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Question 1

The document discusses composite materials and includes questions about critical fiber length, elastic modulus calculations, strengthening mechanisms, thermal expansion coefficients, reasons for fiber pull-out, and ways to optimize composite materials. Multiple choice, true/false, and completion questions are also included related to composites.

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Islam Amr
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24 views

Question 1

The document discusses composite materials and includes questions about critical fiber length, elastic modulus calculations, strengthening mechanisms, thermal expansion coefficients, reasons for fiber pull-out, and ways to optimize composite materials. Multiple choice, true/false, and completion questions are also included related to composites.

Uploaded by

Islam Amr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Question 1

a. What would be the critical length, Lc, for maximum load in a 10-μm-diameter fiber
with a fracture strength of 2 GPa embedded in a matrix such that the shear strength
of the matrix–fiber interface is 80 MPa?
𝝈𝒇 ∗ 𝒅 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑳𝑪 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎
𝟐 ∗ 𝝉𝒄 𝟐 ∗ 𝟖𝟎
b. Estimate the greatest value of the elastic modulus that can be obtained by long
randomly oriented fibers of E-glass embedded in an epoxy resin if the volume fraction
of fiber is 30%. Assume that the modulus of the epoxy is 6 GPa.
For random orientation
𝟑 𝟓
𝑬𝒇 = ∗ 𝑬𝟏𝟏 + ∗ 𝑬_
𝟖 𝟖
Longitudinal Young’s modulus E11 = 40 GPa
Transverse Young’s modulus E⊥ = 10 GPa
𝟑 𝟓
𝑬𝒇 = ∗ 𝟒𝟎 + ∗ 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝑮𝑷𝒂
𝟖 𝟖
𝑬𝒄 = 𝑽𝒎 ∗ 𝑬𝒎 + 𝑽𝒇 ∗ 𝑬𝒇
𝑬𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟐𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝑮𝑷𝒂

c. Carbide cutting tools are composites of very hard tungsten carbide particles in a
cobalt matrix. The elastic moduli of tungsten carbide and cobalt are 98 ×106 and 35
× 106 psi, respectively. It was experimentally found that the elastic modulus of
composite containing 50 vol. % carbide was 60 × 106 psi. What value of the exponent
n in Equation (21.26) would this measurement suggest? A trial and error solution is
necessary to solve this. Note that n = 0, is a trivial solution.
𝑬𝒏 = 𝑽𝑨 ∗ 𝑬𝑨 𝟐 + 𝑽𝑩 ∗ 𝑬𝑩𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟗𝟖𝒏 + 𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟑𝟓𝐧
n=0.18256

d. Cite one similarity and two differences between precipitation hardening and
dispersion strengthening:

The similarity is in the strengthening mechanism, the precipitates/particles effectively


