the
relationship between age and weight among them. What will be your sample size?
A. 361
B. 445
C. 389
D. 435

86. Which of the following is the MOST APPROPRIATE measure of central tendency to get the highest
number of toddler aged two years and seven months?
A. Mode
B. Median
C. Mean
D. Frequency distribution

Situation: You are the community health nurse in Municipality M. You are due to visit Barangay San
Jose to determine the effectiveness of the program on listening technique for school children with
hearing problems.
87. There are 2320 school children in the Barangay. Using Slovin’s formula with .05 margin of error,
your sample size is_____.
A. 341
B. 350
C. 232
D. 250

88. To ensure the GENERALIZABILITY of the research findings, which of the following sampling
techniques would you utilize?
A. Simple random
B. Quota sampling
C. Purposive
D. Stratified

89. During your visit you found out that smoking is rampant and the incidence of cataract is
increasing. You want to find out the link between heavy smoking and cataract development. Which of
the following research designs are you going to use to answer the research questions?
A. Retrospective cohort C. Prospective cohort
B. Comparative D. longitudinal

90. In a study on the relationship between smoking and cataract development, an r=(-.3) would
mean______.
A. low negative correlation
B. high negative correlation
C. high positive correlation
D. no correlation

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91. In a study on Alzheimer Disease, the hypothesis offered was: “ Nursing home residents aged 65-
90 years old who have Alzheimer’s Disease die at an early age than those who do not have”.
IDENTIFY the dependent variable.
A. Dying at an early age
B. Age at death
C. Having Alzheimer’s Disease
D. Living in a nursing home

92. What is a characteristic of an independent variable?

A. It is manipulated by the researcher
B. It can be identified only by changes in the dependent variable
C. It is the variable that is predicted to change
D. It varies with a change in the dependent variable

93. What is a characteristic of a hypothesis?

A. It implies causative or associative relationship
B. It flows from interpretation of the data collected
C. It operationally defines the variables of the study
D. It eliminates the need to designate a dependent variable

94. What is a characteristic of a statistical hypothesis?

A. It is a null hypothesis
B. It predicts a positive relationship among the variables
C. It is a complex hypothesis
D. It describes data analysis methods

95. Which of the following hypotheses is the MOST testable?

A. The ability to meditate causes lower anxiety in patients with anxiety disorders than those who do
not meditate
B. There is a relationship between meditation and anxiety disorders
C. Patients with anxiety disorders who learn meditation techniques have less anxiety than those who
do not
D. Teaching one meditation technique to patients with anxiety disorders will be better than teaching
multiple techniques

Situation: Doing research is one of your responsibilities as a professional nurse. As a researcher you
should be guided by the legal and ethico - moral principles in undertaking research activities.
96. One of your responsibilities as a researcher is to protect the rights of the participants/subjects of
the study. You this through which of the following?
A. Informed consent
B. Waiver form
C. Admission slip form
D. Permit to operate

97. One important concept in research is CONFIDENTIALITY. Which of the following BEST describes
this concept?. Confidentiality means that _________.
A. the researcher will protect the participants’ identity
B. the researcher will protect the privacy of the participants
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C. no one can identify the participants’ identity
D. only the researcher knows the identity of the participants

98. What statement BEST defines the concept of ANONYMITY in research?

A. No one can identify the subjects of the study
B. Only the researcher can identify the subjects of the study
C. The researcher will protect the participants’ identity
D. The researcher will protect the privacy of the study participants

99. Which of the following actions BEST assures the principle of anonymity?
A. Use of codes for the study participants
B. Deleting any single piece of identifying information on the setting of the study
C. Giving instruction to the participants that they are free to omit personal data
D. Giving instruction not to put any identifying marks

100. The principle of confidentiality in research is BEST assured when the researcher________.
A. deletes any single piece of identifying information on the setting and subjects of the study
B. informs study participants not to include their names or any identifying information on the
questionnaire
C. instructs the participants to omit any personal information
D. uses codes for the participants of the study

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