obstruct the dislocation motion. The two differences are:
The hardening/strengthening effect is not retained at elevated temperatures for
precipitation hardening. However, it is retained for dispersion strengthening.
The strength is developed by a heat treatment for precipitation hardening, such is not
the case for dispersion strengthening.
Question 2
1. A steel wire (diameter 2.0 mm) is coated with aluminum 0.40 mm thick.
(A)
𝝈𝒚
𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝜺 =
𝑬
𝝈𝒚𝟐𝟖𝟎
𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝜺𝑺 = = = 𝟏. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑬 𝟐𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝝈𝒚 𝟔𝟓
𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝜺𝑨 = = = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝑬 𝟕𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑
(B)
𝝅
𝑨𝑺 ∗ 𝟐𝟐
𝑽𝑺 = = 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏
𝑨𝒄 𝝅 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟖𝟐
𝟒
𝑉𝐴 = 𝟏 − 𝑉𝑆 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗
𝝈𝑺 = 𝑬𝑺 ∗ 𝜺𝑨 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟐𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 = 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝝈𝒄 = 𝑽𝑺 ∗ 𝝈𝑺 + 𝑽𝑨 ∗ 𝝈𝒚 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟖) + (𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟔𝟓) = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑭𝒄 = 𝝈𝒄 ∗ 𝑨𝒄 = 𝟖𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝑵
(C) 𝑬𝒄 = 𝑽𝒎 ∗ 𝑬𝒎 + 𝑽𝒇 ∗ 𝑬𝒇 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 + 𝟕𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟒𝑮𝑷𝒂
(D)
For longitudinal direction
𝑽𝒔 ∗ 𝜶𝒔 ∗ 𝑬𝒔 + 𝑽𝑨 ∗ 𝜶𝑨 ∗ 𝑬𝑨
𝜶𝟏 =
𝑽𝒔 ∗ 𝑬𝑺 + 𝑽𝑨 ∗ 𝑬𝑨
𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟐𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ∗ 𝟕𝟎
= = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑲−𝟏
𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟏𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟕𝟎
For transverse direction
𝜶𝟏 = (𝟏 + 𝛎𝑺 ) ∗ 𝜶𝑺 ∗ 𝑽𝒔 + (𝟏 + 𝛎𝑨 ) ∗ 𝜶𝑨 ∗ 𝑽𝑨 − 𝜶𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝛎𝟏𝟐
= (𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑) ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 + (𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑) ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟐𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟒𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑲−𝟏
2. Consider a carbon-reinforced epoxy composite containing 40 vol% uni-
directionally aligned carbon fibers.
(A) 𝑬𝒄 = 𝑽𝒎 ∗ 𝑬𝒎 + 𝑽𝒇 ∗ 𝑬𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝑮𝑷𝒂
(B) 𝑻𝑺𝒄 = 𝑽𝒎 ∗ 𝑻𝑺𝒎 + 𝑽𝒇 ∗ 𝑻𝑺𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟑𝑴𝑷𝒂

Question 3
(A)
𝑭𝒇 𝑽𝒇 ∗ 𝑬𝒇
𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 ∗ 𝑽𝒇
= = =
𝑭𝒎 (𝟏 − 𝑽𝒇 ) ∗ 𝑬𝒎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝟑 ∗ (𝟏 − 𝑽𝒇 )
𝑽𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝑽𝒎 = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝝈𝒄 = 𝑽𝒎 ∗ 𝝈𝒎 + 𝑽𝒇 ∗ 𝝈𝒇 = 𝟑𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟖 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂
(B)

• List the functions of the matrix phase:


1.1. To bind the fibers together so that the applied stress is distributed among the
fibers.
1.2. To protect the surface of the fibers from the environment.
1.3. To separate the fibers and inhibit crack propagation.
• Compare the desired mechanical characteristics of matrix and fiber
phases:
1.1. The matrix phase must be ductile and is usually relatively soft, whereas the fiber
phase must be stiff and strong.
• Cite two reasons why there must be a strong bond between fiber and
matrix at their interface:
1.1. Maximize the stress transmittance between matrix and fiber phases.
1.2. Minimize fiber pull-out, and the probability of failure.

Question 4
1.

Reasons for Fiber Pull-Out in Composite Materials:

a) Matrix Degradation:

• The matrix material may degrade due to factors like moisture, temperature
changes, or chemical exposure.
• Weakened bond between fibers and matrix allows easier fiber pull-out.

b) Improper Manufacturing Process:

• Manufacturing errors like insufficient compaction or curing can create voids or


defects.
• These defects act as stress concentration points, facilitating fiber pull-out.

c) Brittle Matrix:

• A brittle matrix can crack or fracture under stress.


• Ineffective load transfer causes fibers to detach from the matrix.
d) Excessive Stress Concentrations:

• High stress concentration areas can lead to localized failure, including fiber pull-
out.
• Causes can include design flaws, manufacturing defects, or improper loading.

Energy Absorption in Fiber Pull-Out:

• More energy is absorbed when fibers pull out.

Equations:

• Fiber Pull-Out Force:


𝐹=𝜏∗×𝜋×𝐷×𝑥F=τ∗×π×D×x
Where 𝜏∗τ∗ is the shear strength of the fiber-matrix interface.
• Conditions for Fiber Pull-Out:
Fibers pull out if 𝜏∗×𝜋×𝐷×𝑥τ∗×π×D×x is less than the force to break the fibers,
𝜎∗×𝜋×𝐷2/4σ∗×π×D2/4.
• Critical Pullout Distance:
𝑥∗=(𝜎∗/𝜏∗)×𝐷/4x∗=(σ∗/τ∗)×D/4
Corresponds to the two forces being equal.

2.

Optimize Matrix Selection:

• Choose a matrix material with properties compatible to the fibers for good
adhesion and load transfer.
• Select a matrix with suitable modulus, toughness, and thermal expansion
coefficient to match the fibers.

Reduce Stress Concentrations:

• Minimize stress concentrations by optimizing geometry, thickness, and layup


configuration of the composite structure.
• Reinforce critical areas with additional plies or inserts for even load distribution
across the composite.

Adjust Depths and Inclination Angles:


• Modify depths and inclination angles as needed for optimal composite
performance.

Question 5
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. D

Multiple-choice question
1) Which of the following statements about metal matrix composite is correct?
c
2) Which statements about longitudinal tensile modulus of unidirectional fiber reinforced
MMC are correct?
a
3) Which statements about pultrusion are correct?

c
4) The mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites are affected by
moisture absorption, the reason are

a
5) The main raw materials for producing carbon fiber are

True or false questions


1) (T).
2) (T).
3) (F).
4) (T).
5) (T)
6) (T)
7) (F)
8) (F)
9) (F)
10) (F)

Completion
1. The matrixes commonly used in composite materials include metal, ceramic, polymer.
2. The expression of maximum normal stress criterion is failure theory (fracture).
3. Delamination failure modes of composite laminates include opening mode, in plane
shear mode, sliding shear mode.

4. The commonly used theoretical models for predicting fatigue life of composite laminates
are stiffness distribution theory, strength degradation theory, uncertainty and
Bayesian based probabilistic theory.
5. The composite materials exhibit apparent viscoelasticity at normal temperature. This
phenomenon isknown as viscoelastic.
6. The main connection types of composite material includes mechanical connections,
bonded connections, combination of mechanical and bonded connections.
7. The heat resistance, aging resistance and flame retardancy performance of the
composites mainlydepend on the properties of the Matrix material.

8. The commonly used composite molding processes include open face molding,
pultrusion, matched die.

9. Nondestructive testing methods for composite structures mainly include ultrasonic


ultrasonic, X-ray, Raman spectroscopy
10. The expression of Tsai Hill failure criterion is phenomenological material failure
theory.
Question 6
Packing efficiency = (Volume occupied by spheres) / (Total volume of the
container) ≃0.9069
• Considering the addition of a coating around each fiber, the effective
diameter would be the sum of the original fiber diameter and twice the
coating thickness (since the coating is applied uniformly around the
fiber). So, 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝁𝒎 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝝁𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝁𝒎
𝝅 𝑫 𝟐 𝝅 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Volume fraction = ( ) = ∗ ( )𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟖
𝟐√𝟑 𝑺 𝟐√𝟑 𝟏𝟐𝟎
• In a circular array, the maximum packing efficiency is achieved when
the fibers.
𝝅 𝑫
Volume fraction = ( )𝟐 ∶ 𝑺 = 𝑫 + 𝒕
𝟒 𝑺

• Considering the addition of a coating around each fiber, the effective


diameter would be the sum of the original fiber diameter and the coating
thickness (since the coating is applied uniformly around the fiber). So,
𝑺 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝝁𝒎 + 𝟏𝟎𝝁𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝝁𝒎
𝝅 𝑫 𝝅 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
Volume fraction = ( )𝟐 = ∗ ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒𝟗
𝟒 𝑺 𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟎

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